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The following is a list of usurpers – illegitimate or controversial claimants to the throne in a monarchy. The word usurper is a derogatory term, and as such not easily definable, as the person seizing power normally will try to legitimise his position, while denigrating that of his predecessor.
Henry I named his daughter Matilda his heir, and she was recognised as such by the barons of England. On Henry's death, Stephen took the crown before Matilda knew her father was dead, leading to 20 years of civil war.
A period of crisis emerged in 1398-1399 under Richard II as he enacted revenge on leading nobles for a dispute 10 years previously. He took action against the Lords Appellant, murdering a leader and banishing Henry Bolingbrook. On the death of Bolingbrook's father John of Gaunt, the son wished to return to claim his inheritance as the Duke of Lancaster, which Richard II denied. Henry returned from his exile in France, whilst Richard II was away in Ireland. With the support of prominent Northern noble families Henry took the throne.
Forces under Henry Tudor won the Battle of Bosworth Field during which Richard III was killed. Henry then became Henry VII and married the daughter of Edward IV which is claimed to have ended the War of the Roses, though relatives of Richard made various attempts to remove him from power.
Louis Philippe took the throne in the aftermath of the July Revolution, which had resulted in the abdication of King Charles X in favor of his grandson, a young child.
Tired of the dual monarchy, the Portuguese elite, decided restore the independence of kingdom, more enthroning John, they ended betraying the king Felipe III; more as the new king was good, the designation of usurper, never was determined for the new sovereign.
