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María Corina Machado

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Machado and the second or maternal family name is Parisca.

María Corina Machado
Member of the National Assembly
for Miranda
In office
5 January 2011 – 21 March 2014
Succeeded byRicardo Sánchez
Personal details
Born (1967-10-07) 7 October 1967 (age 57)
Caracas, Venezuela
Political partyVente Venezuela
Other political
affiliations		Coalition for Democratic Unity
Súmate (2001–2010)
EducationAndrés Bello Catholic University
Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración

María Corina Machado Parisca (born 7 October 1967)[1] is a Venezuelan politician who served as an elected member of the National Assembly of Venezuela from 2011 to 2014.

Machado was a candidate for President of Venezuela in the 2012 election but lost the opposition primary to Henrique Capriles. During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, Machado was one of the lead figures in organizing protests against the government of Nicolás Maduro.[2] In 2019, amid the Venezuelan presidential crisis, she announced that she would launch a second presidential run if disputed interim President Juan Guaidó successfully called for an election; Guaidó was ultimately unsuccessful in his efforts.[3] She is a presidential candidate for Vente Venezuela in the primary elections of the Unitary Platform of 2023, although on 30 June 2023 she was disputably disqualified for fifteen years by the Comptroller General after a request from politician José Brito.[4]

Machado was the founder and former leader[5] of the Venezuelan volunteer civil organization Súmate, alongside Alejandro Plaz.[6][7] In 2018, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.[8]

Early life and education

Machado was born on 7 October 1967[1] as the oldest of four sisters. She is the daughter of Henrique Machado Zuloaga, a prominent steel businessman and Corina Parisca, a psychologist.[9][6][10] Her ancestors included the author of the 1881 classic Venezuela Heroica and a relative who was killed in an uprising against Venezuelan dictator Juan Vicente Gómez.[10]

Machado has a degree in industrial engineering from Andrés Bello Catholic University and a master's degree in finance from Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración (IESA, business school) in Caracas. She was also part of Yale University's World Fellows Program in 2009.[11][6][12][13]

In 1992 Machado – a mother of three – started Fundación Atenea (Atenea Foundation), a foundation using private donations to care for orphaned and delinquent Caracas street children; she also served as chair of the Opportunitas Foundation.[12][13] After working in the auto industry in Valencia she moved in 1993 to Caracas.[6] Because of her subsequent role in Súmate, Machado left the foundation so that it would not be politicized.[12]

Súmate

George W. Bush welcomes María Corina Machado to the Oval Office on 31 May 2005.

According to The Washington Post, the founding of Venezuelan volunteer civil organization Súmate resulted from a hurried encounter between Machado and Alejandro Plaz in a hotel lobby in 2001, where they shared their concern about the course that was being shaped for Venezuela. Machado said, "Something clicked. I had this unsettling feeling that I could not stay at home and watch the country get polarized and collapse .... We had to keep the electoral process but change the course, to give Venezuelans the chance to count ourselves, to dissipate tensions before they built up. It was a choice of ballots over bullets."[6]

In 2004, Súmate led a petition drive for a constitutional presidential recall of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. According to CBS News, Chávez branded the leaders of Súmate as conspirators, coup plotters and lackeys of the U.S. government.[14] After the referendum, members of Súmate were charged with treason and conspiracy, under Article 132 of the Venezuelan Penal Code,[15] for receiving financial support for their activities from the NED. The Wall Street Journal in 2005 said Machado faced conspiracy charge stemming from the $31,000 grant from the NED for "non-partisan educational work".[12] Also in 2005, The New York Times said she was "the Venezuelan government's most detested adversary, a young woman with a quick wit and machine-gun-fast delivery who often appears in Washington or Madrid to denounce what she calls the erosion of democracy under President Hugo Chávez", and says the Venezuelan government considers her "a member of a corrupt elite that is doing the bidding of the much reviled Bush administration".[10]

A U.S. Department of State spokesperson said the decision to prosecute her was "part of President Hugo Chávez's campaign ... aimed at frightening members of civil society and preventing them from exercising their democratic rights", adding that the Bush administration was "seriously concerned" about the Supreme Tribunal of Justice's (TSJ) decision.[16] The criminal charges triggered condemnation from Human Rights Watch and democracy groups,[17][18] the U.S. Embassy in Venezuela,[19] and a coalition of world leaders.[20]

