List of major Negro league baseball teams
This list of Negro league baseball teams is based in part on the list maintained by the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum of Kansas City, Missouri, in using the term "Negro leagues" for varying levels of black baseball during racial segregation in the United States. Many of these teams reorganized or relocated which necessitated changing of names and frequently its players, staff and owner.
Teams in bold are considered to have been of major league caliber for at least one season of their existence. Other teams were either a semi-pro, barnstorming or traveling team; a minor league team; or a team that existed after the integration of Major League Baseball (1946) when the talent level declined dramatically.
Alabama
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birmingham Black Barons | 1920 | 1961 | NSL (1920–23, 26, 31–36) NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30) NAL (1937–38, 40–61) |
|
[1] |
Birmingham Giants | 1907 | 1909 | Independent (1907–09) | [2] | |
Mobile Black Bears | [3] | ||||
Mobile Tigers | [citation needed] | ||||
Montgomery Grey Sox (I) | 1920 | 1921 | NSL (1920) Independent (1921) |
[4] | |
Montgomery Grey Sox (II) | 1931 | 1932 | Independent (1931) NSL (1932) |
[5] |
Arkansas
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Little Rock Black Travelers | [3] |
California
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Los Angeles White Sox | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [6] | |
Oakland Larks | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [7] | |
San Diego Tigers | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [8] | |
San Francisco Sea Lions | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [9] |
Colorado
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denver White Elephants | [citation needed] |
Connecticut
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ansonia Cuban Giants | 1891 | 1891 | Connecticut State League | The Ansonia Cuban Giants were an all-black team in an otherwise all-white league | [citation needed] |
Delaware
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wilmington Potomacs (See Washington Potomacs) |
1925 | 1925 | ECL (1925) |
|
[3] |
District of Columbia
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Washington Black Senators | 1938 | 1938 | ECL (1938) |
|
[3] |
Washington Elite Giants (See Baltimore Elite Giants) |
1936 | 1937 | NNL2 (1936–37) | [10] | |
Washington Pilots | 1932 | 1932 | EWL (1932) | [3] | |
Washington Potomacs club
|
1923 | 1925 | Independent (1923) ECL (1924–25) |
[3] | |
Washington Homestead Grays (See Homestead Grays) |
1939 | c. 1950s | NNL2 (1939–48) Independent (1949–c. 50s) |
|
[11] |
Florida
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacksonville Red Caps club
|
1938 | 1942 | NAL (1938–42) |
|
[12] |
Ethiopian Clowns (See Indianapolis Clowns) |
c. 1930s | 1942 | Independent (c. 1930s–42) |
|
[citation needed] |
Georgia
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlanta Black Crackers (I) club
|
1919 | 1939 | Independent (1919) NSL (1920–37) NAL (1938–39) |
|
[13][14] |
Atlanta Black Crackers (II) | 1940 | 1948 | NSL (1940) Independent (1941–48) |
[13] |
Illinois
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chicago American Giants | 1910 | 1952 | Independent (1910–19) NNL1 (1920–31) NSL (1932) NNL2 (1933–35) Independent (1936) NAL (1937–52) |
|
[15] |
Chicago Brown Bombers | 1945 | 1945 | USBL (1945) | [16] | |
Chicago Columbia Giants | 1899 | 1900 | Independent (1899–1900) |
|
[17] |
Chicago Giants | 1910 | 1921 | Independent (1910–19) NNL1 (1920–21) |
|
[18] |
Chicago Unions | 1887 | 1900 | Independent (1887–1900) |
|
[19] |
Leland Giants | 1901 | 1909 | Independent (1901–09) |
|
[20][21] |
Indiana
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cole's American Giants (See Chicago American Giants) |
1933 | 1933 | NNL2 (1933) |
|
[15] |
Indianapolis ABCs (I) | c. 1913 | 1926 | Independent (1913–19) NNL1 (1920–26) |
[14] | |
