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John Campbell (YouTuber)

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John Campbell
EducationUniversity of London (Nursing Diploma)
Open University (BSc)
University of Lancaster (MSc)
University of Bolton (PhD)
Children2
YouTube information
OriginCarlisle, England
Channel
Years active2007–present
Subscribers3.13 million[1]
Total views789 million[1]
100,000 subscribers
1,000,000 subscribers
Last updated: 25 September 2024

John Lorimer Campbell is an English YouTuber and retired nurse educator known for his videos about the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially, the videos received praise, but they later diverged into COVID-19 misinformation.[2][3] He has been criticised for suggesting COVID-19 deaths have been over-counted,[4] repeating false claims about the use of ivermectin as a COVID-19 treatment, and providing misleading commentary about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.[5] As of March 2024, his YouTube channel had 3 million subscribers and over 750 million views.

Early life and education

John Lorimer Campbell[6] grew up primarily in the Stanwix district of Carlisle.[7] He holds a diploma in nursing from the University of London, a BSc in biology from the Open University, an MSc in health science from the University of Lancaster, and a Ph.D. in nursing from the University of Bolton.[7] He received the Ph.D. for his work on developing methods of teaching via digital media such as online videos.[8]

Career

Campbell worked as a nursing educator at the University of Cumbria, and has experience as an emergency department nurse.[9] He has also tutored healthcare workers in Cambodia and India.[9] He is the author of the nursing-related bioscience textbooks Campbell's Physiology Notes and Campbell's Pathophysiology Notes. A review in Emergency Nurse magazine said that the latter textbook contained "excellent [and] inexpensive notes on the causes, pathophysiological changes, and clinical features seen in disease processes".[10] In 2008, he established a YouTube channel to provide educational lectures on topics in health science and nursing.[11]

COVID-19 pandemic

Further information: COVID-19 misinformation

In early 2020 Campbell's YouTube channel started to focus on the developing COVID-19 pandemic.[12] Until then, his videos had been receiving an average of several thousand views each, but his channel began to receive significant traffic after it started running COVID-related videos.[11] Between February and March 2020, his channel increased from an average of 500,000 views per month to 9.6 million, mostly from American viewers.[13] By September 2020, his videos had been viewed more than 50 million times.[14] In March 2020, he argued that China's COVID-19 statistics were grossly underestimated and that the US and UK were doing too little to contain COVID-19.[9] In September 2020, he argued that more ventilation in pubs, restaurants, and cafes would be needed in addition to the existing restrictions.[15]

Early in the pandemic, Campbell spoke of the importance of a "calm and measured approach that is as informed as possible".[16] He said he wanted to assist people in making informed decisions about their health in order to counter what he saw as other people on social media "spreading absolutely bonkers—and sometimes dangerous—information".[13] In August 2020, UNICEF's regional office for Europe and Central Asia cited his YouTube channel as an excellent example of how experts might engage with social media to combat misinformation,[17] citing a March 2020 briefing by Social Science in Humanitarian Action.[18]

On the BBC's statistical programme More or Less, editor Richard Vadon said that Campbell – who was neither a scientist nor a medical doctor – had been on "quite a journey" since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic transitioning from "wholesome" videos on topics such as hand-washing, to what could be regarded as more fringe topics, garnering a large audience in the process.[19]

In August 2022 David Gorski wrote for Science-Based Medicine that while at the beginning of the pandemic Campbell had "seemed semi-reasonable", he later became a "total COVID-19 crank".[2] As of October 2022 Campbell had become a source of misinformation and he had adopted an anti-vaccination stance.[20] Others have expressed concern that Campbell's videos have been used by podcaster Jimmy Dore and others to support false claims against the COVID-19 vaccines.[21]

Needle aspiration

In September 2021, Campbell said in a video that he believed that most people in the United Kingdom and United States were "giving the vaccines wrongly". Referencing a study on mice, he said that myocarditis could be caused if the person injecting the vaccine does not perform aspiration (checking that the needle does not hit a blood vessel by initially drawing back the plunger). Aspiration is a common technique but is not without disadvantages, so it has not been recommended by many countries.[22]

