Hodna Mountains

Hodna Mountains
Hodna Mountains
جبل حضنة / Monts du Hodna
	The southern slope of the Hodna Mountains rising behind the Beni Hammad Fort
Highest point
Peak	Djebel Tachrirt
Elevation	1902
Dimensions
Length	90 km (56 mi) ESE/WNW
Width	22 km (14 mi) NNE/SSW
Geography
	Hodna Mountains
Country	Algeria
Regions	M'Sila, Batna Province and Sétif Province
Parent range	Saharan Atlas
Geology
Orogeny	Alpine orogeny

The Hodna Mountains (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-fr) are a mountain massif in northeastern Algeria. It rises on the northern side of the Hodna natural region in the M'Sila Province, near the town of Maadid around 200 km southeast of Algiers. These mountains are one of the ranges of the Saharan Atlas, part of the Atlas Mountain System.

Geography and vegetation

The Hodna Mountain ridge is located south of Kabylie. It sits at a parallel latitude in a roughly east-west direction between the Bibans in the northwest and the Belezma Range in the east. The highest peak, at 1,902 meters, is the Djebel Tachrirt;^[1] another important summit is 1,659 m high Djebel Guetiane,^[2] both located in the easternmost range of the Hodna chain already in Batna Province, towards the transition zone with the Aurès Mountains. The Maadid Range, the Kiyāna Range and the 'Aqqār Range are other subranges of the Hodna Mountains.^[3]

The Hodna Range has a zone of about 8,000 ha of natural cedar forest near Boutaleb growing in relatively xerophile conditions.^[4]

Water management

The former inhabitants of the Hodna Mountains built a complex system of water retention walls named jessour. They were built parallel to the level curves forming steps in the talwegs. On the northern slopes of the Djebel Tachrirt the walls were constructed above the ground level, allowing the snow to accumulate and to melt slowly in order to distribute the available water resulting from the snow melting period. Most of these traditional water management works are now in ruins.^[5]^[6]

History

The Beni Hammad Fort or Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (Template:Lang-fr) is the ruin of a fortified Muslim city belonging to the Hammadid dynasty that was built and settled in 1007 and abandoned in 1090. It is located on the southern slopes of the range and includes a 7 km-long line of walls. Inside the walls are four residential complexes, and the largest mosque built in Algeria after that of Mansourah, similar to the Grand Mosque of Kairouan, with a tall minaret (20 m). The remains of the emir's palace, known as Dal al-Bahr, include three separate residences separated by gardens and pavilions. Excavations of the area have brought to light numerous terracotta items, jewels, coins and ceramics, including a number of decorative fountains using the lion as a motif. In 1980 the Beni Hammad Fort was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.^[7]

In 945, as Abu Yazid besieged Sousse, Caliph al-Qa'im Bi-Amrillah died and was succeeded by his son al-Mansur. Under al-Mansur's leadership, the Fatimid forces recovered their position, first breaking the siege of Sousse and then driving Abū Yazīd's forces out of Kairouan back into the Aurès Mountains. In 947, the Fatimids finally defeated them in the Kiyana Mountains of this massif near what later became the Beni Hammad Fort.^[8]

Features

Landscape of the Hodna Range along the Oued Fredj.

References

^ Kef Tachrirt, Algeria - 3D Google Maps
^ Djebel Guetiane, Algeria
^ Heinz Halm, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten, p. 318
^ Abdelkader Harfouche & Abdellah Nedjahi, Prospections écologiques et sylvicoles dans les cédraies du Belezma et de l'Aurès à la recherche de peuplements semenciers et d'arbres plus., Revue forestière française, vol. 55, no 2, 2003, p. 114
^ Le système des « jessour », p. 4
^ Jean Baradez, Fossatum Aftïcœ. Recherches aériennes sur l'organisation des confins sahariens à l'époque romaine. Paris, Arts et métiers graphiques, 1949. p. 186
^ Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad UNESCO Site
^ Conant, Jonathan (2012). Staying Roman : conquest and identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281. ISBN 0521196973.

External links

[1] Kef Tachrirt, Algeria - 3D Google Maps

[2] Djebel Guetiane, Algeria

[3] Heinz Halm, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten, p. 318

[4] Abdelkader Harfouche & Abdellah Nedjahi, Prospections écologiques et sylvicoles dans les cédraies du Belezma et de l'Aurès à la recherche de peuplements semenciers et d'arbres plus., Revue forestière française, vol. 55, no 2, 2003, p. 114

[5] Le système des « jessour », p. 4

[6] Jean Baradez, Fossatum Aftïcœ. Recherches aériennes sur l'organisation des confins sahariens à l'époque romaine. Paris, Arts et métiers graphiques, 1949. p. 186

[7] Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad UNESCO Site

[Conant-8] Conant, Jonathan (2012). Staying Roman : conquest and identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281. ISBN 0521196973.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

v t e Mountains of Algeria
Tell Atlas	Blidean Atlas Babor Mountains Beni-Chougrane Bibans Bouzegza Mount [ar] Constantine Mountains Chenoua Mount Dahra Range Djurdjura Edough Khachna Kroumirie Ouarsenis Medjerda Mountains Murdjajo Numidian Range Saïda Mountains Tlemcen Mountains Titteri Tessala Range Trara Yemma Gouraya
Saharan Atlas	Amour Range Aurès Mountains Belezma Range Hodna Mountains Ksour Range Ouled Naïl Range Nememcha Range Zab Mountains
Saharan massifs	Ougarta Range Ahaggar Mountains Teffedest Mountains Tassili n'Ajjer Tadrart Rouge Adrar des Ifoghas
Peaks	Achaoun Anneb Djebel Antar Djebel Azao Djebel Chélia Djebel Grouz Djebel Guetiane Djebel Tsili Koudiat Béni Arif Koudiat Sidi Abdelkader Lalla Khedidja Maouna Mount Babor Mount Bissa Mount Issa Mount Tahat Mount Tamgout Mount Zaccar Pic des Singes Taourirt Tan Afella Thaletat
Geography of Algeria List of mountains in Algeria Atlas Mountains Hautes Plaines Kem Kem