Indianapolis ABCs (II) club
|
1931 | 1933 | NNL1 (1931) NSL (1932) NNL2 (1933) |
|
[14][22] |
Indianapolis ABCs (III) (See St. Louis Stars (III)) |
1938 | 1938 | NAL (1938) | [14][23] | |
Indianapolis ABCs (IV) (See Atlanta Black Crackers (I)) |
1939 | 1939 | NAL (1939) |
|
[14] |
Indianapolis Clowns club
|
c. 1930s | 1962 | Independent (c. 1930s–42) NAL (1943–55) Independent (1956–62) |
[citation needed] | |
Indianapolis Athletics | 1937 | 1937 | NAL (1937) | [3] | |
Indianapolis Crawfords (See Pittsburgh Crawfords) |
1940 | 1940 | NAL (1940) |
|
[24] |
Kansas
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kansas City Giants | 1909 | 1911 | Independent (1909–11) | [25] |
Kentucky
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Louisville Black Caps club
|
1932 | 1932 | NSL (1932) |
|
[3] |
Louisville Black Colonels | [3] | ||||
Louisville Buckeyes (See Cleveland Buckeyes) |
1949 | 1949 | NAL (1949) | [26] | |
Louisville Fall City | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [27] | |
Louisville White Sox | 1931 | 1931 | NNL1 (1931) | [3] | |
Zulu Cannibal Giants | 1934 | 1937 | Independent (1934–37) |
|
[19] |
Louisiana
Maryland
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baltimore Black Sox (I) | 1916 | 1933 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–31) EWL (1932) NNL2 (1933) |
[34] | |
Baltimore Black Sox (II) | 1934 | 1934 | NNL2 (1934) |
|
[34] |
Baltimore Elite Giants club
|
1919 | 1951 | Independent (1919–29) NNL1 (1930–31) NSL (1932) NNL2 (1933–48) NAL (1949–51) |
|
[10] |
Baltimore Lord Baltimores | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [35] |
Massachusetts
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boston Resolutes | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [36] | |
Boston Royal Giants | IL (1906) |
|
[citation needed][37] | ||
Boston Blues | 1946 | 1946 | USBL (1946) | [38] |
Michigan
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Detroit Stars (I) | 1919 | 1931 | Independent (1919) NNL1 (1920–31) |
[22] | |
Detroit Stars (II) (See Indianapolis ABCs (II)) |
1933 | 1933 | NNL2 (1933) |
|
[14][22] |
Detroit Stars (III) | 1937 | 1937 | NAL (1937) | [22] | |
Detroit Stars (IV) club
|
1954 | 1961 | NAL (1954–61) | [citation needed] | |
Detroit Wolves | 1932 | 1932 | EWL (1932) |
|
[39] |
Page Fence Giants | 1895 | 1898 | Independent (1895–98) |
|
[40] |
Minnesota
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
St. Paul Colored Gophers | 1907 | 1911 | Independent (1907–11) |
|
[41] |
Twin City Colored Giants | [citation needed] |
Missouri
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kansas City Monarchs | 1920 | 1965 | NNL1 (1920–31) Independent (1932–36) NAL (1937–61) Independent (1962–65) |
|
[42] |
St. Louis Stars (I) | 1906 | 1931 | Independent (1906–19) NNL1 (1920–31) |
|
[23] |
St. Louis Stars (II) | 1937 | 1937 | NAL (1937) |
|
[23] |
St. Louis Stars (III) club
|
1938 | 1943 | NAL (1938–41) NNL2 (1943) |
|
[14][23] |
New Jersey
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacharach Giants (I) | 1916 | 1929 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) |
|
[citation needed] |
Cuban Giants | 1885 | c. 1915 | Independent (1885–1906) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–c. 15) |
|
[43] |
Cuban X-Giants | 1897 | 1907 | Independent (1897–1905) IL (1906) NA (1907) |
|
[44] |
Jersey City Colored Athletics | [citation needed] | ||||
Newark Browns | 1932 | 1932 | EWL (1932) | [45] | |
Newark Dodgers | 1933 | 1935 | Independent (1933) NNL2 (1934–35) |
|
[46] |
Newark Eagles club
|
1936 | 1950 | NNL2 (1936–48) NAL (1949–50) |
|
[46] |
Newark Stars | 1926 | 1926 | ECL (1926) | [47] |
New York
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brooklyn Eagles | 1935 | 1935 | NNL2 (1935) |
|
[46] |
Brooklyn Royal Giants | 1905 | 1942 | Independent (1905–06) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–22) ECL (1923–27) Independent (1928–42) |
|
[48] |
Harlem Stars | [citation needed] | ||||