Ivermectin

Further information: Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic

In November 2021, Campbell said in a video that ivermectin—an antiparasitic drug—may have contributed to a sudden decline in COVID-19 cases in Japan. However, the drug had never been officially authorised for such use in the country; its use was merely promoted by the chair of a non-governmental medical association in Tokyo and it has no established benefit as a COVID-19 treatment.[23] Meaghan Kall, the lead COVID-19 epidemiologist at the British Health Security Agency, said that Campbell was confusing causation and correlation and that there was no evidence of ivermectin being used in large numbers in Japan, rather that his claims appeared to be "based on anecdata on social media driving wildly damaging misinformation".[23]

In March 2022, Campbell posted another ivermectin video, in which he misrepresented a conference abstract to make the claim that it "unequivocally" showed ivermectin to be effective at reducing COVID-19 deaths, and that ivermectin was going to be the focus of a "huge scandal" because information about it had been suppressed. The authors of the abstract refuted such misrepresentations of their paper, with one writing on Twitter, "People like John Campbell are calling this a 'great thought out study' when in reality it's an abstract with preliminary data. We have randomized controlled trials, why are we still interested in retrospective cohort data abstracts?"[3]

Vaccines

In November 2021, Campbell quoted from a non-peer-reviewed standalone journal abstract by Steven Gundry saying that mRNA vaccines might increase the risk of heart attack, and said that this might be "incredibly significant".[24] This video was viewed over 2 million times within a few weeks and was used by anti-vaccination activists as support for the misinformation that COVID-19 vaccination causes heart attacks.[24] According to a FactCheck.org review, although Campbell had drawn attention to the abstract's typos and its lack of methodology and data, he did not mention the expression of concern that had been issued against it.[24]

In March 2022, Campbell posted a misleading video about the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, claiming that a Pfizer document admitted that the vaccine was associated with over 1,000 deaths. The video was viewed over 750,000 times and shared widely on social media. In reality, the document explicitly discredited any connection between vaccinations and reported deaths.[5]

In July 2022, Campbell gave an error-filled account of an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine and falsely claimed that it showed the risk to children from COVID-19 vaccination was much greater than the risk of getting seriously ill from COVID-19 itself. The video received over 700,000 views. The article actually showed that COVID-19 vaccination greatly reduced the risk of children getting seriously ill from COVID-19.[25]

In October 2022, Campbell uploaded a YouTube video in which he said he was sharing a scandalous "revelation" that the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine did not prevent viral transmission, something he claimed had been hitherto hidden from the public. In reality, Pfizer had openly published at the time of the vaccine's creation that its effectiveness at preventing transmission was unknown and, in May 2021 before he became antivax, Campbell himself had posted a video acknowledging that the vaccine's potential to prevent transmission was unknown.[20]

In December 2022 Campbell posted a video in which he made selective use of statistics to make the misleading claim that COVID-19 vaccines were so harmful that they should be withdrawn. The paper he used was in reality only considering hospitalisations from COVID-19 in a short time window, and not the overall vaccine risk/benefit balance. David Spiegelhalter, chair of Cambridge University's Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, said that such use of the data seemed "entirely inappropriate".[26]

In February 2023, nanomedicine specialist Susan Oliver published a YouTube video debunking false information Campbell has posted about vaccine brain injury. Within six hours Oliver's video was removed, apparently because of the content in clips included from Campbell's video, while Campbell's entire original remained online. Oliver speculated this may have been as a result of coordinated complaints made by Campbell's YouTube followers, or that YouTube favoured high-traffic, highly profitable accounts; a YouTube spokesman said the number of complaints received did not affect decisions to remove content.[27]

