Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse
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| Louis I | |
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| Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine | |
| Reign | 1806 - 6 April 1830 |
| Predecessor | New title |
| Successor | Louis II |
| Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | |
| Reign | 1790 - 1806 |
| Predecessor | Louis IX |
| Successor | Title abolished |
| Born | 14 June 1753 Prenzlau, Brandenburg |
| Died | 16 April 1830 (aged 76) Darmstadt, Hesse |
| Spouse | Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt |
| Issue | Grand Duke Louis II of Hesse |
| House | House of Hesse-Darmstadt |
| Father | Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt |
| Mother | Caroline of Zweibrücken |
| Grand Ducal Family of Hesse and by Rhine |
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| Louis I |
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Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse (14 June 1753, Prenzlau – 6 April 1830, Darmstadt) was Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (as Louis X) and later the first Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
Biography
Louis was the son of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, and succeeded his father in 1790. He presided over a significant increase in territory for Hesse-Darmstadt during the imperial reorganizations of 1801-1803, most notably the Duchy of Westphalia, hitherto subject to the Archbishop of Cologne. Allied to Napoleon, Louis in 1806 was elevated to the title of a Grand Duke of Hesse and joined the Confederation of the Rhine, leading to the dissolution of the Empire. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Louis had to give up his Westphalian territories, but was compensated with the district of Rheinhessen, with his capital Mainz on the left bank of the Rhine. Because of this addition, he amended his title to Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
In 1844, a 33-meter column called Langer Ludwig (meaning Long Louis), was set up In his commemoration in the middle of the Luisenplatz, the largest square of Darmstadt.
Marriage and family
In 1776, he became engaged to Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg, eldest daughter of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg. The engagement was broken off so that Sophia Dorothea could marry Louis's recently widowed brother-in-law Tsarevich Paul Petrovich, son and heir of Catherine II "the Great", Empress of Russia. He received a monetary compensation when the engagement was broken.
On 19 February 1777, Louis married his first cousin, Landgravine Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt ( 15 February 1761 – 24 October 1829), a daughter of Landgrave George William of Hesse-Darmstadt. Together, they had eight children:
- Louis, later Grand Duke Louis II of Hesse (26 December 1777 – 16 June 1848). Married Wilhelmine of Baden and had issue.
- Louise (16 January 1779 – 18 April 1811). Married Louis of Anhalt-Köthen and had issue.
- George (31 August 1780 – 17 April 1856). Married, morganatically, Caroline Török de Szendrö and had issue.
- Frederick (14 May 1788 – 16 March 1867)
- Stillborn twin daughters (11 May 1789).
- Emil (3 September 1790 – 30 April 1856)
- Gustav (18 December 1791 – 30 January 1806)
Ancestry
| 16. Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | |||||||||||||||||||
| 8. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | |||||||||||||||||||
| 17. Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg | |||||||||||||||||||
| 4. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | |||||||||||||||||||
| 18. Albrecht V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |||||||||||||||||||
| 9. Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |||||||||||||||||||
| 19. Sophie Margaret of Oettingen-Oettingen | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt | |||||||||||||||||||
| 20. Johann Reinhard II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg | |||||||||||||||||||
| 10. Johann Reinhard III, Count of Hanau | |||||||||||||||||||
| 21. Anna Magdalene of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5. Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg | |||||||||||||||||||
| 22. Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |||||||||||||||||||
| 11. Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |||||||||||||||||||
| 23. Johanne Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1. Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse | |||||||||||||||||||
| 24. Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld | |||||||||||||||||||
| 12. Christian II of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld | |||||||||||||||||||
| 25. Magdalene Katharine of Zweibrücken | |||||||||||||||||||
| 6. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken | |||||||||||||||||||
| 26. Johann Jakob, Count of Rappoltstein | |||||||||||||||||||
| 13. Katharina Agathe of Rappoltstein | |||||||||||||||||||
| 27. Anna Klaudie of Salm | |||||||||||||||||||
| 3. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken | |||||||||||||||||||
| 28. Gustav Adolf, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken | |||||||||||||||||||
| 14. Ludwig Kraft, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken | |||||||||||||||||||
| 29. Eleonore Klare of Hohenlohe | |||||||||||||||||||
| 7. Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken | |||||||||||||||||||
| 30. Heinrich Friedrich, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg | |||||||||||||||||||
| 15. Philippine Henriette of Hohenlohe-Langenburg | |||||||||||||||||||
| 31. Juliana Dorothea of Castell-Remlingen | |||||||||||||||||||
