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John Albion Andrew

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For other people named John Andrew, see John Andrew (disambiguation).
John Albion Andrew
25th Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 3, 1861 – January 4, 1866
LieutenantJohn Z. Goodrich
John Nesmith
Joel Hayden
Preceded byNathaniel P. Banks
Succeeded byAlexander H. Bullock
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Personal details
Born(1818-05-31)May 31, 1818
Windham, Maine
DiedOctober 30, 1867(1867-10-30) (aged 49)
Boston, Massachusetts
Political partyRepublican
SpouseEliza Jane Hersey
ChildrenJohn F. Andrew
ProfessionLawyer
Signature

John Albion Andrew (May 31, 1818 – October 30, 1867) was an American lawyer and politician in Massachusetts. He was elected in 1860 as the 25th Governor of Massachusetts, serving between 1861 and 1866, and led the state's contributions to the Union cause during the American Civil War. He was a guiding force behind the creation of some of the first African-American units in the United States Army, including the famed 54th Massachusetts Infantry.

Educated at Bowdoin College, Andrew was a radical abolitionist from an early date, engaged in the legal defense of fugitive slaves against owners seeking their return. He provided legal support to John Brown after his 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, raising his profile and propelling him to the Massachusetts governor's chair. Andrew was a persistent voice criticizing Abraham Lincoln's conduct of the war, and pressing him to end slavery. By the end of the war his politics had moderated, and he came to support Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction agenda.

In Massachusetts, Andrew opposed the Know Nothing movement and the state's strict alcohol prohibition laws, and oversaw the state takeover of the Hoosac Tunnel construction project. He died of an apparent heart attack at the age of 49.

Early life and career

John Albion Andrew was born in Windham, Maine (then a part of Massachusetts) on May 31, 1818, the eldest of four children. His father, Jonathan Andrew, was descended from an early settler of Boxford, Massachusetts, and ran a small but prosperous merchant trade in Windham. His mother, Nancy Green Pierce, was a teacher at Fryeburg Academy.[1]

Andrew received his primary education first at home, and then at several area boarding schools. After his mother's death in 1832, he attended Gorham Academy in nearby Gorham.[1][2] During his youth he exhibited talent for both memory and public speaking, memorizing church sermons and recounting them with the same oratorical style in which they were delivered.[3] He was introduced to early abolitionist writings of William Lloyd Garrison and others.[4] He entered Bowdoin College in 1833.[1] Although he was studious and popular with other students, he did not shine academically and was ranked near the bottom in his class.[5]

After his graduation in 1837, Andrew moved to Boston to study law under Henry H. Fuller, with whom he became close friends.[1] He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1840, and began the practice of law.[6]

After his admission to the bar, Andrew joined the Whig Party and became actively involved in the anti-slavery movement. As a Conscience Whig, he opposed the election of "Cotton Whig" Robert Charles Winthrop in the 1846 election for Congress, [7] and promoted Charles Sumner (over the latter's objection) as an independent candidate.[8] He sat on the executive committee of Boston's first vigilance committee, an anti-slavery organization established in 1846 that was devoted to assisting escaped slaves.[9] Andrew participated in the establishment in 1848 of the Free Soil Party, whose principal political goal was ending the expansion of slavery.[10] The Free Soilers nominated Martin Van Buren for president; he placed third in the election, but the party was somewhat more successful at the state level, gaining seats in the state legislature and Congress.[11]

In 1847 Andrew, then 29 and with his law practice underway, met Eliza Jane Hersey of Hingham at an anti-slavery fair. They were engaged that year and married on Christmas evening in 1848.[12] They had four children: John Forrester, born November 26, 1850; Elizabeth Loring, born July 29, 1852; Edith, born April 5, 1854; Henry Hersey, born April 28, 1858.[13]

Following Congressional passage of the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which required law enforcement officials and citizens of free states as well as slave states to aid in the recovery of fugitive slaves, the Boston Vigilance Committee attracted many new members determined to resist the law. Andrew sat on a sub-committee that handled the legal defense of men accused of being fugitive slaves.[14] He was also a regular attendee at meetings of the "Bird Club", organized by businessman Francis Bird. Its members were mainly anti-slavery ex-Whigs, described by Samuel Gridley Howe as "straight & impractical republicans".[15] Bird Club members would dominate the state's political establishment into the 1870s.[16]

Andrew's political activity was otherwise minimal, as he was devoted to his growing law practice and family, which was settled in Hingham. By 1855 his practice was sufficiently successful that he also purchased a house on Charles Street in Boston.[17]

Andrew used this house at 110 Charles St., Boston, as a city residence from 1855 to 1867[18]

