Henry James Sr.

Henry James, Sr., circa 1855

Henry James Sr. (June 3, 1811 in Albany, New York – December 18, 1882 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American theologian and adherent of Swedenborgianism, also known as the father of the philosopher William James, novelist Henry James, and diarist Alice James.

Forebears

Henry James Sr. was the son of William James (1771–1832), who emigrated from Bailieborough, County Cavan, Ireland to the United States around 1789, and who amassed a fortune of about $1.2 million from business dealings in upstate New York State, primarily in Albany real estate and money lending. The building of the Erie Canal was another factor in the James family's prosperity.

Youth

Henry James Sr. was one of twelve children. At the age of thirteen, he was severely burned trying to stamp out a fire in a barn, and lost a leg to amputation. The three years he was bedridden reinforced his studious disposition. He entered Union College in 1828 and graduated in 1830. His father, a stern Presbyterian, disapproved of his religious ideas, but when the patriarch's will was broken he became an independently wealthy man. He studied at Princeton Theological Seminary from 1835 to 1837 to prepare for the ministry, but found himself disconcerted by "enormous difficulties which inhered in its philosophy," and abandoned the idea of becoming a minister.

Early years

James then went to England for about a year, and returned in 1838 to New York, where he prepared an edition of Robert Sandeman's Letters on Theron and Aspasio, which has been called the principal literary document of a Scottish sect that opposed the Presbyterian Church. In his preface to Sandeman's work, he called it a far more faithful exhibition of Gospel truth than any other work. What specifically interested Henry James Sr. was its radically egalitarian message. Sandeman wrote: In fine, the whole New Testament speaks aloud, that as to the matter of acceptance with God, there is no difference betwixt one man and another; — no difference betwixt the best accomplished gentleman, and the most infamous scoundrel; — no difference betwixt the most virtuous lady and the vilest prostitute...

Personal life

Henry James Sr. and Henry James Jr. - 1854 daguerreotype by Mathew Brady

James was married to Mary Robertson Walsh (1810–1882), the sister of a fellow Princeton seminarian, on July 28, 1840, by the mayor of New York, in his bride's house on Washington Square. The couple lived in New York, and had five children: William (1842), Henry Jr. (1843), Garth Wilkinson (1845), Robertson (1846), and Alice (1848). Three of his children: William James, Henry James, and Alice James, have been of interest to posterity as writers.

Swedenborgianism

James began to be interested in Swedenborgianism around 1841, when he read some articles in London's Monthly Magazine on the subject by J.J. Garth Wilkinson, who would become one of James's closest friends. In his quest, he met and befriended Ralph Waldo Emerson, but did not find much satisfaction in Emerson's thought. Emerson introduced James to Thomas Carlyle. But it was in the work of Emanuel Swedenborg that James found a spiritual home. In May 1844, while living in Windsor, in England, James was sitting alone one evening at the family dinner table after the meal, gazing at the fire, when he had the defining spiritual experience of his life, which he would come to interpret as a Swedenborgian "vastation," a stage in the process of spiritual regeneration. This experience was an apprehension of, in his own words, "a perfectly insane and abject terror, without ostensible cause, and only to be accounted for, to my perplexed imagination, by some damned shape squatting invisible to me within the precincts of the room, and raying out from his fetid personality influences fatal to life."

James's "vastation" initiated a spiritual crisis that lasted two years, and was finally resolved through the thorough exploration of the work of Swedenborg (1688–1772), the Swedish scientist, religious visionary and teacher, and Christian mystic. James became convinced that, as he put it, "the curse of mankind, that which keeps our manhood so little and so depraved, is its sense of selfhood, and the absurd abominable opinionativeness it engenders." He remained attached to Swedenborg's thought for the rest of life, and never traveled without carrying Swedenborg's works with him.

James returned to the United States in 1845 and began a lifetime of lecturing about his spiritual discoveries. He devoted his mornings to writing, and published a number of discursive, rather repetitive volumes devoted to the exposition of his thought. (See the list of his major writings below.)

