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House of Monok
Monoky Család

Monoki, Monoky, Monaky, Mónoky
Baronial dynasty
Parent familyBogát-Radván Clan
Country
Current regionBorsod-Abaúj-Zemplén
EtymologyMonok
Founded1247
FounderElijah Monoky
Current headJesse Monek
Final rulerNicholas Monoky de Monok II (Johannine line); Stephen Mónok (Georgian line)
SeatMonok (formal)[1]
Titles
List
Style(s)Nagyságos (Great or Honourable; lit. "Your Greatness")
Motto
Hűséggel és vitézséggel[4][1]

(With Loyalty and Valor)
Estate(s)Monoky Castle
Cadet branchesAgnatic:

Cognatic:

The House of Monok (Hungarian: Monoky Család), alternatively spelled Monaky, Monoky, or Monoki in English and Hungarian, is a Hungarian noble dynasty which held power from the 13th century until the 17th century.[6] The earliest ancestors of the House of Monok are of the Clan of Bogát, founded in the late 9th century. The Bogátradvány genus are the predecessors of the Monoky along with other Hungarian noble families, including the House of Rákóczi.[7][8]

The Monok dynasty took on the name of the village which they came into possession of by royal donation after military service to the royal government of Hungary. Later, a castle would be built in the village of Monok which would be named after the family, colloquially referred to as the Monoky Castle or Monaky Castle.[4] The Monoky family castle was originally constructed around 14th century,[4] but the castle was besieged and burned by the Turks in 1567. After the burning of the castle, it was rebuilt during the 1570s on top of the hill in the center of Monok.

Name

The origins of the village name "Monok" are uncertain. Allegedly, the name of the village is derived from Slavic monoh meaning monk.

The name of the family originates from the family taking on the name of the village,[4] the first documented person with such a name was Elijah Monoky who lived during the 13th century.[9]

The House of Monok is documented as being originally derived from the Bogát-Radvány (genus) with land being given to the family, namely the village of Monok, for military service. The family, then adopted the name of the village of which they had ownership of leading the family to become known and documented as the Monoks.[4]

History

Origins and early history

Lászlo Makkai, a Hungarian historian, through his work, Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896-1526), mentions the tribes regarding Bogát (Bugat rex) as a Gyula of the Magyar tribal confederation.[10] Additionally, the writings of Simon of Kéza, on the pre-history of the Monoks, include the Bogát-Radván Clan, confirming the Bohemian and Transylvanian origins for many prominent Hungarian noble families including those of the Monok family as being derived from the Magyar tribe of Keszi.[11] Based upon the language used in the texts of Simon of Kéza, the origins of the Bogátradvány Clan are during Migration Period, the Bogátradvány Clan of the tribe of Keszi settled in the East during their conquests in Europe.[12] The family of Bogát, therefore, has its origins somewhere in the 300s Eastern Europe within the ruling family of the tribe of Keszi, one of the seven Magyar tribes.

Simon of Kéza, a Hungarian chroniclor of the 13th century, wrote that the founder of the Monoky was one of the nobles of Árpád, however, a theory exists which states that the Monoky dynasty's founders were refugees from Moravia and Tálya who arrived under Prince Monok after the Tatar invasion.[13] The village of Monok's website states includes the Tatar Theory but ultimately concludes that the Bogát and Radvány families "moved from Lúc to Monok and founded the prestigious Zemplén family, which survived for several centuries under the name Monaky."[13]

The Monok family's earliest documented progenitor is in 921 with the Gyula of the Hungarian tribal federation, Bogát, a Hungarian General and ruling Prince who was then hired by King Berengar of Italy to assist in his war against the rebellious barons of Berengar.[14] Bogát initiated an alliance with King Berengar sometime after 904 but prior to 918. With Bogát came Tarkacsu, also known as Dursan by the Italians, and, together, they crushed the rebellious barons of the Italian realm,[15] namely, Adelbert and Gislebert, and upon returning home, Bogát was awarded a tract of land (which would one day become Monok) in North-Eastern of Hungary for his bravery, thus becoming the progenitor of the Monoks.