In 1854 Andrew became personally involved in the highly publicized fugitive slave case of Anthony Burns, defending one of the men who was arrested for trying to rescue Burns from the ship in which he was being held.[19] Anger over passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (which overturned the limitation of slavery's expansion under the Missouri Compromise of 1820) revitalized the Free Soil movement.[20]

Andrew was elected chair of a committee to manage a nominating convention for the 1854 elections.[21] He chaired a meeting that resulted in the first organization of the Republican Party in Massachusetts. Its slate was undermined by Henry Wilson's joining the Know Nothing movement, which swept the state's elected offices that year.[22] The Republicans reorganized in 1855, but Andrew was not involved in the party processes that resulted in the eventual election of Nathaniel Prentice Banks to the governorship in 1857. He continued legal activity on behalf of anti-slavery interests.[23]

In 1857 Andrew won election as a representative in the Massachusetts General Court, as part of a complete Republican takeover of the Massachusetts government.[24] He was quickly promoted as a leading abolitionist voice (filling a void left after Sumner was severely injured in an attack in Congress). Andrew led the debate in favor of removing Judge Edward Loring from office over his actions in the Burns case, and in opposition to the proposed repeal of the state's stringent anti-slavery personal liberty law.[25] Although he did not run for reelection, Andrew gained popularity as his actions became known in the state Republican party. He was selected to chair the 1858 state convention.[26] In anticipation of gaining an electoral office, Andrew refused Governor Banks' offer of a seat on the Superior Court bench in 1859.[27]

I pause not now to consider ... whether the enterprise of John Brown and his associates in Virginia was wise or foolish, right or wrong; I only know that, whether the enterprise itself was the one or the other, John Brown himself was right.

—Andrew, in his 1859 fund-raising appeal for John Brown's defense[28]

Following John Brown's 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Andrew helped organize legal aid for Brown.[29] He expressed sympathy with Brown's position, if not his deeds.[28] Andrew's efforts on behalf of Brown brought him statewide notice, and also drew the attention of Southern interests in the United States Senate. They were seeking evidence to tie Northern interests to the funding and arming of Brown's force.[30] Andrew was questioned and eventually cleared of any direct involvement by the Senate committee that investigated the raid.

Andrew's popularity made him the choice to head the Massachusetts delegation to the 1860 Republican National Convention.[31] He was nominated for governor at the state convention that year, despite an attempt by the more moderate Governor Banks to secure the nomination for Henry L. Dawes. (Banks sought to put off the announcement of his retirement until the last possible moment, but state Republican chairman William Claflin leaked the news to Andrew supporters.)[32] Andrew won the nomination by a wide margin, and defeated Constitutional Union Party candidate Amos A. Lawrence in the general election.[33]

War Governor of Massachusetts

Further information: Massachusetts in the American Civil War

When Andrew took office on January 2, 1861, on the eve of the American Civil War, the Albany Argus called him "a lawyer of a low type and a brutal fanatic" who "proposes to maintain the condemned [personal liberty] statutes of [Massachusetts], and to force upon the South by arms, an allegiance to the Constitution thus violated."[34] In the early war years that followed, Andrew was a persistent radical voice, pressuring President Abraham Lincoln on the conduct of the war and the need to end slavery.[35]

Shortly after taking office, Andrew began to ready the Massachusetts militia for duty, promoting younger and more vigorous leaders, and contracting for updated armaments, equipment, and supplies.[36] He also wrote to the governors of Maine and New Hampshire, urging them to also step up preparations. Once hostilities broke out, he also took the lead to update the state's coastal defenses, which were in poor condition and largely obsolete. Taking this step without federal authorization or funding, he secured bank loans from major Boston banks to fund the effort in the interim.[37] With the war already underway in late 1861, Andrew engaged in a highly public dispute with the colorful and divisive General Benjamin Franklin Butler, who sought to appoint officers of regiments he recruited. Andrew ended up winning in the disagreement, and (in a response viewed at the time as somewhat petulant) refused to appoint any of Butler's choices to those positions.[38]

An historical election poster promoting Andrew for governor

Andrew was a persistent voice, although somewhat muted in public statements, in the drive to declare and end to slavery. When Lincoln announced his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 (shortly after the Union victory in the Battle of Antietam), Andrew was supportive, but called it "a poor document but a mighty act", and complained that it was too limited in scope and late in becoming effective.[39] Andrew was one of the leading state executives at the Loyal War Governors' Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, held in late September 1862, which ultimately backed the Emancipation Proclamation and the continued war effort.