Social thought

James became interested in the late 1840s in former members of Brook Farm, the experiment in communal living at West Roxbury, Massachusetts that lasted from 1841 to 1847, and in Fourierism, the school of utopian socialism that grew out of the thought of French social philosopher Charles Fourier (1772–1837) and which was a major influence in the last several years of Brook Farm. James was interested in utopianism as a stepping stone to the spiritual life. In his view, man is

under a threefold subjection, first to nature, then to society, and finally to God. His appetites and his sensuous understanding relate him to society or his fellow man; and his ideas relate him to God. . . . He who obeys his appetites merely finds himself speedily betrayed by the inflexible laws of nature to disease and death. He who obeys his passions merely binds himself by the inflexible laws of society to shame and seclusion. But he who obeys his ideas, he who gives himself up to the guidance of infinite goodness, truth, and beauty, encounters no limitation at the hands either of nature or society, and, instead of disease and shame, plucks only the fruits of health and immortal honor.

James was a stern critic of the "gross materiality" of American society, and found in Fourier's thought a useful critique. He held most of the leading writers of his day in low regard, with the possible exception of Walt Whitman, though he met and cultivated many of them, including Emerson, Bronson Alcott, Henry David Thoreau, and William Makepeace Thackeray.

James was an advocate of many social reforms, including the abolition of slavery and the liberalization of divorce.

Theology

Theologically, Henry James Sr. was out of sympathy with the naturalism of much of the religious thought of the nineteenth century. He regarded creation itself as "a purely spiritual process, falling wholly within the realm of affection and thought." The fundamental theological problem, in his view, is theodicy, or the problem of evil. His Swedenborgian solution to the problem of evil relied on breaking the bond between God and nature, or, put alternatively, between nature and reality. True reality (or God) is, in James's view, thoroughly spiritual, in a way that denizens of the natural world can scarcely comprehend. But through intuition of this true reality, James thought, liberation from the illusions of natural appearances—which include time, space, and selfhood—is possible. In such liberation lies salvation, in James's view, whereas evil—more specifically, spiritual evil, since James distinguishes this from "physical" and "moral" evil—arises from action based on the delusion of selfhood. In James's thought, "the principle of hell is selfhood and the principle of heaven is brotherly love," as C. Hartley Grattan puts it in The Three James: A Family of Minds: Henry James, Sr., William James, Henry James (N.Y. Univ. Press, 1962 [orig. ed. 1932], p. 75). But James was not a slavish follower of Swedenborg. Rather, it was in Swedenborg that he found the most fecund exploration of his central insight that the source of all evil was in attachment to the self.

Later years

Although the ideas of Henry James Sr. were received by his contemporaries with little enthusiasm (see below) and although he was altogether out of sympathy with his age's enthusiasm for science, he never grew discouraged; in fact, some of the best expositions of his thought are to be found in the volumes of his later years. He participated actively in the lives of his children, whose education he had done so much to shape. His society was cultivated by many, who enjoyed his conversation—provided that they were strong enough to bear the sometimes devastating criticism he offered. He delighted in paradox and exaggeration and enjoyed flouting convention. But he shunned formal society, which he found uncongenial. He wrote: "The bent of my nature is towards affection and thought rather than action. I love the fireside rather than the forum."

James's marriage was a happy one, and when Mary James died on January 29, 1882, his will to live seemed to die with her. His work on yet another volume flagged, and he fell into a state of indolence. He rallied briefly after visits from his sons, called to his side by his daughter, Alice. But he suffered a relapse after Henry Jr. and William left on excursions to Europe. His famous sons never saw him alive again. He died on December 18, 1882, in Boston.

On the same day, Henry James's boat docked in New York on his way back to see his father. William James, in London at the time, was kept from full knowledge of his father's decline in order not to interfere with a much needed vacation; when he learned that his father was on his deathbed, four days before his final demise, William James wrote a moving letter that his father never read. In it, the famous psychologist wrote: "In that mysterious gulf of the past into which the present will soon fall and go back and back, yours is still for me the central figure. All my intellectual life I derive from you; and though we have often seemed at odds in the expression thereof I'm sure there's a harmony somewhere, & that our strivings will combine. What my debt to you is goes beyond all my power of estimating,—so early, so penetrating and so constant has been the influence. . . . Good night my sacred old Father. If I don't see you again—Farewell! a blessed farewell!".

Contemporaries' view of Henry James Sr.