It is known that the Monokian branch and the Rákóczian branch of the wider Bogát-Radvánian dynasty were in possession of lands in Bohemia prior to their arrival in Hungary, which were given royal donation. In their early history, the Monok dynasty motto "With Loyalty and Valor" came about from a jousting tournament held after the coronation of King Stephen I of Hungary, this motto would be associated with the family and their cadet branches thereafter.[1]

Lords of Monok

The progenitor of the Monok dynasty was Illés whose son would come into possession of Monok and be the first documented of the Monoks.[16] The person of Illés is typically listed in documentation under the name of either Alexander or Elijah.[17][7] The names of the descendants on all genealogical trees, however, perfectly match the descendants of the individual as well as significant dates in the family, which means that both are the same person yet identified differently. During the Tatar invasion, Elijah Monoky held ownership and Lordship over Monok, both the village and family of Monok were not struck nor pillaged by Mongol forces during this conflict. Ladislaus, the son of Elijah, would go on to be the first member of the Monok dynasty to extensively use the name "Monok" in records. Lord Elijah Monoky is mentioned in Hungarian records[7] as being born between 1217 and 1277. Among the sons of Ladislaus (d. 1310 and 1333), Michael I was the Viscount of Sáros, while Simon was the Royal Altar Master. Sandrin, son of Michael I, was a master carpenter. Among Sandrin's sons, Stephen was a guard cannoneer in Fehérvár, and Peter was a prominent Catholic clergyman of Szabolcs.[18][7] The successor of Ladislaus I was his son, Simon Monoky, held Lordship over the Monok lands, which he led for a great part of the mid 14th century. During his tenure as Lord, Simon would obtain ownership of Bekecs and ownership of Szada prior to his death in 1369.

The Coat of Arms of Michael III, as seen on the National Archives of Hungary website

John Monoky II, son of Simon Monoky, became the new Lord of Monok after the death of his father, later being granted the title Lordship of Megyaszó until his death in 1400. The Monoky were loyal to and sometimes active fought for Hungary throughout various conflicts including, but not limited to, the Crusades, the Neapolitan Campaign,[13] the Battle of Szendő, the Battle of Sibiu,[19] the Havasalföld Campaign, the Battle of Rigómez, and the campaigns of King Matthias.[1] During the 14th century, under rule of one of the first Lords of Monok, a castle was erected in the center of the village of Monok which would become known as "Monoky Castle." Michael Monoky de Monok I, son of John II, then took the possessions of his father for a large portion of the 1400s, becoming the Lord of Monok upon the death of his father.

Michael II's son, Nicholas Monoky de Monok I, would inherit Monok when his father died, and Nicholas I's son, Michael Monoky de Monok III, reigned in the latter half of the 1400s. Mihály Monoky de Monok II held power until his death in the early 1500s, and during his tenure became a Baron of Lúcz, due to the Monoks' blood relation to the House of Lúcz.[20] However, the Barony of Lúcz would later be lost near permanently after the death of the Monok main line in the 17th century. It is from Mihály Monoky de Monok II that the first coat of arms of the Monok dynasty is documented.

Francis Monoky de Monok (Francis I), son of Michael III, would inherit the lands of his predecessor and die with them 1549.

Johannine / Georgian split

The House of Monok obtained the title of baron with the red seal (being granted hereditary nobility at the rank of Baron) two times from King Ferdinand II of Hungary, once among Nicholas Monoky de Monok II, Baron of Monok (d. 1643), a Captain of Ónod, and Nicholas Mónoky de Mónok III (fl. 1625), a later Captain of Ónod. Francis I's sons John III and George I would be the bearers of the future of the Monok dynasty in this way, however, the main male line, consisting of the descendants of John III would die out in 1643 while the son of George I, Baron Nicholas III prospered.[21] Nicholas Monoky de Monok II and his two brothers would have no male heir, thus leading to the Andrássy family obtaining the title through marriage.

John Monoky de Monok III would become the next Baron, it is noted that he rebuilt the castle of Monok. Another achievement of John Monoky de Monok III was that of becoming the Captain of the castle of Fülek during military service.[7] Nicholas Monoky de Monok II, son of John III, then adopted the title of Baron of Monok, later achieving Baronship through his connections and alignment with King Ferdinand II of Hungary, consisting of service in the military and holding an administrative position.[22] In 1625, when Miklos II received the title of Baron with a red seal from King Ferdinand, the title was hereditary and thus went to himself and his family, allowing for other family members to inherit the title.[23]

The Barony of Monok was continuously occupied by the Monoky and, later, the Monoky de Monok from the 13th century until the extinction of the Monoky de Monok male line after 1625 and the inheritance of the barony by the Andrássy noble dynasty through the marriage of Anna Monoky de Monok to Mátyás Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorkaits.[24][25][26] The marriage between Anna Monoky de Monok and Mátyás Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorkaits would initiate the eventual partitioning of the Monoky de Monok family's lands.[4][16][27] Around 1670, Monok Castle was expanded and significantly rebuilt with Thököly describing the converted building in 1673. The description states that the castle was expanded with a two-story block, and the ground floor was given a newer, higher vault.[26]

George I, son of Francis Monoky de Monok I, did not directly inherit the village of Monok but, as customary in Hungary at the time, received portions of land and wealth. Nikolaus (Miklós) Mónoky de Mónok III, son of György Mónoky de Mónok I, would go on to stay in the region of his forefathers, until his death in the mid 1600s. John Mónoky IV, son of Nicholas III, was born around the time that the Monoky de Monok main line collapsed and was inherited by the House of Andrássy.[21] This was the weakest, most fragile point in the Monok family history, when the family was smaller and poorer than any point prior.

