Juglans californica

Juglans californica
	California Black Walnut
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Juglandaceae
Genus:	Juglans
Section:	Rhysocaryon
Species:	J. californica
Binomial name
	Juglans californica; S. Wats.
	Natural range

Juglans californica, the California black walnut, also called the California walnut, or the Southern California black walnut, is a large shrub or small tree (up to 30 feet tall) of the walnut family, Juglandaceae, endemic to California.

Distribution

J. californica is generally found in the southern California Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, and Peninsular Ranges, and the Central Valley. It grows as part of mixed woodlands, and also on slopes and in valleys wherever conditions are favorable. It is threatened by development and overgrazing. Some native stands remain in urban Los Angeles in the Santa Monica Mountains and Hollywood Hills. J. californica grows in riparian woodlands, either in single species stands or mixed with California's oaks (Quercus spp.) and cottonwoods (Populus fremontii).

Description

Juglans californica can be either a large shrub with 1-5 trunks, or a small, single-trunked tree. The main trunk can fork close to the ground, making it look like two trees that have grown together, then diverged. It has thick bark, deeply channeled or furrowed at maturity. It has large, pinnately compound leaves with 11-19 lanceolate leaflets with toothed margins and no hair in the vein angles.^[2] It has a small hard nut in a shallowly grooved, thick shell that is difficult to remove.

Uses

Food

The Chumash Indians of the Channel Islands of California and Ventura County once ate the nuts; however, they are not grown commercially for this purpose.

Cultivation

J. californica is cultivated throughout California to support the walnut industry, used as a rootstock in English walnut orchards. It is also cultivated as an ornamental tree where it is planted in California native plant, xeriscape, and wildlife habitat gardens and natural landscaping in California, and in Hawaii.

Taxonomy

Some authorities (e.g. the California Native Plant Society) combine this species with J. hindsii. On the other hand, a 2007 molecular analysis of the genus^[3] suggests J. californica is sister to the remaining black walnuts (section Rhysocaryon). This article follows the conventions of The Jepson Manual.^[4]^[5]

References

^ Essa, Lora. "Index of Species Information". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,. Retrieved 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229
^ Aradhya, M. K, D. Potter, F. Gao, & C. J. Simon: "Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective: Tree Genetics & Genomes (2007)3:363-378
^ Juglans californica S. Watson var. hindsii Jeps.
^ Juglans hindsii Jeps. ex R. E. Sm.

External links

[Juglans_californica-1] Essa, Lora. "Index of Species Information". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,. Retrieved 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[2] Kershner, Mathews, Nelson, and Spellenberg, National Wildlife Federation field Guide to Trees of North America, 2008, Chanticleer Press, Inc. p. 229

[3] Aradhya, M. K, D. Potter, F. Gao, & C. J. Simon: "Molecular phylogeny of Juglans (Juglandaceae): a biogeographic perspective: Tree Genetics & Genomes (2007)3:363-378

[4] Juglans californica S. Watson var. hindsii Jeps.

[5] Juglans hindsii Jeps. ex R. E. Sm.

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