In 2005 Machado acknowledged the support of Venezuelans for Chávez, saying "We have to recognize the positive things that have been done", but says that the president is "increasingly intolerant".[10]

Machado and Plaz were invited to meet with National Assembly legislators in August 2006 for an investigation about Súmate's funding, but were denied access to the hearing, although they say they received two letters requesting their presence.[21]

She also faced treason charges for signing the Carmona Decree during the 2002 coup attempt in Venezuela.[10][22] Machado says she wrote her name on what she believed to be a sign-in sheet while visiting the presidential palace.[10][22] The charges carry a penalty of more than a decade in prison; the trial was suspended in February 2006 because of due process violations by the trial judge, and has been postponed several times.[23][needs update]

2011 presidential candidacy

In 2011, Machado launched her candidacy for the 2012 presidential primary elections.[7] The Los Angeles Times said her name was raised as a potential candidate,[24] and Michael Shifter said she was a future presidential contender "who can effectively communicate a vision for a post-Chávez Venezuela that can appeal to enough Chávez supporters".[25] According to the Financial Times, Machado was "dubbed the new face of the opposition ... Even President Hugo Chávez has spoken of confronting her in the 2012 presidential elections."[26]

On 13 January 2012, during the annual State of the Nation Speech delivered by Chávez to the Venezuelan National Assembly, Machado confronted him about shortages of basic goods, crime, and nationalizations of basic industries. "How can you say that you protect private property when you have been expropriating small businesses; expropriating and not paying is stealing."[27]

The winner of the 2012 primary to be the opposition candidate against Chávez in the October presidential election was Henrique Capriles Radonski; according to the Associated Press, Machado "conceded defeat before the results were announced, saying she also will actively back Capriles".[28]

National Assembly

Candidacy

Machado at the 2011 World Economic Forum on Latin America in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In February 2010, Machado resigned from Súmate[5] and announced her candidacy for the National Assembly of Venezuela, representing Miranda (Chacao, Baruta, El Hatillo and the Parroquia Leoncio Martínez de Sucre)[29] as a Justice First (Primero Justicia) party member of the Coalition for Democratic Unity (Mesa de la Unidad Democrática – MUD) in opposition to Chávez's party, United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela – PSUV).[30] In announcing her candidacy, she said Venezuelans were good, decent and free people who don't want to live with violence or hate; she promised to defend the right for Venezuelans to think freely and live without fear.[31] She said she hopes to build a "responsible government", transforming public institutions, especially the National Electoral Council (CNE).[32] In April 2010, Machado won the primary election to advance her candidacy.[33]

Machado campaigned actively in "slums once viewed as solid pro-Chávez territory", attempting to "capitalize on domestic problems, including widespread violent crime, power outages in some regions, a severe housing shortage and 30-percent inflation".[34]

Machado complained that MUD candidates faced "what she called a government-orchestrated propaganda machine that churns out spots ridiculing Chávez's critics, runs talk shows dominated by ruling party hopefuls and picks up all of the president's speeches",[34] and that she had to campaign with less funds as she "struggled to convince supporters and business leaders to contribute to her campaign because they fear reprisals by the government and Chávez-friendly prosecutors".[34] Venezuela's Constitution "prohibits government officials, including the president, from using their position to favour a political tendency. But the electoral authority, whose board comprises four chavistas and a lone oppositionist, says they can do it anyway," according to The Economist.[35] Chávez was accused of breaking campaign laws by using state-run television to "berate rivals and praise friends" during the election campaign; he denied breaking the law, and suggested that the only director of the National Election Council's five directors who is not pro-Chávez and who raised the issue could be prosecuted for making the charges.[36] According to a reporter for the Associated Press, Venezuela's electoral council "has for years ignored laws that bar the president and other elected officials from actively campaigning for candidates. Chavez ... has threatened legal action against Vicente Diaz, the lone member of the electoral council who has criticized his heavy use of state media ahead of the vote".[34] Machado said, "While we are visiting voters, going from house to house, the ruling party's campaign is imposed through televised speeches."[36] When the state-run television channel interviewed Machado, they ran images of her Oval Office meeting in 2005 with George W. Bush, described by an Associated Press reporter as "Chavez's longtime nemesis".[34] She said, "We have a campaign led by the PSUV with a lot of resources that we know are public resources – even when the constitution prohibits it.[34] The PSUV benefitted from frequent cadenas (Chávez speeches that every Venezuelan TV channel are mandated to run), while "the main government channel air[ed] a steady stream of rallies and ads featuring Chavez's red-clad candidates".[34] When Machado was interviewed by the state-run channel, the interview was "abruptly cut off" and "shifted to a campaign rally where Chávez spoke to a theater filled with supporters".[34]