Lincoln Giants | 1911 | 1930 | Independent (1911–22) ECL (1923–26) Independent (1927) ECL (1928) ANL (1929) Independent (1930) |
|
[49] |
Lincoln Stars | 1914 | 1917 | Independent (1914–17) |
|
[50] |
New York Black Yankees | 1931 | 1959 | Independent (1931–35) NNL2 (1936–48) Independent (1949–59) |
|
[51] |
New York Cubans | 1935 | 1950 | NNL2 (1935–36) NNL2 (1939–48) NAL (1949–50) |
|
[52] |
Ohio
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akron Black Tyrites | 1933 | 1933 | NNL2 (1933) |
|
[53] |
Dayton Marcos | c. 1910s | c. 1930s | Independent (c. 1910s–19) NNL1 (1920) Independent (1921–25) NNL1 (1926) Independent (1927–c. 30s) |
[54] | |
Toledo Crawfords (See Pittsburgh Crawfords) |
1939 | 1939 | NAL (1939) | [24] | |
Toledo Rays | [citation needed] | ||||
Toledo Tigers | 1923 | 1923 | NNL1 (1923) |
|
[55] |
Cincinnati
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cincinnati Browns | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) |
|
[citation needed] |
Cincinnati Buckeyes (See Cleveland Buckeyes) |
1942 | 1942 | NAL (1942) | [26] | |
Cincinnati Clowns (See Indianapolis Clowns) |
1943 | 1945 | NAL (1943–45) |
|
[citation needed] |
Cincinnati Cuban Stars (See Cuban Stars (West)) |
1921 | 1921 | NNL1 (1921) | [citation needed] | |
Cincinnati Tigers | 1934 | 1937 | Independent (1934–36) NAL (1937) |
[56] |
Cleveland
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cleveland Bears (See Jacksonville Red Caps) |
1939 | 1940 | NAL (1939–40) | [12] | |
Cleveland Browns | 1924 | 1924 | NNL1 (1924) | [57] | |
Cleveland Buckeyes club
|
1942 | 1950 | NAL (1942–50) |
|
[26] |
Cleveland Cubs (See Baltimore Elite Giants) |
1931 | 1931 | NNL1 (1931) | [10] | |
Cleveland Elites (1926) Cleveland Hornets (1927) Cleveland Tigers (1928) |
1926 | 1928 | NNL1 (1926–28) |
|
[59] [60] [61] |
Cleveland Giants | 1933 | 1933 | NNL2 (1933) |
|
[62] |
Cleveland Red Sox | 1934 | 1934 | NNL2 (1934) |
|
[63] |
Cleveland Stars | 1932 | 1932 | EWL (1932) |
|
[64] |
Cleveland Tate Stars | 1922 | 1923 | NNL1 (1922-1923) |
|
[65] |
Columbus
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Columbus Blue Birds | 1933 | 1933 | NNL2 (1933) |
|
[67] |
Columbus Buckeyes | 1921 | 1921 | NNL1 (1921) |
|
[68] |
Columbus Elite Giants (See Baltimore Elite Giants) |
1935 | 1935 | NNL2 (1935) | [10] | |
Columbus Turfs (See Louisville Black Caps) |
1932 | 1932 | NSL (1932) |
|
[3] |
Oregon
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portland Rosebuds | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [69] |
Pennsylvania
Harrisburg
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harrisburg Giants | 1922 | 1927 | Independent (1922–23) ECL (1924–27) |
[70] | |
Harrisburg Monrovians | [citation needed] | ||||
Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars (See St. Louis Stars (III)) |
1943 | 1943 | NNL2 (1943) |
|
[23] |
Philadelphia
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active Club of Philadelphia | 1800s | [71] | |||
Anchor Giants | early 1900s | [71] | |||
Bacharach Giants (II) | 1931 | 1942 | Independent (1931–33) NNL2 (1934) Independent (1935–42) |
|
[citation needed] |
Hilldale Club | 1916 | 1932 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–31) EWL (1932) |
|
[72] |
Philadelphia Pythians | 1867 | 1887 | Independent (1867–86) NCBBL (1887) |
[73] | |
Philadelphia Giants | 1902 | 1916 | Independent (1902–05) IL (1906) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–16) |
[74][75] | |
Philadelphia Stars | 1933 | 1952 | Independent (1933) NNL2 (1934–48) NAL (1949–52) |
[76] | |
Philadelphia Tigers | 1928 | 1928 | ECL (1928) | [77] |
Pittsburgh
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homestead Grays club
|
c. 1912 | c. 1950s | Independent (c. 1912–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–31) EWL (1932) Independent (1933–34) NNL2 (1935–48) Independent (1949–c. 50s) |
|
[11] |
Pittsburgh Crawfords club
|
1931 | 1940 | Independent (1931–32) NNL2 (1933–38) NAL (1939–40) |
[24] | |
Pittsburgh Keystones (I) | 1887 | 1887 | NCBBL (1887) | [78] | |
