Matthew Flinders

Matthew Flinders
Born	16 March 1774 Donington, England
Died	19 July 1814 England
Occupation	Naval Explorer of Australia
Spouse	Ann Chappell

Captain Matthew Flinders, RN (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was one of the most successful navigators and cartographers of his age. In a career that spanned just over twenty years, he sailed with Captain William Bligh, circumnavigated Australia and encouraged the use of that name for the continent. He survived shipwreck and disaster only to be imprisoned as a spy. He identified and corrected the effect upon compass readings of iron components and equipment on board wooden ships and he wrote what may be the seminal work on early Australian exploration A Voyage To Terra Australis.

== Early life [[POOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOP ==

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Born in Donington, Lincolnshire, England, the young Matthew Flinders had his hunger for exploration and knowledge whetted by the tale of Robinson Crusoe, and at the age of fifteen he joined the Royal Navy in 1789, serving as midshipman in HMS Bellerophon under Captain Pasley, who recommended him to Captain Bligh with whom he sailed in HMS Providence, transporting breadfruit from Tahiti to Jamaica.

Later, Flinders sailed to Australia in HMS Reliance, establishing himself as a fine navigator and cartographer, and in 1795 explored the coastline around Sydney in a tiny open boat called Tom Thumb.

In 1798, Flinders, together with George Bass, sailed the Norfolk (sloop) from Port Jackson (Sydney) to circumnavigate Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). This discovery enabled several days to be saved on the naval journey from England. The passage between the Australian mainland and Tasmania was named Bass Strait after the ship's doctor and close friend of his, George Bass, and a large island in this strait was named Flinders Island.

Whilst sailing on the Norfolk, on 17 July 1799 he arrived in Moreton Bay between Redcliffe and Brighton. He touched down at Pumicestone Passage, Redcliffe and Coochiemudlo Island and also rowed ashore at Clontarf. During this visit he named Redcliffe after the Red Cliffs.

On 17 April 1801 Flinders married Ann Chappell (1770/1772-1852), but was soon forced to leave his new wife when the British Government sent him back to Australia. Flinders hoped to bring her along even though the Admiralty had rules against such a tactic, but his plan was discovered shortly before sailing to Australia when his ship ran aground and he was forced to make a report that disclosed his hidden passenger. This was one of several times in his career when he showed poor judgment in the opinion of his mentor, Joseph Banks, who wrote a stern letter of reprimand as quoted in The Life of Matthew Flinders: The Journeys of Matthew Flinders by Miriam Estensen.

He set out that July, in command of Investigator, to produce a detailed survey of the coastline of Australia, the southern coast of which was still unknown. Between December 1801 and June 1803, Flinders circumnavigated Australia, charting parts of the coastline including the Great Australian Bight and the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Flinders was the first European explorer to visit the You Yangs ranges near Geelong. On 1 May 1802 he and three of his men climbed to the highest point and named it "Station Peak". This was later changed to Flinders Peak in his honour.

On 12 April 1812 they had a daughter who became Mrs. William Petrie; in 1853 the N.S.W. government of Australia bequeathed a belated pension to her (deceased) mother of £100 per year, to go to surviving issue of the union. This she, Mrs. Anne (née Flinders) Petrie (1812-1892), accepted on behalf of her young son, named William Matthew Flinders Petrie, the archaeologist and Egyptologist.

Exploration of the Australian coastline

The British Admiralty sent him to explore the Great Australian Bight, among other places, in 1801. He set out from England in July that year, in command of the Investigator. He reached Cape Leeuwin on 6 December and worked his way eastwards, reaching Fowlers Bay on 28 January, 1802.

Matthew Flinders' voyages

On 8 April 1802, while sailing east, Flinders met up with the French explorer Nicolas Baudin, who was sailing west aboard Le Géographe. Both men had been sent by their governments on separate expeditions to map the unknown southern coastline of Australia. Both men of science, Flinders and Baudin met and exchanged details of their discoveries, and sailed together to Sydney to resupply. Flinders would later name the site of their meeting Encounter Bay.