Thus, the Johannine and the Georgian lines were the fates of the Monoks, the former was extinction and the later was continuation.

Consolidation and Emigration

The Coat of Arms of Francis II, as seen on the National Archives of Hungary website

The Monok dynasty with its branches of Mónok, Mónek, and Dobi still existing and continuing on, despite the decline of the Monoky de Monok mainline. Though, a few branches of the family had the name Monoky, however, their children would bear the name Monok due to slowly being distanced from nobility with the loss of their primary titles and estates, such as the village which bore the family's namesake.[28] Due to Nicholas II and his brothers only having daughters, the main line fell apart, though cadet branches such as the Doby (also written as "Dobi") would still prosper.[5]

Francis Mónok II, son of John Mónoky IV, would have to contend with the continuation of these issues in his own life. Among what is known of Francis II is his coat of arms which was documented in 1694, 1703, and 1707.[21] Baron Stephen Mónok would be documented as having died in Csatár, in the County of Zala, denoting the emigration of Monoks from the ancestral nest of Monok.[29] Whereafter, this led to the shifting of the name spelling as well as the formal creation of the House of Mónek, thus the surviving senior agnatic line of the Monok dynasty consolidated itself in Zala County and later Vas County.

House of Mónek

On 14 March 1766, Baron Stephen Mónok died upon emigration across the Kingdom of Hungary to Zala County, whereupon his son,[29] Baron George Mónek (1738–1783),[30] became his successor. The House of Mónek, directly descendent from the Georgian line of the Monok dynasty, is the most senior paternal line of the Monok dynasty existent. Baron George Mónek married Maria Vari in the Mid-18th Century and later had issue, Joseph Mónek (1775–1873), this being the formal creation of the House of Mónek, maintaining the hereditary Baronship. Baron Joseph Mónek, son of Baron George Mónek, was born circa 1775 in Szentgotthárd, and married Anna Gáál, of the House of Gáál, born of Nicholas Gáál and Maria Kóczán.[31] Baron Joseph Mónek was the longest living member of the Monok dynasty recorded, still holding this record within the House of Mónek, later dying in the town of his birth in 1873.

Baron Joseph Mónek and Baroness Anna Gáál had a son, named Paul Mónek (1841-1902/1903), who would live through the Compromise of 1867, solidifying Austria and Hungary as two equal states in a Dual monarchy. Paul Mónek would marry Eva Dancsecs, of the House of Dancsecs, whose parents were Imre of the House of Dancsecs and Elizabeth of the House of Kóczán.[32]

Gyula Mónek immigrated to the United States of America following the death of his parents, Eva in 1902 and Paul in 1902/1903. The head of the House of Mónek immigrated to the United States of America on 25 February 1903, from the Belgian port of Antwerp, arriving at the New York City Harbor.[33] Due to a misspelling of Mónek by United States immigration officials, the name Mónek would become consistently misspelt hereafter in legal documents within the United States of America, the Hungarian name Mónek became anglicized as Monek.[33]

Military Tradition

From the beginning, the Monok dynasty was a martial and militaristic family, seen from the story of the family's own motto "With Loyalty and Valor."[1] Which was derived from a jousting tournament held after the coronation of King Stephen I of Hungary, this motto would set the tone for the guiding principles of the family.[4] The Monok dynasty, historically, presents a trend of themselves fighting for the royal government of Hungary and the Hungarian Crown with loyalty.[1]

Ladislaus Monoky (d. 1310 and 1333), son of Elijah, had a paternal great grandson by the name of István, a guard cannoneer in Fehérvár.[16]

John III (d. 1598) was Captain of the castle of Fülek in 1593. John III's son, Nicholas II, was made the Captain of the castle of Ónód in 1607.[7]

Nicholas III would also serve as a Captain of Ónod soon after his cousin, Nicholas II, ceased to hold the military posting.[21]

List of Monoky rulers

Progenitors and Ancestors of the Monoks

The Monokian branch of the Bogátian line originally just owned Lazony, Lúcz, and Berettő in Hungary but eventually immigrated to Monok after obtaining ownership of the village. The Bogát-Radvány received their titles and possessions through royal donation, according to Simon of Kéza.[34][1]

