Jump to content

Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca

Coordinates: 4°35′N 74°4′W / 4.583°N 74.067°W / 4.583; -74.067
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca
Estado Libre e Independiente de Cundinamarca (Spanish)
1811–1816
Flag of Cundinamarca
Flag
Coat of arms of Cundinamarca
Coat of arms
CapitalBogotá
Common languagesSpanish
Religion
Roman Catholicism (official)
President 
• 1811
Jorge Tadeo Lozano
• 1811–1814
Antonio Nariño
• 1814
Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez
History 
• Established
1811
• Bolivar takes Santafé
1816
Preceded by
Succeeded by
New Kingdom of Granada
Province of Bogotá
United Provinces of New Granada
Province of Bogotá
Today part ofColombia

The Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (Spanish: Estado Libre e Independiente de Cundinamarca) was a rebel state in colonial Colombia. It included parts of the former New Kingdom of Granada (part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada). The state originated as a result of the Foolish Fatherland (Patria Boba) period at the beginning of the Spanish American wars of independence. Its capital was Bogotá, the former capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

History

[edit]

Following the occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars, Cundinamarca was one of the states (such as United Provinces of South America (current Argentina) and the First Republic of Venezuela) who replaced its viceregal government with a local junta in the name of the deposed Ferdinand VII. Following the creation of juntas all over New Granada, the provinces started establishing their own autonomous governments. Unable to unify them into a single state, the Junta Suprema in Santafé (the former vice-royal capital and the center of the Province of Cundinamarca), which had been installed on July 20, 1810, called for constitutional assembly for the province. In March, 1811, the province convened a "Constituent Electoral College of the State of Cundinamarca," which promulgated a constitution the following month declaring the creation of the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca, with Jorge Tadeo Lozano as its first president. The constitution followed the model of the Constitution of the United States, and established Cundinamarca as a Catholic and constitutional monarchy, under the absent Ferdinand VII (it would only declare full independence from Spain in August 1813).[1]

Antonio Nariño, who had been appointed as Mayor of the city of Santafé on August 30, 1811, started pushing for a strong centralist position from the newspaper he created, La Bagatela (or The Triffle). Nariño became a ruthless critic of Lozano, whom he accused of indecisiveness. The aggressive criticisms by Nariño and his followers led to a riot in the city on September 19, 1811, following which president Lozano and his vice president were forced to resign. Fearful of popular rioting, the legislature elected Nariño as president and conceded to his demands that increased the influence of the executive power.[2]

The conflict between centralist and federalist ideas that characterized the following years is called the Foolish Fatherland.[1] While Cundinamarca, including the old capital and administrative machinery, advocated the establishment of a strong centralist government, other parts of the old viceroyalty banded together as the United Provinces of New Granada to support a federal structure. Unable to unify the country in a centralist state, and fearing the loss of power that would come as a consequence of federalism, Cundinamarca under Nariño became embroiled in Civil War against other provinces, particularly Tunja, where the Federalist Congress had settled. On November 26, 1812, Nariño left with his army to conquer Tunja. On December 2, 1812, his army faced a federalist army commanded by Antonio Ricaurte and Atanasio Girardot in the Battle of Ventaquemada, and was soundly defeated, having to retreat back to Bogotá. The federalist troops, however, only started pursuing more than a week later.[3]

Following the defeat, and the subsequent declaration of independence from the Province of Socorro, Nariño resigned as soon as he arrived to the city, but not finding a suitable replacement, he was reinstalled as dictator. Nariño prepared to defend the city, which was sieged on December 24. Nevertheless, on January 9, 1813, in the Battle of San Victorino, Nariño's troops proved superior and the federalist armies were completely defeated. In June 1813, he was appointed dictator for life, and the following month, the Republic of Cundinamarca finally declared independence from the Monarchy.[4][5]

In July 1813, and motivated by his victory over the federalists, General Nariño began an intensive military campaign against the remaining Spanish and Royalist forces in the south, intending to reach Pasto and eventually Quito. Nariño's forces, known as the Army of the South, numbering 1,500 to 2,000 men, managed to capture Popayán in January 1814, but were utterly defeated in Pasto in May 1814, and Nariño was arrested and then sent to the Royal prison at Cádiz via Quito. The federalists took advantage of this to attack Bogotá, which allowed General Simón Bolívar of the United Provinces to force terms in December 1814. By mid-1815, however, Pablo Morillo arrived with a large Spanish force and returned the region to submission to the since-restored Ferdinand. Morillo's campaign culminated with the capture of Santafé on May 6, 1816.[1]

List of Presidents of the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca

[edit]
Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca
No. Presidents Term
1 Jorge Tadeo Lozano 24 March 1811 19 September 1811
2 Antonio Nariño y Álvarez 20 September 1811 10 May 1814
Luis de Ayala y Vergara (acting) 25 June 1812 5 August 1812
Manuel Benito de Castro Arcaya (acting) 19 August 1812 12 September 1812
Felipe de Vergara Azcárate y Caycedo (acting) 26 November 1812 14 December 1812
Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez (acting) 13 August 1813 10 May 1814
3 Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez 10 May 1814 12 December 1814
Annexed by the United Provinces of New Granada

See also

[edit]

4°35′N 74°4′W / 4.583°N 74.067°W / 4.583; -74.067

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Rodriguez, Jaime (1998). The Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62673-6.
  2. ^ Rueda Enciso, José Eduardo. "Lozano, Jorge Tadeo". Banco de la República. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  3. ^ Ibáñez Sánchez, José Roberto (21 July 2017). "Panorama Militar de la Guerra de Independencia". Banco de la República. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  4. ^ "Historia de Cundinamarca". Gobernación de Cundinamarca. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  5. ^ Nuevas miradas sobre la historia de la Independencia de Colombia (in Spanish). Academia Colombiana de Historia. 17 December 2018. ISBN 9789585154377.