The meeting at Encounter Bay by the two expeditions marked the point at which the entire coastline of continental Australia became mapped.

By June 1803, the hull of the Investigator had deteriorated to such a degree that Flinders was forced to abandon his survey of the northern coastline of Australia. He returned to Sydney by the west coast, thus completing his circumnavigation of Australia.

Flinders set sail for England aboard HMS Porpoise to secure another vessel from the British Government with which to complete his survey, but was shipwrecked on the Great Barrier Reef. Remarkably, Flinders navigated the ship's cutter across open sea back to Sydney, a distance of some 700 miles, and arranged for the rescue of the marooned crew on Wreck Reef.

Flinders next attempted to return to England aboard the Cumberland, but the poor condition of the schooner forced it to put in at Mauritius for repairs on 17 December. War with France had broken out again in May but Flinders was traveling with a scientist's passport that might have protected him if he had not violated two terms of the passport. He had changed ships and he had on board documents from the Governor that were prohibited by the passport. His first conversation with the French governor, General De Caen, went very poorly, as De Caen questioning Flinders in a way that bothered Flinders, so when invited to dinner that evening with the General and his wife, Flinders turned down the invitation in a manner that he confessed later in his own letters was probably unwise.Miriam Estensen's biogaphy Shortly after this, the General had Flinders' vessel searched, found the illegal papers and had Flinders detained in close confinement as a prisoner of war for several months. Flinders was subsequently moved to live on the plantation of a French family but remained for years.

Flinders wrote to Sir Joseph Banks who subsequently arranged French government recognition of Flinders' status and approval of his release. Despite this, De Caen refused to release Flinders, who remained a prisoner. His imprisonment was, in reality, due to misunderstandings and personal antipathy on both sides and lasted for six and a half years.

Flinders finally returned to England in October 1810, in poor health as a result of his imprisonment, where he immediately began work on preparing A Voyage to Terra Australis for publication. On 18 July 1814, the book was published. The next day, Matthew Flinders died, aged only 40.

Naming Australia

View of Port Jackson taken from South from A Voyage to Terra Australis.

Flinders was not the first to use the word "Australia" (see the Australia article on that). He owned a copy of Alexander Dalrymple's 1771 book An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, and it seems likely he borrowed it from there, but he applied it specifically to the continent, not the whole South Pacific region. In 1804 he wrote to his brother: "I call the whole island Australia, or Terra Australis" and later that year he wrote to Sir Joseph Banks and mentioned "my general chart of Australia." That 92cm x 72cm chart, made that year, was the first time the name Australia was used on a map, a map he had began while imprisoned by the French in Mauritius. [1]

Flinders continued to promote the use of the word until his arrival in London in 1810. Here he found that Banks did not approve of the name and had not unpacked the chart he had sent him, and that "New Holland" and "Terra Australis" were still in general use. As a result, a book by Flinders was published under the title A Voyage to Terra Australis despite his objections. The final proofs were brought to him on his deathbed, but he was unconscious. The book was published on 18 July 1814, and Flinders died the next day without regaining consciousness, and never knowing that his name for the continent would be later accepted .

In this book, however, Flinders wrote: "The name Terra Australis will remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country... [but] had I permitted myself any innovation upon the original term, it would have been to convert it into Australia; as being more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth."

Flinders' book was widely read and gave the term "Australia" general currency. Lachlan Macquarie, Governor of New South Wales, became aware of Flinders' preference for the name Australia and used it in his dispatches to England. On 12 December 1817 he recommended to the Colonial Office that it be officially adopted. In 1824 the British Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia.

Legacy

Statue of Flinders outside St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne.