Election

Machado won election to the National Assembly in the 26 September 2010 polls, as the highest vote-getter in the nation;[26] she and fellow Primero Justicia Miranda candidate Enrique Mendoza were the "two highest vote-getters nationwide".[24] Machado said the president "made a big mistake by turning the election into a plebiscite on himself ... This is a clear signal that Venezuelans do not want an authoritarian government, a militarized government, a centralized government and a government that wants to turn Venezuela into Cuba ... A new phase begins today, and we've taken a big step toward the day when democratic values, freedom, justice and good governance prevail."[25] "We now have the legitimacy of the citizen vote. We are the representatives of the people."[37] "It is very clear. Venezuela said no to Cuban-like communism."[38]

Removal

On 21 March 2014, Machado appeared as an alternate envoy at the request of Panama at the Organization of American States (OAS), amid protests in Venezuela, to speak about the situation in Venezuela.[39] Following her appearance at the OAS, according to The Wall Street Journal, "pro-Maduro parliamentarians, who dominate the National Assembly" claimed her appearance at the OAS was prohibited by Venezuela's constitution, and removed her from the National Assembly.[40] Machado responded by accusing Diosdado Cabello (President of the National Assembly) of having a "dictatorship in the National Assembly"[41] and said that her removal from the National Assembly was illegal.[42]

2014 Venezuelan protests

Main article: 2014 Venezuelan protests
María Corina Machado and Lilian Tintori at an opposition gathering

Machado was among the leaders of the opposition demonstrations against President Nicolas Maduro in the 2014 Venezuelan protests. Venezuela's Congress on 18 March requested a criminal investigation of Machado for crimes including treason for her involvement in the anti-government protests.[43]

Machado responded to legal accusations made against her saying, "In a dictatorship, the weaker the regime is, the greater the repression."[44] After her removal on 21 March, Machado, along with supporters, began a march on 1 April toward downtown Caracas protesting against Machado's expulsion, where Machado attempted to return to her seat in the National Assembly. The demonstrators were prevented from leaving by the National Guard, which dispersed them with tear gas.[45]

In May 2014, a top Venezuelan government official, Jorge Rodríguez, presented allegations of a plot by opposition politicians and officials, including Machado, to overthrow the government of the Venezuelan President Maduro. The evidence provided by the Venezuelan government were alleged emails through Google that were addressed to others from both Machado and Pedro Burelli.[46] Burelli responded that the emails were falsified by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), showing what he said were the original emails.[47][48] In June, Venezuela's attorney general Luisa Ortega Díaz subpoenaed Machado along with Burelli, Diego Arria, and Ricardo Koesling;[49] one week later, on 11 June, arrest warrants were issued.[50] Burelli hired Kivu, a U.S.-based cybersecurity company, to analyze the alleged emails saying there was "no evidence of the existence of any emails between Pedro Burelli's Google email accounts and the alleged recipients", that the alleged emails presented by the Venezuelan government had "many indications of user manipulation" and that "Venezuelan officials used forged emails to accuse government adversaries of plotting to kill President Nicolas Maduro".[51][52][53][54]

In November 2014, government officials announced that Machado was to be formally charged on 3 December.[40][55] Machado and others stated that the accusations were false and were created by the Venezuelan government to deflect attention from Venezuela's economic problems and polls showing Maduro's approval rating at a record low of 30%.[40]