Andrew was a leading force in promoting the enlistment of black men as uniformed soldiers in the Union Army, although the state legislature was at first reluctant to authorize it.[40] Abolitionist Frederick Douglass had advocated this from the start of the war, and Andrew viewed it as a necessary equalizing step, and a means to fill the state's enlistment quotas with something other than factory workers.[41] After lobbying the administration, Andrew was granted permission to raise a black regiment in January 1863. Due to Massachusetts's small black population, the 54th (and then also the 55th) Massachusetts were composed of blacks recruited not just from Massachusetts, but also Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, and other states. Andrew wanted the regiments to be staffed by black officers, but this was rejected, and their officers were instead hand-picked by Andrew from strong abolitionist circles.[42] He was also supportive of efforts by the recruits to receive equal pay; offered money from the state to do so, they refused, holding out for equal pay from the federal government.[43] He was somewhat less receptive to the relocation of freed slaves to Massachusetts, objecting to a plan to send 500 of them to Massachusetts from South Carolina in 1862.[44]

In 1864, Andrew wrote to President Lincoln, describing a woman named Lydia Bixby who lost five sons in battle and asking Lincoln to express his condolences. Lincoln sent a letter to Mrs. Bixby, who turned out not only to dislike Lincoln, but was found to be a Confederate sympathizer. It was later determined that Mrs. Bixby had lost two sons.

By the end of the war, Andrew's politics had moderated. In late 1865 he expressed support for the Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson, resulting in a split with his longtime political ally Charles Sumner.[45] The party split was such that Andrew was considered as a possible candidate for Sumner's Senate seat, but he rejected the possibility.[46] With the war at an end in 1865, he decided not to run for reelection.[45] In his final speech to the state legislature in January 1866 he outlined his vision of how Reconstruction should proceed, significantly diverging from the Radical agenda by not making black suffrage a prerequisite for the readmission of rebel state legislators to Congress.[47] He had in part acted on private efforts to aid in the reconstruction of the south in 1865, forming a land agency as a clearing house for Northerners seeking to invest in the southern properties.[48]

Andrew was elected a 3rd Class Companion (honorary member) of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in recognition of his support of the Union during the Civil War.[citation needed]

Domestic Massachusetts issues

Construction of the Hoosac Tunnel was a significant issue within the state during Andrew's tenure. The state had loaned its builder, the Troy and Greenfield Railroad, $2 million in the 1850s to support the construction. In 1861, both outgoing Governor Banks, and Andrew after he took office, refused to sign a bill authorizing additional funding to the financially troubled project. Andrew lacked confidence in Herman Haupt, the tunnel's chief engineer, and withdrew the state engineer overseeing the project.[49] These actions cost Andrew votes in the 1861 election in the towns on the railroad route, but not enough to cost him the election.[50] The state took over the tunnel project in 1862, and it was finally completed at great expense in 1875.[49]

Andrew also had to deal with ongoing political activities of the nativist Know Nothings, some of whom were now in the Republican fold. The state had in 1859 enacted a constitutional amendment requiring newly naturalized citizens to wait two years before they could vote. This amendment was repealed in 1862-63 (by a process requiring votes of consecutive legislatures and a referendum).[51] Andrew also deliberately snubbed the sentiments of the anti-Catholic Know Nothings by signing the charter for the College of the Holy Cross, a Catholic college in Worcester, and attending its first commencement exercise.[52]

Post-war career

Andrew resumed the practice of law,[53] although he intended to remain active in politics. He sought the chairmanship of the state Republican Party, competing against Radicals. When President Johnson attacked Sumner in 1866, charging him with treason, Andrew decided to withdraw from the contest.[54]

Among Andrew's clients in 1867 were a group of businessmen who sought a loosening of the state's strict alcohol prohibition law. As governor, Andrew, who was known to enjoy alcohol, had very laxly enforced the law, but his successor Alexander Bullock, was a strict prohibitionist whose enforcement of the law was the strictest the state had yet seen.[55] Andrew represented the businessmen in extensive hearings (lasting six weeks) before a legislative committee considering the issue.[56] His promotion of the cause was seized on by Democrats in the 1867 gubernatorial campaign, in which Andrew's chief of staff John Quincy Adams II was running as a Democrat against Bullock.[57][58]

Governor Andrew died on October 30, 1867 of apoplexy after having tea at his home in Boston.[13] He was at first buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, but his remains were moved in 1875 to the Hingham (Old Ship) Cemetery in Hingham.[59] His grave is marked by a full-size statue, mounted on a pedestal.[13]

