Jinhui dialect

Jinhui dialect
Dônđäc
偒傣
Native to	China
Region	Jinhui, Fengxian, Shanghai
Ethnicity	Han Chinese
Native speakers	100,000 (2012)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Wu Taihu Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing Jinhui dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Jinhui dialect (Chinese: 金汇方言), also known as Dônđäc (Chinese: 偒傣; pinyin: Dàngdǎi), is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in the town of Jinhui in Shanghai's suburban Fengxian District. It has about 100,000 native speakers. Jinhui is located near the border of the ancient states of Wu and Yue during the Spring and Autumn period. Like other Wu dialects, Dônđäc has preserved many special features of the ancient language of the Baiyue people.

Dônđäc has 20 vowel qualities. According to a Fudan University research that was published in the journal Science, Dônđäc has the largest vowel quality inventory in the world, and ranks highest in overall phonemic diversity among all languages studied in the research. According to linguist Qian Nairong, who spent eight years teaching in Fengxian and studying its dialects, the reason Dônđäc has so many vowels is because Jinhui is the place where five isoglosses intersect.

Phonology

Jinhui has 20 vowels, compared with 7 in Standard Mandarin. Pairs of checked and non-checked finals have different vowels. These differences are meaningful in distinguishing phonemes, therefore they are considered different vowels.

i	y	e	ø	ɛ	ɑ	ɨ	ɯ	ɔ	o	u
ɪˀ	ʏˀ	ʌˀ	œˀ	æˀ	aˀ	—	əˀ	ɒˀ	ɵˀ	—

There is also a rhotic vowel /ɚ/ which also occurs in restricted environments and is not argued to be a separate vowel, as well as syllabic nasals /ŋ̍ m̩/. There are not diphthongs in Jinhui; all vowels are monophthongs.

Jinhui also has a large number of consonants, including glottalized stops and a palatalized series:

m mʲ	n nʲ		ŋ
pʰ b ˀb pʰʲ bʲ ˀbʲ	tʰ d ˀd tʰʲ dʲ ˀdʲ	tsʰ ts dz tɕʰ tɕ dʑ ˀɟ	kʰ ɡ	kfʰ ɡv	ʔ
f v vʲ		s z ɕ ʑ			h ɦ
	l lʲ	j		w

The glottalized consonants are unique to Jinhui dialect and neighboring areas. Most distinctive is /ˀɟ/, found for example in 金 /ˀɟɪ̃˥˧/. There are other glottalized consonants, such as [ˀm ˀn ˀnʲ ˀl], etc., but these are predictable by the tone and so are not distinctive.

[kfʰ ɡv] are phonetically unusual for a Chinese variety; these and the palatalized series correspond to the Mandarin medial vowels -u- and -i-.

It is not clear how many phonemic tones Jinhui has. Of the eight traditional tones, one pair is found in checked syllables, and so not phonemically distinctive. All four pairs may depend on the voicing of the initial, as in other varieties of Wu, but the existence of [ˀm ˀn ˀnʲ ˀl] suggests either that they are distinctive after sonorants, or that the consonant inventory is larger.

	꜀平 Level	꜂上 Rising	去꜄ Departing	入꜆ Entering
yin	˥˧ 53	˧˧˥ 335	˦ 4	˧˥ˀ 35
yang	˨˧˩ 231	˩˩˧ 113	˨˧ 23	˨˧ˀ 23

There is also a 'light' (unstressed) tone, [˨] 2.

Education

In an effort to preserve its unique dialect, Jinhui began teaching it in school in 2012, with a textbook written by Fudan University professor Li Hui, a Jinhui native, and Hong Yulong, the principal of Jinhui School.