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Hind bint Utba

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Hind bint ʿUtbah
Arabic: هند بنت عتبة
Bornunknown 6th century
Arabia
Diedunknown 7th century
Rashidun Caliphate
Other namesHind al-Hunūd (Arabic: هند الهنود)
Spouse(s)Ḥafṣ ibn Al-Mughīra
Al-Fākih ibn Al-Mughīra
Abū Ṣufyān ibn Ḥarb
ChildrenʾAbān ibn Ḥafṣ ibn Al-Mughīra
Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Ṣufyān
ʿUtbah ibn ʾAbī Ṣufyān
ʾUm al-ḥakm bint ʾAbī Ṣufyān
Juwayriyya bintʾAbī Ṣufyān
Parent(s)ʿUtbah ibn Rabīʿah
Ṣafiyah bint ʾumayyah

Hind bint ‘Utbah (هند بنت عتبة) was an Arab woman who lived in the late 6th and early 7th centuries CE; she was the wife of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, a powerful man of Mecca, in western Arabia. She was the mother of Muawiyah I, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, and of Hanzala,[1] Juwayriya and Umm Hakam.[2] Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan, who became one of Muhammad's wives, was her stepdaughter.[3]

Both Abu Sufyan and Hind originally opposed the Islamic prophet Muhammad before their conversion to Islam in 630.[citation needed]

Life

She was born in Mecca, daughter of one of the most prominent leaders of the Quraysh, Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, and of Safiya bint Umayya.[4] She had two brothers: Abu-Hudhayfah ibn 'Utbah and Walid ibn Utbah. Her father and her paternal uncle Shaibah ibn Rabī‘ah were among the chief adversaries of Islam who eventually were killed by 'Ali in the Battle of Badr.[5]

Her first husband was Hafs ibn Al-Mughira from the Makhzum clan, to whom she bore one son, Aban.[6] Hafs died young after an illness. Hind then married his brother al-Fakah, who was much older than she was, but she accepted him because she wanted her son to grow up within his father's family.[7] Al-Fakah owned a banqueting hall that the public were allowed to enter freely. One day he left Hind alone in the hall and returned home to see one of his employees leaving in a hurry. Assuming that his wife had a lover, he kicked her and asked her who the man had been. She replied that she had been asleep and did not know that anyone had entered; but al-Fakah did not believe her and he divorced her immediately.[8]

Hind then found herself the subject of gossip. Her father Utbah asked her to tell the truth about her divorce. "If the accusations are true, I will arrange to have Hafs murdered; and if they are false, I will summon him to appear before a soothsayer from Yemen." Hind swore by the gods that she was innocent, so Utbah called the soothsayer. Hind was sitting among a crowd of women; the soothsayer walked up, struck her on the shoulder and said, "Arise, you chaste woman and no adulteress. You will give birth to a King!" Al-Fakah then took her hand, ready to accept her back as his wife; but Hind withdrew her hand and said, "Go away, for I shall make sure to bear him to some other man."[9]

Hind refused another suitor in order to marry Abu Sufyan, who was her maternal first cousin and paternal second cousin,[10] c.599. Her family borrowed the jewellery of the Abu'l-Huqayq clan in Medina so that she could adorn herself for the wedding.[11]

Conflict with Muhammad

Main article: List of expeditions of Muhammad

From 613 to 622, Muhammad preached the message of Islam publicly in Mecca. As he gathered converts, he and his followers faced increasing persecution. In 622 they emigrated to the distant city of Yathrib, now known as Medina. They were at war with the Meccans and attacked Meccan caravans. The Meccans sent out a force to defend the caravans. The Meccans and the Muslims clashed at the Battle of Badr. The Muslims defeated the Meccans and Hind's father, son, brother and uncle were all killed in that battle.[12]

Hind's anger at the Muslims was of the greatest and most intense; she kept wailing publicly in the open desert and pouring dust over her face and her clothes, while lamenting her deceased relatives; and she did not stop not until her husband Abu Sufyan urged her to weep no more and promised her to avenge the death of her father and brother.[citation needed]

Hind accompanied the Meccan forces to the Battle of Uhud. She was among the women who sang and danced, urging on their warriors.[13]

On, ye sons of Abdaldar,
On, protectors of our rear,
Smite with every sharpened spear!
If you advance we hug you,
spread soft rugs beneath you;
if you retreat we leave you,
leave and no more love you.[14]

During this battle, Jubayr ibn Mut'im bribed his slave Wahshy ibn Harb with manumission to kill Muhammad's uncle Hamza. Whenever Hind passed Wahshy, she called, "Come on, black man! Satisfy your vengeance and ours!"[15] because Hamza was the one who had killed her uncle.[16] Wahshy speared Hamza in the height of the battle; after Hamza had fallen, Wahshy returned to retrieve his spear and then left the battle.[17] After the battle, Hind and the women went to mutilate the corpses of the dead Muslims. They cut off noses and ears and made them into necklaces and anklets (Hind gave hers to Wahshy). She gouged out Hamza's liver and bit into it; but she was unable to swallow the bite and spat it out. (Ibn ‘Abdu l-Barr states in his book "al-Istī‘āb" that she cooked Hamza's heart before eating it.) Then she climbed a rock and "shrieked at the top of her voice":