Thoreau's description of an encounter with Henry James Sr. gives an idea of how his contemporaries saw and judged him:

I met Henry James the other night at Emerson's, at an Alcottian conversation, at which, however, Alcott did not talk much, being disturbed by James's opposition. The latter is a hearty man enough, with whom you can differ very satisfactorily, both on account of his doctrines and his good temper. He utters quasi-philanthropic dogmas in a metaphysic dress; but they are, for all practical purposes, very crude. He charges society with all the crime committed, and praises the criminal for committing it. But I think that all the remedies he suggests out of his head—for he goes no farther, hearty as he is—would leave us about where we are now. For, of course, it is not by a gift of turkeys on Thanksgiving Day that he proposes to convert the criminal, but by a true sympathy with each one,—with him, among the rest, who lying tells the world from the gallows that he has never been treated kindly by a single mortal since he was born. But it is not so easy a thing to sympathize with another, though you may have the best disposition to do it. There is Dobson over the hill. Have not you and I and all the world been trying to sympathize with him since he was born (as doubtless he with us), and yet we have got no further than to send him to the House of Correction once at least; and he, on the other hand, has sent us to another place several times. This is the real state of things as I understand it, at least so far as James's remedies. We are now, alas! exercising what charity we actually have, and new laws would not give us any more. But perchance, we might make some improvements in the House of Correction. You and I are Dobson; what will James do for us?.

Bibliography

• Moralism and Christianity; or Man's Experience and Destiny (1850), AMS Press reprint: ISBN 0-404-10084-8
• Lectures and Miscellanies (1852)
• The Church of Christ Not an Ecclesiasticism (1854) AMS Press 1983 reprint: ISBN 0-404-10082-1
• The Nature of Evil, Considered in a Letter to the Rev. Edward Beecher, D.D., Author of "The Conflict of Ages" (1855) AMS Press 1983 reprint ISBN 0-404-10086-4
• Christianity the Logic of Creation (1857) AMS Press 1983 reprint: ISBN 0-404-10080-5
• The Social Significance of Our Institutions (1861)
• Substance and Shadow; or Morality and Religion in Their Relation to Life (1863) AMS Press 1983 reprint: ISBN 0-404-10088-0
• The Secret of Swedenborg, Being an Elucidation of His Doctrine of the Divine Natural Humanity (1869) AMS Press 1983 reprint: ISBN 0-404-10087-2
• Society the Redeemed Form of Man, and the Earnest of God's Omnipotence in Human Nature, Affirmed in Letters to a Friend (1879)
• The Literary Remains of Henry James (1885), edited by his son, William James. Literature House 1970 reprint: ISBN 0-8398-0950-6

See also

• American philosophy
• List of American philosophers

Further reading

• Deck, R. H. "Notes on the Theology of Henry James Sr.". Psychohistory Rev. 1979 Summer-Fall;8(1-2):60-2.
• Feinstein, Howard M. Becoming William James. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984. A psychological interpretation of Henry James Sr. as son and father.
• Grattan, C. Hartley. The Three Jameses: A Family of Minds: Henry James, Sr., William James, Henry James. 1932. Introduction by Oscar Gargill. New York University Press, 1962. Book II is devoted to Henry James Sr.
• Habegger, Alfred. The Father: A Life of Henry James, Sr.. University of Massachusetts Press reprint 2001. ISBN 1-55849-331-X
• Lewis, R.W.B. The Jameses: A Family Narrative. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991. ISBN 0-374-17861-5
• Matthiessen, F.O. The James Family, Including Selections from the Writings of Henry James, Senior, William, Henry, & Alice James. New York: Alfred Knopf 1947. Vintage Books 1980 edition: ISBN 0-394-74243-5. Contains selections from Henry James Sr.'s Autobiography, a fragment from The Literary Remains of Henry James; some of his letters to Emerson; an extract from Moralism and Christianity; and extracts from The Social Significance of Our Institutions.
• Perry, Ralph Barton. The Thought and Character of William James, As Revealed in Unpublished Correspondence and Notes, Together with His Published Writings. Vol. I: Inheritance and Vocation. Boston: Little, Brown, 1936. Greenwood reprint: ISBN 0-8371-7520-8. Vanderbilt University Press 1996 reprint: ISBN 0-8265-1279-8. Part I ("His Father's Son") delves into the life of Henry James Sr.
• Taylor, Andrew. Henry James and the Father Question. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

External links

• Biography of James at PBS
• "Love, Marriage, and Divorce and the Sovereignty of the Individual" – a discussion between Henry James, Sr., Horace Greeley, and Stephen Pearl Andrews, (1853) Second edition 1889
• Chapter Six of The Swedenborgianized Fourierism of Henry James, Sr.: A Study in Pathology
• Review of The Secret of Swedenborg from North American Review v. 110, 1870, pp. 463–468
• "James, Henry, American Swedenborgian theologian" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.