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Lewis's woodpecker

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Lewis's woodpecker
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Piciformes
Family: Picidae
Genus: Melanerpes
Species:
M. lewis
Binomial name
Melanerpes lewis
(G. R. Gray, 1849)

Lewis's woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) is a large North American species of woodpecker which ornithologist Alexander Wilson named after Meriwether Lewis, one of the explorers who surveyed the areas bought by the United States of America as part of the Louisiana Purchase and first described this species of bird.

Taxonomy

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Lewis's woodpecker was described and illustrated in 1811 by the American ornithologist Alexander Wilson in his American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States. Wilson based his description on some bird skins that had been collected on an expedition across the western portion of the United States led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1803–1806. Wilson coined the English name "Lewis's woodpecker" and the binomial name Picus torquatus.[2] Unfortunately, the specific epithet was preoccupied by the ringed woodpecker, Celeus torquatus (Boddaert, 1783) and so in 1849 the English zoologist George Robert Gray coined a new name Picus lewis.[3] The type locality is Montana.[4] Lewis's woodpecker is now placed in the genus Melanerpes that was erected by the English ornithologist William John Swainson in 1832.[5][6] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[6]

Description

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One of the largest species of American woodpeckers, Lewis's woodpecker can measure up to 10–11 inches (25–28 cm) in length. It is mainly reddish-breasted, blackish-green in color with a black rump. It has a gray collar and upper breast, with a pinkish belly, and a red face. The wings are much broader than those of other woodpeckers, and it flies at a much more sluggish pace with slow, but even flaps similar to those of a crow.[7] Its calls have a harsh sound relative to other woodpeckers', and it may use a repertoire of several different phrases.[8] They are one of the three largest Melanerpes woodpeckers in the world, being similar in size to the white woodpecker and the Jamaican woodpecker.[9]

Measurements:[10]

  • Length: 10.2–11.0 in (26–28 cm)
  • Weight: 3.1–4.9 oz (88–139 g)
  • Wingspan: 19.3–20.5 in (49–52 cm)

Range and Habitat

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Lewis's woodpecker is locally common to the northwestern United States, dwelling mostly in open pine woodlands, and other areas with scattered trees and snags.[11] Unlike other American woodpeckers, it enjoys sitting in the open as opposed to sitting in heavy tree cover. The migration patterns of the Lewis's Woodpecker are unclear due to their nomadic lifestyle and feeding habits.[12] It ranges mostly in the western to central United States, but in the winter it can be found as far south as Southern California and the US border with Mexico. In the summer it can be found as far north as Canada. It has been seen in five Midwestern states: South Dakota, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. As wells as California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah.[13]

Feeding

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Lewis's woodpecker engages in some rather un-woodpecker-like behavior in its gregarious feeding habits. Although it does forage for insects by boring into trees with its chisel-like bill, the bird also catches insects in the air during flight (typical insect hawking), a habit that only a few other woodpeckers, such as the acorn woodpecker, the red-headed woodpecker and the northern flicker, engage in. Lewis's woodpecker also feeds on berries and nuts, and will even shell and store nuts in cracks and holes in wood to store until winter. It will also feed at flat, open bird feeders where it might act aggressively toward other birds.[14]

Breeding

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Lewis's woodpecker nests in a cavity excavated from a dead tree branch. The Lewis's woodpecker, however, will excavate its own cavity, but instead nest in a pre-existing cavity in a tree. The nest are usually made around 1 to 52 meters high from the ground.[15] The female will lay between 5 and 9 eggs, which are plain white in coloration. Both mates incubate—the female during the day and the male at night. Incubation lasts approximately 12 days, after which the young will hatch. Both parents take turns equally caring for their young. After the young hatch the parents give them insects "directly from the beak".[16] The young leave the nest four to five weeks after hatching.[17] If breeding was successful, the two lifelong mates may return to the same nest the following year. [18]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Melanerpes lewis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680801A92879169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680801A92879169.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Wilson, Alexander (1811). American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States: Illustrated with Plates Engraved and Colored from Original drawings taken from Nature. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep. p. 31, Plate 20 fig. 3.
  3. ^ Gray, George Robert (1849). The genera of birds : comprising their generic characters, a notice of the habits of each genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. Appendix p. 22. "M. torquatus Add: Picus Lewis Drap." This is a revision to p. 444. In the copy scanned for the BHL the pages are not numbered.
  4. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 157.
  5. ^ Swainson, William John (1831). Richardson, John (ed.). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. p. 316. The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.
  6. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  7. ^ Done, Sandi. "Melanerpes lewis (Lewis's woodpecker)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  8. ^ "Lewis's Woodpecker Sounds, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology".
  9. ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  10. ^ "Lewis's Woodpecker Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
  11. ^ "Lewis's Woodpecker Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  12. ^ "Movements and Migration - Lewis's Woodpecker - Melanerpes lewis - Birds of the World". birdsoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  13. ^ Done, Sandi. "Melanerpes lewis (Lewis's woodpecker)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  14. ^ "Lewis's Woodpecker Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  15. ^ Webmaster, David Ratz. "Lewis's Woodpecker - Montana Field Guide". fieldguide.mt.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  16. ^ "Breeding - Lewis's Woodpecker - Melanerpes lewis - Birds of the World". birdsoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  17. ^ Done, Sandi. "Melanerpes lewis (Lewis's woodpecker)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  18. ^ "Lewis's Woodpecker | Audubon Field Guide". www.audubon.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
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