Later political career

On 1 February 2019, Machado announced her intent to run for president if Juan Guaidó calls elections, owing to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis.[56][57] For the Next Venezuelan presidential election, Machado was recognized as a front-running opposition candidate.[58] In an interview discussing the election, Machado insisted that she was not interested in the opposition primary and said "my goal is to get Maduro out and be able to defeat the regime using all the force."[59] She has argued that in elections, "There are only two options here, ... We win with a huge majority or Maduro steals the election."[60] According to head of the Delphos pollster, Félix Seijas, "The opposition as it existed is no longer, and that opens the door for her to capture support beyond her radical base," while explaining her expanded support. [61] On 30 June 2023, she was reportedly disqualified from holding office for 15 years by the government due to her leadership in anti-government protests.[62]

2023 presidential candidacy

On 14 August 2022, Machado confirmed her participation in the 2023 Unitary Platform Primary elections.[63] During the primaries, Machado has positioned herself against the technical assistance of the National Electoral Council (CNE) in the election, alleging that CNE is part of a "criminal system. In the same way, she has defended the return to manual voting. On 15 March 2023, she officially began his campaign tour of the country, in the State of Mérida.[64] During her pre-campaign, Machado maintained criticism towards the traditional opposition leadership, mainly the Democratic Action, Justice First, A New Era, and Popular Will parties.[65] She also made it clear that she is willing to negotiate an exit from Chavismo to achieve a transition.[66]

On 30 June 2023, she was disqualified for fifteen years by the Comptroller General of Venezuela, after a request from the politician José Brito. The Comptroller linking her to alleged crimes by Juan Guaidó and accused her of supporting sanctions against Venezuela.[4][67][68] Analysts determined that the accusation of having participated in the interim was incoherent, taking into account that María Corina was not a member of the 2015 opposition National Assembly (being prevented by a disqualification from the Comptroller's Office), in addition to never having been appointed in any position in Guaidó's interim government.[69] Organizations such as the United Nations, the Organization of American States and the European Union, as well as countries such as Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Chile, Canada and France, rejected the disqualification of María Corina.[70]

Political views

María Corina Machado is anti-chavista and has often feud with more moderate sections of the Venezuelan opposition.[71][72] In 2011, she campaigned as a promotor of "popular capitalism".[73] Machado is a supporter of the privatization of state-run entities in Venezuela, including oil company PDVSA.[60][74][75] Machado has been described as a liberal, a center, a right-wing or as a radical politician.[58][60][71][72][73]

Domestically, Machado has supported the sanctions against Venezuela,[60] and has advocated for foreign intervention inside Venezuela, believing that Maduro could not be removed democratically.[76][77][78][79][80] She has called for the banning of reelection to political offices in Venezuela, is in favor of same-sex marriage in Venezuela, supports the legalization of medical cannabis and has called on a national debate regarding the legality of abortion.[81] Internationally, Machado signed the Madrid Charter.[75][82][83]

Target of violence

While attending the bicentennial celebration of Venezuela's Declaration of Independence on 5 July 2011, following controversial comments made earlier by Machado about Venezuela's dependency on Cuba and not being independent, Machado was attacked by an angry group of Venezuelan government supporters.[84][85][86] The group of about 50 threw stones and bottles at her;[84][85] authorities defended her, and one officer was injured, as Machado was evacuated from the area by a police motorbike.[84][85] Machado later thanked the authorities for defending her and apologized for any of their injuries.[85]

During Machado's presidential race in 2011, she and her companions were attacked on 16 October by a small group of the Motorized Front of the PSUV while in Turmero.[87][88] The group allegedly attacked Machado and her companions with kicks, punches and objects while saying "this is chavista territory and this does not fit any political opposition".[87][88] Machado and two of her companions were injured.[89]

On 30 April 2013, cameras covering the National Assembly were turned to the ceiling and the opposition claimed they were "physically assaulted in a planned ambush by supporters of President Nicolas Maduro's government". Machado was injured, along with other legislators in the National Assembly, saying she was attacked from behind, hit in the face and kicked while on the floor which left her with a broken nose. Machado said the brawl "was a premeditated, cowardly, vile, aggression". President Maduro responded to the situation saying, "What happened today in the National Assembly, we do not agree with violence. They tell us and we knew that the opposition was coming to provoke violence". No disciplinary actions was taken against any of the attackers after the incident.[90][91][92]