Before the Johannine/Georgian division

Elijah Monoky became the first documented member of the family to use the name Monok in their name, thus being the founder of the Monaky/Monoky/Monoki family, circa 1250s.[7] The House of Monoky de Monok, alternatively spelled Monaky de Monok, is a name for the Monok dynasty after the family had acquired more lands which began being documented as such as early as John Monoky II (1373–1400).[44]

  • Elijah (Illés) (1217-c. 1290), father of below, Founder of the Monoky Dynasty, Lord of Monok.
  • Ladislaus I (László I) (1282-?), father of below, Lord of Monok, first extensively recorded Monok.[45]
  • Simon (?-1373), father of below, Lord of Monok, granted Lord of Bekecs, granted Lord of Szada.
  • John II (János II) (1373–1400), father of below, Lord of Monok, granted Lord of Megyaszó.
  • Michael II (Mihály II) (?-?), father of below, Lord of Monok.
  • Nicholas I (Miklós I) (circa 1450-?), father of below, Lord of Monok.
  • Michael III (Mihály III) (1475-?), father of below, Lord of Monok, granted Baron of Lúcz.
  • Francis I (Ferencz I) (1505–1549), father of John Monoky de Monok III and George Monoky de Monok I, Lord of Monok.[7]

Division of Johannine and Georgian lines

After the death of Baron Francis I, his children Baron John III ruled the Monok possessions until 1598[46] and Lord George I, father of Baron Nicholas III, who would continue the family legacy when, in 1643, Baron Nicholas II died. Nicholas III would be granted hereditary Baronship in 1625, thus allowing for the Georgian line of the Monoks to be raised in rank despite the fall of the Johannine line due to a lack of male heirs.[21]

Barons of Monok (Johannine line)

  • John III (János III) (1535–1598), father of below, Baron of Monok, rebuilt the Monok Castle.[26]
  • Nicholas II (Miklós II) (d. 1643), son of above, Baron of Monok, Captain of Ónod, Baron with a Red Seal.

Hereditary Baronship (Georgian line)

Monoks after the extinction of the Johannine line

  • John IV (János IV) (fl. 1644), father of below, Baron.[21]
  • Francis II (Ferencz II) (fl. 1703), father of below, Baron.
  • Stephen (István) (1706–1766), father of George Mónek, Baron.

Mónek

Dobi

This section is incomplete, you can help by expanding it.

Post-Monarchical Monoks

Titles of nobility were revoked for Hungarian citizens through Statute IV of 1947 Regarding the Abolition of Certain Titles and Ranks (Hungarian: 1947. évi IV. törvény egyes címek és rangok megszüntetéséről), nobility which resided inside the state of Hungary would have their titles abolished.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Barangolás Monokon Royalmagazin.hu, Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  2. ^ Karácsonyi, János. (1901) A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig A Pechujfalusi Pechy Csalad Honlapja, pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu. Retrieved 21 December 2022. (In Hungarian)
  3. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 554.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Monaky Castles Kastelyok-Utazas.hu, Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b Doby család Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  6. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 551-4.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Monoky Család. (Monoki. †) Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  8. ^ Engel 2001, p. 87.
  9. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 551-2.
  10. ^ Makkai 2001, p. 387-390.
  11. ^ Kezai 1999, p. 169.
  12. ^ Engel 2001, p. 21.
  13. ^ a b c Tortenelem Monok.hu, Internet Archive. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  14. ^ Makkai 2001, p. 387-388.
  15. ^ Makkai 2001, p. 384-386.
  16. ^ a b c Monoky de Monok family Genealogy.eu. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  17. ^ Karácsonyi, János. (1901) "A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig." A Pechujfalusi Pechy Csalad Honlapja, pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu, https://www.pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu/myfiles/htmls/karacsonyi/karaxw-Title.html.
  18. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 553.
  19. ^ Grumeza 2010, p. 197.
  20. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 553-4.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Mónoky v. Mónok Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  22. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 554.
  23. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 554.
  24. ^ King Andrew II of Hungary 1999, p. 227-228
  25. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 554.
  26. ^ a b c Monaky-kastély Monok.hu. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  27. ^ "Királyi Könyvek – Serial Number 18.435." Hungaricana, Libri Regii Hungaricana, https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/libriregii/hu_mnl_ol_a057_18_0435/?list=eyJxdWVyeSI6ICJNb25vayJ9.
  28. ^ King Andrew II of Hungary 1999, p. 234
  29. ^ a b "Hungary, Church Books, 1624–1950", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6N3M-9W2R : 8 December 2022), Stephanus Monok, 1766.
  30. ^ "Hungary, Church Books, 1624–1950", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6N37-VTSG : 8 December 2022), Georgius Monek, 1783.
  31. ^ "Hungary, Church Books, 1624–1950", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6NSB-RH1C : 9 December 2022), Josephi Mónek in entry for Anna Gaál, 1873.
  32. ^ "Hungary, Church Books, 1624–1950", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6N34-VZHY : 9 December 2022), Joseph Monek in entry for Paulus Monek, 1864.
  33. ^ a b "New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JFTG-7MJ : 2 March 2021), Gyula Monek, 1903.
  34. ^ King Andrew II of Hungary 1999, p. 227-228, 234
  35. ^ Engel 2001, p. 24.
  36. ^ Makkai 2001, p. 339-341.
  37. ^ Engel 2001, p. 86.
  38. ^ Kezai 1999, p. 168.
  39. ^ Fraknói, Vilmos. (1863). A Nádori és Országbírói Hivatal Eredete és Hatáskörének Történeti Kifejlödése. Pfeifer F. Pesten. p. 155.
  40. ^ Karácsonyi, János. (1901) A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig A Pechujfalusi Pechy Csalad Honlapja, pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu. Retrieved 21 December 2022. (In Hungarian)
  41. ^ Bogát-Radvány nemzetség Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary. Retrieved 21 December 2022. (In Hungarian)
  42. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 551.
  43. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 552.
  44. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 553.
  45. ^ Karácsonyi, János. (1901) A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig A Pechujfalusi Pechy Csalad Honlapja, pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu. Retrieved 21 December 2022. (In Hungarian)
  46. ^ Ráth 1860, p. 552.