Flinders' name is now associated with over 100 geographical features and places in Australia in addition to Flinders Island, in Bass Strait. Flinders is seen as being particularly important in South Australia, where he is often considered the main explorer of the state. Landmarks named after him in South Australia include the Flinders mountain range and Flinders Ranges National Park, Flinders Chase National Park on Kangaroo Island, Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre, the suburb Flinders Park and Flinders Street in Adelaide. In Victoria, eponymous places include Flinders Street in Melbourne, the suburb of Flinders, the federal electorate of Flinders, and the Matthew Flinders Girls' Secondary College in Geelong.

Flinders Bay in Western Australia and Flinders Way in Canberra also commemorate him. There is even a school named after him: Flinders Park Primary School. Another school named in his honour is Matthew Flinders Anglican College, on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. There are also Flinders Highways in both Queensland and South Australia.

Bass and Flinders Point in Cronulla, New South Wales.

Bass & Flinders Point in the southernmost part of Cronulla in New South Wales features a monument to George Bass and Matthew Flinders, who explored the Port Hacking estuary.

Australia holds a large collection of statues erected in Flinders' honour, second only in number to statues of Queen Victoria. In his native England the first statue of Flinders was erected on 16 March 2006 (his birthday) in his hometown of Donington. The statue also depicts his beloved cat Trim, who accompanied him on his voyages.

Flinder's proposal for the use of iron bars to be used to compensate for the magnetic deviations caused by iron on board a ship resulted in them being known as Flinders bars in his honour.

Works

• A Voyage to Terra Australis, with an accompanying Atlas. 2 vol. – London : G & W Nicol, 18. July 1814 (the day before Flinders' death)
• Trim: Being the True Story of a Brave Seafaring Cat.
• Private Journal 1803-1814. Edited with an introduction by Anthony J. Brown and Gillian Dooley. Friends of the State Library of South Australia, 2005.

References

• K. A. Austin: The Voyage of the Investigator, 1801-1803, Commander Matthew Flinders, R.N. – Adelaide : Rigby Limited, 1964
• Sidney J. Baker: My Own Destroyer : a biography of Matthew Flinders, explorer and navigator. – Sydney : Currawong Publishing Company, 1962
• Miriam Estensen: Matthew Flinders : The Life of Matthew Flinders. – Crows Nest, NSW : Allen & Unwin, 2002. – ISBN 1-86508-515-4
• Tim Flannery: Matthew Flinders' Great Adventures in the Circumnavigation of Australia Terra Australis. – Melbourne : Text Publishing Company, 2001. – ISBN 1-876485-92-2
• Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter and West-Sooby, John. Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders, Kent Town, South Australia,Wakefield Press,2004. ISBN 1-86254-625-8
• Geoffrey C. Ingleton: Matthew Flinders : navigator and chartmaker. – Guilford, Surrey : Genesis Publications in association with Hedley Australia, 1986
• James D. Mack: Matthew Flinders 1774–1814. – Melbourne : Nelson, 1966
• Geoffrey Rawson: Matthew Flinders' Narrative of his Voyage in the Schooner Francis 1798, preceded and followed by notes on Flinders, Bass, the wreck of the Sidney Cove, &c. – London : Golden Cockerel Press, 1946
• Ernest Scott: The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, RN. – Sydney : Angus & Robertson, 1914

See also

• List of explorers

External links

• The Matthew Flinders Electronic Archive at the State Library of New South Wales.
• The Flinders Papers at the UK National Maritime Museum
• Works by Matthew Flinders at Project Gutenberg
• Related literature (Project Gutenberg Australia).
• Naming of Australia
• Matthew Flinders' map of Australia High resolution image of the complete map.
• Another view of the statue of Matthew Flinders in his village of birth Donington, Lincs
• detail of Trim the cat
• Flinder's Journeys - State Library of NSW
• H. M. Cooper, 'Flinders, Matthew (1774 - 1814)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 389-391.
• Biography at BBC Radio Lincolnshire
• Voyages of Captain Matthew Flinders in Australia Google Earth Virtual Tour