Honors and memorials

Statue of Governor Andrew, Old Ship Burying Ground, Hingham, Massachusetts

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Reno, p. 377
  2. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:7–9
  3. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:10–12
  4. ^ Pearson, p. 1:13
  5. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:15–23
  6. ^ Reno, p. 378
  7. ^ Donald, pp. 144–149
  8. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:43–45
  9. ^ Trent, pp. 158–159
  10. ^ Pearson, p. 1:47
  11. ^ Earle, pp. 168-175
  12. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:50–54
  13. ^ a b c Bay State Monthly
  14. ^ Cumbler, p. 71
  15. ^ Trent, p. 184
  16. ^ Mohr, p. 3
  17. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:54–57
  18. ^ State Street Trust Company. Forty of Boston's historic houses. 1912.
  19. ^ Pearson, p. 1:57
  20. ^ Earle, p. 182
  21. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:61–63
  22. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:64–65
  23. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:65–67
  24. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:68–69
  25. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:73–92
  26. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:92–93
  27. ^ Pearson, p. 1:95
  28. ^ a b Pearson, p. 1:100
  29. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:73–96
  30. ^ Pearson, p. 1:105
  31. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:111–113
  32. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:119–120
  33. ^ Pearson, pp. 1:123–128
  34. ^ Cited in the Brooklyn (New York) Daily Eagle, January 10, 1861, p.2.
  35. ^ McKitrick, p. 222
  36. ^ O'Connor, p. 48
  37. ^ O'Connor, pp. 64-65
  38. ^ O'Connor, pp. 88-89
  39. ^ O'Connor pp. 115-117
  40. ^ O'Connor, pp. 52-53
  41. ^ Duncan, pp. 48, 51
  42. ^ Weigley, pp. 186-188
  43. ^ Weigley, pp. 188-189
  44. ^ Campbell, p. 194
  45. ^ a b Baum, p. 104
  46. ^ McKitrick, p. 229
  47. ^ Baum, p. 105
  48. ^ McKitrick, p. 226
  49. ^ a b Weber, pp. 139-140
  50. ^ Baum, pp.65-68
  51. ^ Baum, pp. 44, 48
  52. ^ Baum, p. 57
  53. ^ Pearson, p. 2:294
  54. ^ Baum, p. 107
  55. ^ Baum, p. 127
  56. ^ Pearson, pp. 2:306-307
  57. ^ Pearson, pp. 2:309-310
  58. ^ Baum, pp. 127, 131
  59. ^ "John A. Andrew". Hingham Public Library. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  60. ^ "A Place of Prominence for Bowdoin Alum". Campus News. Bowdoin College. February 5, 2007. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  61. ^ "John A. Andrew". Jamaica Plain Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  62. ^ "Civil War Memorial and Streets". Jamaica Plain Historical Society. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  63. ^ Sammarco, Anthony (May 12, 1995). "Andrew Square named after abolitionist "War Governor" John Andrew" (PDF). Dorchester Community News. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
  64. ^ Watson, Wilbur H (1999). Against the Odds: Blacks in the Profession of Medicine in the United States. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-585-32416-6. OCLC 45843812.

References

  • The Bay State Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3 (1885) at Project Gutenberg
  • Baum, Dale (1984). The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848-1876. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807815885.
  • Campbell, Stanley (1970). The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469610078. OCLC 826853940.
  • Cumbler, Jonathan (2008). From Abolition to Rights for All: The Making of a Reform Community in the Nineteenth Century. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812240269. OCLC 154800554.
  • Donald, David (1960). Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226156330. OCLC 19357352.
  • Duncan, Russell (1999). Where Death and Glory Meet: Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820321363. OCLC 246304145.
  • Earle, Jonathan (2005). Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807875773. OCLC 62144840.
  • McKitrick, Eric L (1988) [1960]. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195057072. OCLC 18322276.
  • Mohr, James (1976). Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801817748.
  • O'Connor, Thomas (1997). Civil War Boston. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1555533183.
  • Pearson, Henry. The Life of John A. Andrew (Volume 1, Volume 2)
  • Reno, Conrad (1901). Memoirs of the Judiciary and the Bar, Volume 3. Boston: Century Memorial Publishing. OCLC 426554681.
  • Trent, James (2012). The Manliest Man: Samuel G. Howe and the Contours of Nineteenth-Century American Reform. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558499584. OCLC 768167116.
  • Weber, Thomas (1999). The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861-1865. Indiana University Press. pp. 139–140. ISBN 9780253213211. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)
  • Weigley, Russell (2000). A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253337382. OCLC 231855116.
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Preceded by Governor of Massachusetts
January 3, 1861 – January 4, 1866 		Succeeded by
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