In August 2023, Campbell misrepresented a warning from the CDC, claiming that the CDC had said vaccinated people were more at risk from a new COVID variant than unvaccinated ones. In reality, the CDC had merely said that vaccinated people and people previously infected with COVID were susceptible to the new variant, without making any comparison to the unvaccinated.[28]

In early 2024 Campbell posted a number of videos in which he showed images of blood clots from cadavers, and falsely claimed the clots were anomalous and caused by vaccination. In reality, such clots are naturally-occurring aggregations of fibrin, typical in dead bodies regardless of vaccination status.[29]

Death count

A popular misconception throughout the pandemic has been that COVID-19 misinformation deaths have been dramatically over-reported.[4] In January 2022, Campbell posted a video in which he cited figures from the British Office for National Statistics (ONS) and suggested that they showed deaths from COVID-19 were "much lower than mainstream media seems to have been intimating". He concentrated on a figure of 17,371 death certificates showing only COVID-19 as the cause of death. Within a few days, the video had been viewed over 1.5 million times.[30] It was shared by Conservative Party politician David Davis, who called it "excellent" and said that it was "disentangling the statistics".[4] The ONS responded by debunking the claims as spurious and wrong.[31] An ONS spokesman said suggesting that the 17,000 figure "represents the real extent of deaths from the virus is both factually incorrect and highly misleading".[32] The official figure for COVID-19-related deaths in the UK for the period was over 175,000 at the time; in 140,000 of those cases, the underlying cause of death was listed as COVID-19.[4][33]

In October 2023, the BBC Radio 4 programme More or Less debunked a video that Campbell had made in September 2023 in which he wrongly claimed that excess deaths were higher among those who had had a COVID-19 vaccine than those who had not; the figures he used in fact showed the opposite.[34] Campbell took down his video after being contacted by the programme, telling them that he was not a statistician.[19]

Monkeypox parallels

In July 2022, Campbell posted a video in which he promoted the misleading idea that "parallels" could be drawn between the 2022 monkeypox outbreak and SARS-CoV-2 virus, because the pathogens were being studied in laboratories prior to an outbreak occurring. The misinformation was embraced and amplified by Jimmy Dore and his comedy co-host Kurt Metzger, achieving wide currency on social media.[35]

Personal life

Campbell continues to reside in his hometown of Carlisle.[14] He has two children.[36]

Selected publications

  • Campbell J (2006). Campbell's Physiology Notes For Nurses. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-03241-1.
  • Campbell J (2006). Campbell's Pathophysiology Notes. Lorimer Publications. ISBN 978-0-955-37970-3.