We have paid you back for Badr
and a war that follows a war is always violent.
I could not bear the loss of Utbah
nor my brother and his uncle and my first-born.
I have slaked my vengeance and fulfilled my vow.
You, O Wahshy, have assuaged the burning in my breast.
I shall thank Wahshy as long as I live
until my bones rot in the grave.[18]

After the occupation of Mecca in 630, however, Hind accepted Islam. Sunni Muslims now consider her to be among the ranks of the companions of Muhammad.[citation needed]

The Battle of Yarmouk

The Battle of Yarmouk is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, where the Muslims were hugely outnumbered by the Romans, but with the help of the women and boys amongst them, defeated the Eastern Roman Empire.[19][20] The battle is also considered to be one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's greatest military victories. It cemented his reputation as one of the greatest tacticians and cavalry commanders in history.[21]

Two of the earliest history books on Islam pay great tribute to Hind for her action in the midst of the battle. They show how the early Muslim women, including Hind bint Utbah[22][23][23][24][25][26] and Asma bint Abi Bakr,[27] were instrumental in the Battle of Yarmouk. The Muslims were hugely outnumbered. Every time the men ran away, the women turned them back and fought, fearing that if they lost, the Romans would enslave them. Every time the men fled, the women would sing:[28]

O you who flees from his loyal lady!
She is beautiful and stands firmly.
You're abandoning them to the Romans
to let them the forelocks and girls seize.
They will take what they want from us to the full
and start fighting themselves.[28]

Hind sang the same song she had sung when she fought against the Muslims in the battle of Uhud:[28]

Night star's daughters are we,
who walk on carpets soft they be
Our walk does friendliness tell
Our hands are perfumed musk smell
Pearls are strung around these necks of us
So come and embrace us
Whoever refuses will be separated forever
To defend his women is there no noble lover?[28]

After seeing the women fight, the men would return and say to each other: "If we do not fight, then we are more entitled to sit in the women's quarter than the women."[29]

At one point, when arrows started raining down on Abu Sufyan and he tried to turn his horse away, Hind struck his horse in the face with a tent-peg and said: "Where do you think you're going, O Sakhr? Go back to battle and put effort into it until you compensate for having incited people in the past against Muhammad." An arrow later hit Abu Sufyan in the eye and he became blind.[30]

References

  1. ^ Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad, pp. 337, 385. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Ibn Saad, Tabaqat vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina, p. 169. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  3. ^ Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l Muluk. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors, vol. 39, p. 177. New York: SUNY Press.
  4. ^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina, p. 165. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  5. ^ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of women's history. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 0-313-28803-8.
  6. ^ Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 165.
  7. ^ Munir Mohammed AlGhadban, Hind Bint Utbeh (1982) p. 19. Riyadh: Mektabat Al-Haramin.
  8. ^ Jalal al-Deen al-Suyuti. Tarikh al-Khulufa. Translated by Jarrett, H. S. (1881). History of the Caliphs, p. 200. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
  9. ^ Suyuti/Jarrett pp. 200-201.
  10. ^ Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 165.
  11. ^ Ibn Saad/Bewley p. 166.
  12. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 337.
  13. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 371.
  14. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 374.
  15. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 371.
  16. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 337.
  17. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 375.
  18. ^ Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 385.
  19. ^ Walton, Mark W (2003), Islam at war, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-98101-0, p. 30
  20. ^ Walton, Mark W (2003), Islam at war, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-98101-0 page 6
  21. ^ Nicolle, David (1994), Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-414-8 Page 19
  22. ^ Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 325 [1]
  23. ^ a b al-Baladhuri 892 [19] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 331 to 334 [2]
  25. ^ Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 343-344 [3]
  26. ^ al-Baladhuri 892 [20] from The Origins of the Islamic State, being a translation from the Arabic of the Kitab Futuh al-Buldha of Ahmad ibn-Jabir al-Baladhuri, trans. by P. K. Hitti and F. C. Murgotten, Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, LXVIII (New York, Columbia University Press,1916 and 1924), I, 207-211
  27. ^ Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 352-353 [4]
  28. ^ a b c d Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 331-332 [5]
  29. ^ Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 353 [6]
  30. ^ Islamic Conquest of Syria A translation of Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi Translated by Mawlana Sulayman al-Kindi Page 332 [7]

Notes

  • Guillaume, A. -- The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
  • Madelung, Wilferd -- The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997
  • Watt, W. Montgomery -- Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956
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