Kishōtenketsu

Kishōtenketsu (起承転結) describes the structure of many classic Chinese, Korean and Japanese narratives. Kishōtenketsu is sometimes described as a narrative structure devoid of conflict, particularly when compared to common Western narrative structures.

History

In China, this technique is called qǐchéngzhuǎnhé (起承轉合). It was used in Chinese poetry in styles of four-line composition, such as Qijue. Qichengzhuanhe has been speculated to have originated with Li Bai during the Tang Dynasty, but this would predate the time period from the first mention of this form. This view is backed by Wu Yingtian who cites a four-structure poetry type which included chin (hanbi), neck (Jingbi), belly (fubi) and behind (houbi) attributing it to Yang Zai. It was, however, described by Fan Heng (1272–1330) as methods of writing poetry, divided into four styles: qi, cheng, zhuan, and he. Qi was described as straight, cheng was likened to a mortar, zhuan was described change, and he is likened to a deep pond or overflowing river which helps one reflect on the meaning. The rhetorical style started out as poetry. This later influenced pianwen and guwento and eventually created the baguwen aka the eight-legged essay.

In Korea, the form was called giseungjeongyeol (Hangul: 기승전결; Hanja: 起承轉結). In Japan, it was called kishōtengō (起承転合), from which the English word derives.

Back in China, after the baguwen lost favor with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and due to its difficulty, a revival of the qichengzhuanhe form came back in popular education, relabeled as "kaiduan-fazhan-gaochao-jieju" (beginning, development, climax, conclusion). Contrary to thought, the structure is not the same as the popular US and European-derived three-act structure. For example, transitions can be anything from a sentence to a full paragraph which contrasts with the five-paragraph essay where one sentence is encouraged for all transitions, rather than a full paragraph. A writer could also can set up a callback to the beginning of the essay. The conclusion is said to need to be quick and one should not linger long on that part of the essay.

This form also was often used in both classical literature and contemporary plays such as Waves Washing the Sand.

Regional variations

Variations of this dramatic structure are based on region due to differences in how the Chinese characters are interpreted per the country and culture.

Scientific study

In a study of this story structure in Taiwanese students versus a five-paragraph essay, researchers found that the students familiar with this structure were better able to pick out the main points of the essay, and the inverse was also true. US students could better pick out the main points of the essay when it was restructured to a five-paragraph essay, but not in qichengzhuanhe form. They hypothesized that the structure of the essay also organizes cognitive thought.

Chinese

1. 起: start or introduction, usually meaning the reason a thing begins
2. 承: meant handling, process, or hardships
3. 轉: turn, turning point, crescendo
4. 合: result.

Examples

Original Chinese	English Translation
送 別 王 維 山 中 相 送 罷 ， 日 暮 掩 柴 扉 。 春 草 明 年 綠 ， 王 孫 歸 不 歸 。	Farewell by Wang Wei (699–759) qi: After a farewell in the mountain, cheng: Dusk falls, and I shut my firewood-made gate. zhuan: When the spring grass is green next year, he: I wonder if my friend will return.

Korean

1. 기: raising issues and introducing characters
2. 승: the beginning of the action (but not to solve a problem, necessarily, but usually for self-realization)
3. 전: a reversal or change in direction
4. 결: the matter is concluded and any lessons are gained through the process or results

Examples

Original Korean	English Translation
정지상의 송인(送人) 기구 雨歇長堤草色多 비 갠 긴 강둑에 풀빛 파릇한데, 승구 送君南浦動悲歌 남포에서 임 보내며 구슬픈 노래 부르네. 전구 大同江水何時盡 대동강의 물은 언제 마르리오? 결구 別淚年年添綠波 이별 눈물이 해마다 푸른 물결에 보태지네.	Escort by Jeong Ji Sang Gi Multicolored green grass on the banks of a long river. Seung He's singing a sad song in Nampo. Jeon When is the water of Daedong dry? Gyeol Every year, farewell tears add to the blue waves.
황조가 고구려 유리왕 起句 翩翩黃鳥 펄펄 나는 저 꾀꼬리 承句 雌雄相依 암수 서로 정답구나. 轉句 念我之獨 외로워라 이 내 몸은 結句 誰其與歸 뉘와 함께 돌아갈고.	Hwangjo (Yellow Tide) By King Yuri of Goguryeo Gi Fluttering Yellow Birds Seung male and female depend on each other Jeon Lonesome self Gyeol Who will go home with me?

Japanese

The height of the bumps leading to the twist can change per story.

1. kiku (起句) is 'ki (起)': introduction, where 起 can mean rouse, wake up, get up
2. shōku (承句) is 'sho (承)': development, where 承 can also mean acquiesce, hear, listen to, be informed, receive
3. tenku (転句) is 'ten (転)': twist, where 転 can mean revolve, turn around, change
4. kekku (結句) is 'ketsu (結)': conclusion, though 結 can also mean result, consequence, outcome, effect, coming to fruition, bearing fruit, etc.

In a story, the following might happen:

1. Introduction (ki): an introduction to the characters, era, and other information required to understand the plot.
2. Development (shō): follows leads towards the twist in the story. No major changes so far.
3. Twist (ten): the story turns toward an unexpected development. This is the crux of the story, the yama (ヤマ) or climax. If the narrative takes several turns, this is the biggest one.
4. Conclusion (ketsu), also called ochi (落ち) or ending, wraps up the story.

The same pattern is used for arguments. For example, a discussion about the usage of photocopying machines could be analyzed as follows:

• Introduction (ki): Once, it was mandatory to copy information by hand. Mistakes were made that way.
• Development (shō): The invention of copying machines made it possible to make copies more quickly and accurately.
• Twist (ten): In a similar way, cars facilitate saving time when traveling, with the drawback of not being able to take in the local beauty. On the other hand, walking makes it easier to appreciate nature.
• Conclusion (ketsu): Although photocopying is easier, copying by hand can sometimes be better when it aids in retaining the information to use it later.

This structure can be used in yonkoma manga, and even for documents, dissertations, and music. Kishōtenketsu can apply to sentences, and even clauses, to chapter as well.

Examples

Original Japanese	English Translation
頼山陽 大阪本町糸屋の娘 姉は十六妹は十四 諸国大名は弓矢で殺す 糸屋の娘は眼で殺す	Sanyō Rai Ki Daughters of Itoya, in the Honmachi of Osaka. Shō The elder daughter is sixteen and the younger one is fourteen. Ten Throughout history, daimyō killed the enemy with bows and arrows. Ketsu The daughters of Itoya kill with their eyes.

The concept has also been used in game design, particularly in Nintendo's video games, most notably Super Mario games such as Super Mario Galaxy (2007) and Super Mario 3D World (2013); their designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Koichi Hayashida are known to utilize this concept for their game designs.

See also

• Story structure
• Contrastive rhetoric
• Cross-cultural communication
• Jo-ha-kyū, contrasting 3-part structure
• Writing
• Yonkoma