Pittsburgh Keystones (II) | 1921 | 1922 | NNL1 (1921–22) | [79] |
Tennessee
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chattanooga Black Lookouts | 1920 | 1927 | NSL (1920, 1926–27) |
|
[80] |
Chattanooga Choo-Choos | 1940 | 1946 | NSL (1940–46) | [citation needed] | |
Memphis Red Sox | 1923 | 1962 | Independent (1923) NNL1 (1924–25, 27–30) NSL (1926, 31–36) NAL (1937–62) |
[81] | |
Nashville Elite Giants (See Baltimore Elite Giants) |
1919 | 1934 | Independent (1919–29) NNL1 (1930) NSL (1932) NNL2 (1933–34) |
|
[10] |
Texas
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austin Black Senators | [citation needed] | ||||
Brenham Merchants | [citation needed] | ||||
Houston Eagles (See Newark Eagles) |
1949 | 1950 | NAL (1949–50) |
|
[46][82] |
San Antonio Black Bronchos | 1908 | 1909 | Independent (1908–09) | [83] | |
San Antonio Black Indians | [citation needed] |
Washington
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seattle Steelheads | 1946 | 1946 | WCNBL (1946) | [84] |
Wisconsin
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milwaukee Bears | 1923 | 1923 | NNL1 (1923) |
|
[85] |
Traveling teams
Team | 1st Yr | Last Yr | Affiliation(s) | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Cubans | 1899 | 1905 | Independent |
|
[citation needed] |
All Nations | 1912 | 1925 | Independent |
|
[citation needed] |
Chappie Johnson's Stars |
|
[citation needed] | |||
Colored House of David | [citation needed] | ||||
Cuban Stars (East) club
|
1916 | c. 1934 | Independent (1916–22) ECL (1923–28) ANL (1929) Independent (1930–c. 34) |
|
[citation needed] |
Cuban Stars (West) club
|
1906 | 1932 | IL (1906) NA (1907–09) Independent (1910–19) NNL1 (1920–30) Independent (1931) EWL (1932) |
|
[citation needed] |
Ethiopian Clowns (See Indianapolis Clowns) |
c. 1930s | 1942 | Independent (c. 1930s–42) |
|
[citation needed] |
Mineola Black Spiders | c. 1932 | c. 1937 | Independent |
|
[citation needed] |
New York Gorhams | 1886 | 1892 | Independent (1886) NCBBL (1887) Independent (1888–92) |
|
[86] |
Tennessee Rats | c. 1911 | c. 1926 | Independent |
|
[citation needed] |
References
- ^ "Birmingham Black Barons". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Birmingham Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Negro league teams". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Montgomery Grey Sox". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "Montgomery, Alabama Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 Los Angeles White Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 Oakland Larks". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 San Diego Tigers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ "1946 San Francisco Sea Lions". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ a b c d e "Baltimore Elite Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
- ^ a b "Homestead Grays". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
- ^ a b "Jacksonville Red Caps". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
- ^ a b "Atlanta Black Crackers". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Indianapolis ABCs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ a b "Chicago American Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ "1945 Chicago Brown Bombers". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ "Chicago Columbia Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Chicago Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
- ^ a b "The Negro League Teams". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ "Chicago Union Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "Leland Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ a b c d "Detroit Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ a b c d e f "St. Louis Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ a b c "Pittsburgh Crawfords". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Kansas City Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ a b c "Cleveland Buckeyes". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-23.