At a rally on 16 November 2013 showing support for the opposition party during municipal elections, Machado and other politicians were attacked, allegedly by government supporters,[93][94] with stones and fireworks.[94]

After leading protests in Bolivar state on 14 March 2014, Machado and others were attacked at the Puerto Ordaz airport.[95][96][97] The attack affected Machado, the Bishop of Ciudad Guayana, Mariano Parra, and other citizens in the area.[95][96] Soon after, the National Guard intervened to disperse the attack.[96]

While heading a meeting in Caricuao on 30 July 2014, members of colectivos attacked Machado.[98][99] The vehicle Machado was traveling in was heavily damaged, with the body and windows of the vehicle being struck with gun handles, sticks and stones.[98] Machado escaped and was then moved to the assembly place while colectivos followed breaking down the door where they then left the scene after confrontations with residents protecting Machado.[98]

Awards and recognition

Machado in a forum with Center for Strategic and International Studies

U.S. President George W. Bush welcomed Machado to the Oval Office in May 2005.[100] After meeting with Machado and discussing Súmate's "efforts to safeguard the integrity and transparency of Venezuela's electoral process", a White House spokesperson said, "[t]he President expressed his concerns about efforts to harass and intimidate Súmate and its leadership".[101] Venezuela's foreign minister called Machado's meeting with Bush "a provocation," while Venezuela's interior minister said that she is a puppet of the CIA.[22]

Machado was hailed by National Review in 2006 as "the best of womankind and the difficult times many women face around the globe" on a list of Women the World Should Know for International Women's Day.[102]

In 2009, Machado was chosen out of 900 applicants as one of 15 accepted to the Yale World Fellows Program. The Yale University program, "aim[s] to build a global network of emerging leaders and to broaden international understanding worldwide. ... 'Each of the 2009 Yale World Fellows has demonstrated an outstanding record of accomplishment and unlimited potential for future success,' said Program Director Michael Cappello". The Yale World Fellows Program press release said, "Machado devotes herself to defending democratic institutions and civil liberties through SUMATE, the nation's leading watchdog for electoral transparency."[103] Machado would later graduate from the program.[9]

Awards

  • 2005 – Meritorious Achievement Award by the Ballenger Foundation[9]
  • 2015 – Cádiz Cortes Ibero-American Freedom Prize was awarded "given the unblemished defense of freedom in your community and minimum requirements of the realization of human rights in the same, which has led them to be subject to public rebuke of their government, including the flagrant situation of imprisonment or the cutting of your minimal civil rights".[104]
  • 2018 - BBC's 100 Most Influential Women[105]
  • 2019 - Prize for Freedom[106]

Personal life

Machado is divorced and has three children from that marriage.[9]