Sources

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2. Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-84904-112-6. page 352.

3. "Doby család." Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary, https://www.arcanum.com/en/online-kiadvanyok/Nagyivan-nagy-ivan-magyarorszag-csaladai-1/harmadik-kotet-1435/doby-csalad-203D/.

4. Grumeza, Ion. "The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500." University Press of America, https://books.google.com/books?id=QKhuxLdnYhMC&pg=PA87.

5. "Hungary, Church Books, 1624–1950", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6N3M-9W2R : 8 December 2022), Stephanus Monok, 1766.

6. Karácsonyi, János. (1901) "A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig." A Pechujfalusi Pechy Csalad Honlapja, pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu, https://www.pechy-de-pechujfalu.hu/myfiles/htmls/karacsonyi/karaxw-Title.html.

7. Kezai, Simon, et al. (1999) "Gesta Hunnorum Et Hungarorum." Central European University Press.

8. King Andrew II of Hungary. (1999) "De bulla aurea Andreae II regis Hungariae." 1222. Valdonega, 1999.

9. "Királyi Könyvek – Serial Number 18.435." Hungaricana, Libri Regii Hungaricana, https://archives.hungaricana.hu/en/libriregii/hu_mnl_ol_a057_18_0435/?list=eyJxdWVyeSI6ICJNb25vayJ9.

10. Makkai, László (2001). "History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 – III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) – 1. Transylvania'a Indigenous Population at the Time of the Hungarian Conquest." New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN 0-88033-479-7.

11. "Monaky Castles." Kastelyok-Utazas.hu, https://web.archive.org/web/20160427000141/http://www.kastelyok-utazas.hu/Lap.php?cId=1260&kId=1260.

12. "Monaky-kastély ." Monok.hu, http://www.monok.hu/index.php/latnivalok/36-monaky-kastely.

13. "Monoky Család. (Monoki. †)." Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary, https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Nagyivan-nagy-ivan-magyarorszag-csaladai-1/hetedik-kotet-5828/monoky-csalad-monoki-6B2C/.

14. "Monoky de Monok family." Genealogy.eu, http://genealogy.euweb.cz/hung/monoky.html.

15. "Mónoky v. Mónok." Arcanum, National Archives of Hungary, https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Siebmacher-siebmacher-wappenbuch-1/der-adel-von-ungarn-magyarorszag-2/csaladok-29/monoky-v-monok-5387/.

16. "New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JFTG-7MJ : 2 March 2021), Gyula Monek, 1903.

17. Pál Engel, et al. (2001). "The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526." I.B. Tauris, London.

18. Ráth, Mór. Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár (MEK) / Hungarian Electronic Library, Nagy Iván, https://mek.oszk.hu/09300/09379/pdf/mo_csaladai_07.pdf.

19. "Tortenelem." Monok.hu, Web.archive.org, https://web.archive.org/web/20080311215152/http://www.monok.hu/tortenelem.html.

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