List of grand dukes of Tuscany
| Grand Duke of Tuscany | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His/her Imperial and Royal Highness |
| First monarch | Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany |
| Last monarch | Leopold II (de jure) Ferdinand IV (de facto/titular) |
| Formation | 27 August 1569 |
| Abolition | 16 August 1859 |
| Pretender(s) | Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany |
The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.
Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197
House of Boniface
- These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.
- Boniface I, 812–823
- Boniface II, 828–834
- Aganus, 835–845
- Adalbert I, 847–886
- Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
- Guy, 915–929
- Lambert, 929–931
House of Boso
- These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface
- Boso, 931–936
- Humbert, 936–961
- Hugh the Great, 961–1001
House of Boniface (restored)
- Boniface (III), 1004–1011
Nondynastic
- Rainier, 1014–1027
House of Canossa
- These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.
- Boniface III, 1027–1052
- Frederick, 1052–1055
- Matilda, 1052–1115
- Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
- Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
- Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)
- Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)
Nondynastic
- Rabodo, 1116–1119
- Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
- Rampret, c. 1131
- Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
- Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
- Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
- Welf VI, 1152–1160
- Welf VII, 1160–1167
- Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)
- Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
- Welf VI, 1167–1173
- Philip, 1195–1197
- In 1197 Philip was elected King of Germany and the majority of the Tuscan nobility, cities and bishops formed the Tuscan League with Papal backing.
- Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)
After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.
Rulers of Florence, 1382–1569
De facto rulers of the Albizzi family, 1382–1434
- Maso degli Albizzi 1382-1417
- Rinaldo degli Albizzi 1417-1434
De facto rulers of the House of Medici, 1434–1531
- Cosimo de' Medici 1434–1464
- Piero I de' Medici 1464–1469 ("The Gouty")
- Lorenzo I de' Medici 1469–1492 ("The Magnificent")
- Giuliano de' Medici 1469–1478
- Piero II de' Medici 1492–1494 ("The Unfortunate")
- Republic restored 1494–1512
- Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512–1513
- Lorenzo II de' Medici 1513–1519
- Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519–1523
- Ippolito de' Medici 1523–1527
- Alessandro de' Medici 1523–1527
- Republic restored 1527–1530
- Alessandro de' Medici 1530–1531
Medici Dukes of Florence, 1531–1569
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alessandro | 1 May 1532 | 6 Jan 1537 | |
| 2 | Cosimo I | 20 Sep 1537 | 21 Aug 1569 | fourth cousin of Alessandro |
Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cosimo I | 21 Aug 1569 | 21 Apr 1574 | |
| 2 | Francesco I | 21 Apr 1574 | 19 Oct 1587 | son of Cosimo I |
| 3 | Ferdinando I | 19 Oct 1587 | 7 Feb 1609 | brother of Francesco I son of Cosimo I |
| 4 | Cosimo II | 7 Feb 1609 | 28 Feb 1621 | son of Ferdinando I |
| 5 | Ferdinando II | 28 Feb 1621 | 23 May 1670 | son of Cosimo II |
| 6 | Cosimo III | 23 May 1670 | 31 Oct 1723 | son of Ferdinando II |
| 7 | Gian Gastone | 31 Oct 1723 | 9 Jul 1737 | son of Cosimo III |
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | Francesco II Stefano | 12 Jul 1737 | 18 Aug 1765 | great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I |
| 9 | Pietro Leopoldo I | 18 Aug 1765 | 22 Jul 1790 | second son of Francesco II Stefano |
| 10 | Ferdinando III | 22 Jul 1790 | 3 Aug 1801 | second son of Pietro Leopoldo I |
Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801–1807
| Name | Portrait | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lodovico I |  |
3 Aug 1801 | 27 May 1803 | Grandson of Francisco II Stefano |
| Carlo Lodovico II |  |
27 May 1803 | 10 Dec 1807 | son of Lodovico I |
Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807–1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.
Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860
| # | Name | Started | Ended | Relationship with predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | Ferdinando III | 27 Apr 1814 | 18 Jun 1824 | (restored) |
| 11 | Leopoldo II | 18 Jun 1824 | 21 Jul 1859 | son of Ferdinando III |
| 12 | Ferdinando IV | 21 Jul 1859 | 22 Mar 1860 | son of Leopoldo II |
Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.
Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present
- Ferdinando IV 1860–1908
- Gieuseppe Ferdinando 1908–1921
- Pietro Ferdinando 1921–1948
- Gottfried 1948–1984
- Leopoldo Francesco 1984–1993
- Sigismondo 1993–Present