References

  1. ^ a b "About Dr. John Campbell". YouTube.
  2. ^ a b Gorski DH (August 8, 2022). "Conspiracy theories about monkeypox: Déjà vu all over again or same as it ever was?". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Teoh F (March 10, 2022). "Ivermectin wasn't shown to be more effective than remdesivir, contrary to claim by John Campbell". Health Feedback. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d Cercone J (January 22, 2022). "No, death totals from COVID-19 in England have not been overstated". Politifact (Fact check). Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Carballo-Carbajal I (March 11, 2022). "Pfizer's confidential document shows adverse events reported following vaccination; it doesn't demonstrate that the vaccine caused the events or is unsafe". Health Feedback. Archived from the original on March 12, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
  6. ^ McClean R (2010). ECRM2012- 9th European Conference on Research Methods in Business Management: ECRM 2012. Academic Conferences Limited. ISBN 978-1-906638-65-8. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Double Doctorates". Connect (Newsletter) (Autumn). University of Cumbria: 7. 2013. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  8. ^ Campbell J (2013). Developing an 'all channels open project' for teaching of biosciences in national and international nurse education : empowerment, not aid (Ph.D. thesis). University of Bolton.
  9. ^ a b c Reid M (March 23, 2020). "Doctor's virus videos go global". Newsroom. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  10. ^ Evans R (2011). "Campbell's Physiology Notes". Emergency Nurse (Book review). 19 (3): 9. doi:10.7748/en.19.3.9.s3. PMID 27645791.
  11. ^ a b Harris M (March 16, 2020). "An emergency nurse went viral on YouTube for his videos on the coronavirus, bringing in millions of views on his health and science lectures". Business Insider. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  12. ^ Stokel-Walker C (May 28, 2020). "Covid-19: The doctors turned YouTubers". BMJ. 369: m1563. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1563. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 32467087. S2CID 218983318. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Marsh S (March 7, 2020). "UK manufacturers and YouTube medics see coronavirus surge". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  14. ^ a b Colley J (September 10, 2020). "Dr John Campbell makes coronavirus ventilation plea". News & Star. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  15. ^ "Doctor makes ventilation plea". The Westmorland Gazette. September 10, 2020. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  16. ^ Harris M (March 16, 2020). "An emergency nurse went viral on YouTube for his videos on the coronavirus, bringing in millions of views on his health and science lectures". Insider. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  17. ^ Bianco V (August 2020). "Countering Online Misinformation—Resource Pack" (pdf). Tomsa S, Vasques MM, Stefanet S. UNICEF. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  18. ^ Social Science in Humanitarian Action. "Key considerations: online information, mis- and disinformation in the context of COVID-19 (March 2020)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  19. ^ a b Vadon R (October 4, 2023). "Vaccine claims, Alzheimer's treatment and Tim's Parkrun times". More or Less: Behind the Stats (Radio programme). 2 minutes in. BBC. Radio 4.
  20. ^ a b Gorski DH (October 17, 2022). "The Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine doesn't prevent transmission: Antivax disinformation goes viral again". Science-Based Medicine.
  21. ^ Petousis-Harris H (October 14, 2021). "Incorrect vaccine administration is a potential cause of post-vaccine adverse effects, but more research is still needed to confirm or reject this hypothesis". Health Feedback. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  22. ^ "In-Depth: Can a simple technique during COVID vaccination stop myocarditis?". KGTV. October 1, 2021. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
  23. ^ a b Satherley D (November 26, 2021). "Did mutations or ivermectin help stamp out Delta in Japan?". Newshub (Fact check). Archived from the original on December 16, 2021.
  24. ^ a b c Jaramillo C (December 16, 2021). "No Credible Evidence COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines 'Dramatically Increase' Heart Attack Risk, Contrary to Flawed Abstract" (Fact check). FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  25. ^ Benedictus L (August 12, 2022). "YouTuber misinterprets Covid-19 vaccine evidence on children from Singapore". Full Fact. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  26. ^ Teoh F (January 6, 2023). "Video by John Campbell comparing historical and COVID-19 vaccines misleads on vaccine safety". Health Feedback. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  27. ^ Lewis H (March 10, 2023). "What You Can't Say on YouTube". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  28. ^ Lever R (August 31, 2023). "CDC guidance on new Covid strain misrepresented online". AFP USA – via Yahoo News.
  29. ^ "False claims linking 'white clots' to mRNA vaccines resurface online in Thailand". AFP Fact Check. AFP Thailand. February 19, 2024.
  30. ^ Schraer R (January 29, 2022). "Covid: Posts claiming only 17,000 died of virus 'factually incorrect'" (Reality check). BBC News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  31. ^ Davies C (January 28, 2022). "ONS debunks 'spurious' Covid deaths claim shared by David Davis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  32. ^ Whipple T (January 28, 2022). "ONS rejects '17,000 Covid deaths' claim". The Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.(subscription required)
  33. ^ "More or Less, Should you follow the 5 second rule? And does inflation hit the poorest harder?". BBC. January 26, 2022. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
  34. ^ "More or Less: Behind the Stats - Vaccine claims, Alzheimer's treatment and Tim's Parkrun times". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC Sounds. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  35. ^ Jones B (July 29, 2022). "Posts Distort Chinese Research Creating Fragment of Monkeypox Viral Genome". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  36. ^ "Retired doctor becomes YouTube sensation for coronavirus videos". news.com.au. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.

Further reading

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