Lansing–Ishii Agreement
The Lansing-Ishii Agreement (石井・ランシング協定, Ishii-Ranshingu Kyōtei) was a diplomatic note signed between the United States and the Empire of Japan on 2 November 1917 over their disputes with regards to China.
In the published text of the Agreement, signed by United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Japanese special envoy Ishii Kikujirō, both parties pledged to uphold the Open Door policy in China, with respect to its territorial and administrative integrity. However, the United States government also acknowledged that Japan had “special interests” in China due to its geographic proximity, especially in those areas of China adjacent to Japanese territory, which was in effect, a contradiction to the Open Door Policy. [1]
In a secret protocol attached to the public Agreement, both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations allied in the war effort against Germany.
At the time, the Lansing-Ishii Agreement was touted as evidence that Japan and the United States had laid to rest their increasingly acrimonious rivalry over China, and the Agreement was hailed as a landmark in U.S.-Japan relations. However, critics soon realized that the vagueness and differing possible interpretations of the Agreement meant that nothing had really been decided after two months of talks. The Lansing-Ishii Agreement was abrogated in April 1923, when it was replaced by the Nine-Power Treaty.
For the Japanese, if the Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917, which acknowledged Tokyo’s special interests in part of China, did not imply equality with white people, it did recognize that Japan could not easily be ignored in international affairs. [2]
See also
References
- Bagby, Wesley M (1970). America's International Relations since World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195123891.
- Tuchman, Barbara (2001). Stillwell and the American Experience in China 1911-1945. Grove Press. ISBN 0802138527.
- William O., Walker (2009). National Security and Core Values in American History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052174010.
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External links
- The Imperial Japanese Mission to the United States, 1917, Appendix B. – Containing full public text of the Agreement