- ^ "1887 Louisville Falls City". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Diamonds in the Rough". Retrieved February 25, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "New Orleans, Louisiana Teams History". Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Negro Leagues of Louisiana". Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g Worth, Richard. Baseball Team Names: A Worldwide Dictionary, 1869-2011. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company. pp. 200, 201. ISBN 9780786468447.
- ^ Holway, John (2001). The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History. Fern Park, Florida: Hastings House Publishers. p. 284. ISBN 0-8038-2007-0.
- ^ "Shreveport, Louisiana Teams History". Retrieved February 6, 2015.
- ^ a b "Baltimore Black Sox". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ "1887 Baltimore Lord Baltimores". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "1887 Boston Resolutes". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "1906 Quaker Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ "1946 Boston Blues". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ "Detroit Wolves". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ "Page Fence Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Twin City Gophers". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "Kansas City Monarchs". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ "Cuban Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "Cuban X-Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "1932 Newark Browns". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
- ^ a b c d "Newark Eagles". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "1926 Newark Stars". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
- ^ "Brooklyn Royal Giants". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "New York Lincoln Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "New York Lincoln Stars". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "New York Black Yankees". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "New York Cubans". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Akron Grays". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "Dayton Marcos". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Toledo Tigers". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ "Cincinnati Tigers". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Cleveland Browns". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ "1942 Cincinnati/Cleveland Buckeyes". Baseball.Reference.com. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
- ^ "1926 Cleveland Elites". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ "1927 Cleveland Hornets". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Cleveland Tigers". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Cleveland Giants". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "1934 Cleveland Red Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ "1932 Cleveland Stars". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ "1922 Cleveland Tate Stars". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ "1923 Cleveland Tate Stars". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Columbus Blue Birds". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Columbus Buckeyes". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "1946 Portland Rosebuds". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
- ^ "Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ a b Loverro, Thom. The Encyclopedia of Negro League Baseball. New York:Facts on File, Inc., 2003. ISBN 0-8160-4430-9.
- ^ "Hilldale Daisies". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "1887 Philadelphia Pythians". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "Philadelphia Giants". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
- ^ "1906 Philadelphia Giants". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ "Philadelphia Stars". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Philadelphia Tigers". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ "1887 Pittsburgh Keystones". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Pittsburgh Keystones". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ "Chattanooga Black Lookouts". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ "Memphis Red Sox". Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
- ^ "Houston, Texas Negro League City Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "San Antonio Black Bronchos". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
- ^ "Seattle Steelheads". Negro League Baseball Players Association. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ Gary Ashwill (ed.). "Milwaukee Bears". Negro leagues database (Seamheads.com). Gary Ashwill. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
- ^ "1887 New York Gorhams". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
External links
- Leagues & Teams at the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum
- The Negro League Teams at the Negro League Baseball Players Association
- Negro Leagues Database at Seamheads.com
- Negro League Team Encyclopedia at Baseball-Reference.com