References

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  3. ^ Regan, Trish (2 February 2019). "Venezuela could see its first female president". Fox Business. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
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  62. ^ Singer, Florantonia (30 June 2023). "El chavismo se lanza contra la oposición e inhabilita a María Corina Machado". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  63. ^ Martínez, Ricardo (15 August 2022). "Maria Corina Machado confirma su participación en las primarias de la Unidad". Mundo UR - Un mundo de información (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  64. ^ "María Corina Machado inició en Mérida su gira por Venezuela – Diario El Tiempo" (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
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  66. ^ TalCual (26 May 2023). "Machado dice estar dispuesta a negociar una "salida" para lograr una transición". TalCual (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  67. ^ Perdomo, Luna (30 June 2023). "José Brito: Contraloría inhabilitó a María Corina Machado por 15 años". Tal Cual (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  68. ^ Rodríguez, Ronny (30 June 2023). "Contraloría inhabilita a María Corina Machado por 15 años, dice José Brito". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  69. ^ "Los cinco vicios que hacen nula la inhabilitación de María Corina Machado". Acceso a la Justicia (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
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  72. ^ a b Maza, Jesús (30 June 2023). "¿Quién es Corina Machado, candidata opositora que lidera las encuestas para las Primarias 2023?". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2023. She professed an anti-Chavista speech and maintained an extreme right-wing stance
  73. ^ a b "María Corina Machado, la dama de acero". El Estímulo (in Spanish). 19 November 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  74. ^ Toro, Felipe (31 May 2023). "María Corina Machado: 'We Must Privatize PDVSA'". Caracas Chronicles. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  75. ^ a b LR, Mundo (17 May 2023). "¿Quién es María Corina Machado, líder opositora que plantea "privatizar todo" en Venezuela?". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  76. ^ Pantoulas, David Smilde, Dimitris (24 July 2019). "Venezuela Weekly: Guaidó Balances a Difficult Coalition". Washington Office on Latin America. Retrieved 30 June 2023. This development appeases the radical wing of the opposition that thinks military intervention is the only possible way of addressing the current impasse. For example, radical opposition leader Maria Corina Machado said "Going back to TIAR is a correct step as part of a comprehensive strategy."{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ Venezuela: What Lies Ahead after Election Clinches Maduro’s Clean Sweep. International Crisis Group. 2020. p. 5-10. María Corina Machado, whose faction (Soy Venezuela) favours foreign military intervention
  78. ^ Phillips, Tom; Torres, Patricia (4 May 2019). "'Hope never dies': Venezuela opposition ponders what's next after failed uprising". The Guardian. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 30 June 2023. María Corina Machado, a prominent opposition leader who supports foreign military intervention to remove Maduro
  79. ^ "Nations in the Americas disagree over policy about Venezuela". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 30 June 2023. Some, like ... Maria Corina Machado, have openly stated that a "democratic exit" of the Maduro government is no longer possible.
  80. ^ "Misjudging the military: Guaidó, Trump, and the long shadow of Venezuela's civil-military alliance | LSE Latin America and Caribbean". London School of Economics. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2023. Antonio Ledezma and Maria Corina Machado, who have explicitly invited foreign military intervention
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  84. ^ a b c (in Spanish) Escarri, Ernesto and de la Rosa, Alicia (5 July 2011). "Agreden a diputada María Corina Machado al salir del desfile". El Universal. Accessed 23 December 2014.
  85. ^ a b c d (in Spanish) "MCM tras ser agredida: 'la violencia es la faz tenebrosa de quienes se sienten derrotados'." Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Noticias24.com (5 July 2011). Accessed 23 December 2014.
  86. ^ (in Spanish) Angel Palacios, José (5 July 2011). "Chavistas agredieron a diputada María Corina Machado". El Carabobeno. Accessed 23 December 2014.
  87. ^ a b (in Spanish) "Violentos atacan a Maria Corina Machado en Aragua". El Universal (16 October 2011). Accessed 16 October 2011.
  88. ^ a b (in Spanish) "MCM denuncia que fue agredida en Turmero por simpatizantes del gobierno (+ fotos)". Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Noticas24.com (16 October 2011). Accessed 23 December 2014.
  89. ^ (in Spanish) "María Corina relató los detalles de la agresión que ayer sufrió en Turmero". Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Noticias24.com (17 October 2011). Accessed 23 December 2014.
  90. ^ (in Spanish) "Los rostros golpeados de los parlamentarios opositores". Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine El Nacional (1 May 2013). Accessed 10 April 2014.
  91. ^ Shoicet, Caatherine (1 May 2013). "Lawmakers report brawl in Venezuelan National Assembly". CNN. Accessed 10 April 2014.
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  93. ^ (in Spanish) "María Corina Machado denuncia agresión a marcha en Sabaneta". Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Noticiero Digital (17 November 2013). Accessed 23 December 2014.
  94. ^ a b (in Spanish) "Oficialistas atacaron caravana de la Unidad". Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Notitarde (17 November 2013). Accessed 23 December 2014.
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  105. ^ "BBC 100 Women 2018: Who is on the list?". BBC News. 19 November 2018.
  106. ^ "LI Prize for Freedom 2019 awarded to Maria Corina Machado". liberal-international.org. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
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