Integral mission
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Integral mission or holistic mission is a term coined in Spanish as misión integral in the 1970s by members of the evangelical group Latin American Theological Fellowship (or FTL, its Spanish acronym) to describe an understanding of Christian mission which embraces both the evangelism and social responsibility. Since Lausanne 1974, integral mission has influenced a significant number of evangelicals around the world.[1][2]
Terminology
The word "integral" is used in Spanish to describe wholeness (as in wholemeal bread or whole wheat).[2] Theologians use it to describe an understanding of Christian mission that affirms the importance of expressing the love of God and neighborly love through every means possible. Proponents such as C. René Padilla of Ecuador,[3] Samuel Escobar of Peru,[4] and Orlando E. Costas of Puerto Rico[5] have wanted to emphasize the breadth of the Good News and of the Christian mission, and used the word integral to signal their discomfort with conceptions of Christian mission based on a dichotomy between evangelism and social involvement.
The proponents of integral mission argue that the concept of integral mission is nothing new – rather, it is rooted in Scripture and wonderfully exemplified in Jesus’ own ministry. "Integral mission" is only a distinct vocabulary for a holistic understanding of mission that has become important in the past forty years in order to distinguish it from widely held but dualistic approaches that emphasize either evangelism or social responsibility.[2]
History
The process of defining integral mission and the journey of its acceptance by significant numbers of Evangelicals has taken place over a period of just over 40 years. Its progress can be observed through a number of significant international Evangelical congresses.
In 1966, the Congress on the World Mission of the Church, held in Wheaton, Illinois, brought together Evangelicals from 71 countries. The Wheaton Declaration confessed that “we [Evangelicals] are guilty of an unscriptural isolation from the world that too often keeps us from honestly facing and coping with its concerns” and the “failure [of the church] to apply scriptural principles to such problems as racism, war, population explosion, poverty, family disintegration, social revolution, and communism.”[6]
By contrast, that same year the World Congress on Evangelization in Berlin continued to emphasise a traditionally Evangelical conception of mission, as articulated by Billy Graham: “if the church went back to its main task of proclaiming the gospel and people converted to Christ, it would have a far greater impact on the social, moral and psychological needs of men than it could achieve through anything else it could possibly do.[7] However, the question of Christian social involvement came up repeatedly during the ensuing regional congresses.[8]
The International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne in 1974 is regarded by some as "the most important world-wide evangelical gathering of the twentieth century."[9] The Lausanne Covenant affirmed that:
God is both the Creator and the Judge of all men. We therefore should share his concern for justice and reconciliation throughout human society and for the liberation of men from every kind of oppression… we express penitence both for our neglect and for having sometimes regarded evangelism and social concern as mutually exclusive.[10]
Following the Lausanne Congress, support for the concept of integral mission grew amongst evangelicals, particularly in the Two-Thirds World. A number of declarations which emerged from international evangelical conferences in the ensuing years (some of them organized by the Lausanne Movement and chaired by John Stott) revealed similar concerns for a holistic understanding of mission. Of critical importance for the development of the theology of integral mission were the various Latin American Congresses on Evangelism (CLADE, their Spanish acronym—Consejo Latinoamericano de Evangelización). Beginning with the Second Latin America Congress on Evangelism, held in Peru in 1979, the CLADES (III, Quito, 1992; IV, Quito, 2000) were organized by the Latin American Theological Fellowship (FTL). [citation needed]
In the UK, the International Consultation on Simple Lifestyle in 1980 resulted in a document entitled "An Evangelical Commitment to Simple Lifestyle," again affirming a commitment to justice within an Evangelical conception of mission.[11]
In 1982 the International Consultation on the Relationship of Evangelism and Social Responsibility concluded that the latter is a consequence of, a bridge to and partner of the former.[12] The document published maintained the primacy of evangelism however, despite its affirmation that the two are, in practice, “inseparable”.[13][page needed]
In 1983, the Consultation on the Church in Response to Human Need in Wheaton, Illinois, led to the publication of "Transformation: The Church in Response to Human Need," perhaps the strongest evangelical affirmation of integral Mission.[9][page needed] It is explicit in its denunciation of injustice, and churches and Christina organisations who "by silence give their tacit support" to "the socio-economic status-quo."[14]
The last decade
A commitment to integral mission is often reflected in particular concern for those living in poverty and a commitment to pursuing justice. The concept of integral mission is advocated largely by Evangelical Christians, many of whom are related to the Micah Network.[15]
In 1999 a global network of evangelical Christian organisations committed to Integral Mission was established and christened the Micah Network, which owes its name to the centrality of Micah 6:8 to the concept of Integral Mission:
What does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God.
Their members represent approximately 500 Evangelical service organizations, churches and individual members around the world.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Stanley, Brian (2013). The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Billy Graham and John Stott. Grand Rapids, MI: InterVarsity Press. pp. 151–180. ISBN 9780830825851.
- ^ a b c Kirkpatrick, David C. (2016). "The Widening of Christian Mission: C. René Padilla and the Intellectual Origins of Integral Mission". In Sexton, Jason S.; Weston, Paul (eds.). The End of Theology: Shaping Theology for the Sake of Mission. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 193–210. ISBN 9781506405926.
- ^ Padilla, C. René (2010). Mission Between the Times: Essays on the Kingdom. Carlisle: Langham Monographs. ISBN 9781907713019.
- ^ Escobar, Samuel (2003). A Time of Mission: The Challenge for Global Christianity. Carlisle: Langham Global Library. ISBN 9781907713026.
- ^ Costas, Orlando E. (1974). The Church and its Mission: A Shattering Critique from the Third World. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. ISBN 0842302751.
- ^ "The Wheaton Declaration". Evangelical Mission Quarterly. 2: 231–44. Summer 1966.
- ^ Graham, Billy (11 November 1966). "Why the Berlin Congress". Christianity Today. Vol. 11. p. 133.
- ^ Padilla, C. René (1985). "Evangelism and Social Responsibility: From Wheaton '66 to Wheaton '83". Transformation. 2 (3): 27–34. doi:10.1177/026537888500200311.
- ^ a b Padilla, C. René (2002). "Integral Mission and its Historical Development". In Chester, Tim (ed.). Justice, Mercy & Humility: Integral Mission and the Poor.
- ^ Stott, John (1996). Making Christ Known: Historic Mission Documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989. Carlisle: Paternoster. p. 24.
- ^ Sider, Ron, ed. (1982), Lifestyle in the Eighties: An Evangelical Commitment to Simple Lifestyle, Philadelpahia: Westminster
- ^ Stott. Making Christ Known. p. 182.
- ^ Nichols, Bruce (1986), In Word and Deed, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans
- ^ Samuel, Vinay; Sugden, Chris (1987). The Church in Response to Human Need. Oxford.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ http://www.micahnetwork.org/resource-topics?topic=integral+mission