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Mazapégul

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The mazapégul, also known by several other names in Romagnol, are mischievous nocturnal elves in the folklore of Romagna,[1][2] especially around the Apennines of Forlì, in northern Italy.[3]

Portrayed as homunculi with feline features,[1][4][5] mazapégul wear a distinctive red cap, which they require to perform their mischief.[1][5] They disrupt sleep, make objects disappear,[1][5] and disturb animals,[1][5] especially horses, whose tails and manes they braid.[1][6][7] Mazapégul are particularly attracted to beautiful young girls,[6][8] with whom they tend to sleep and compliment.[1][9] A mazapégul's power can be removed by stealing its cap,[1][5] performing an action to disgust the elf,[4][8] or reciting a poem while walking along a rope.[1][8]

The mazapégul, particularly its red cap, features in Romagnol carnival costumes.[4] It is often incorporated into cultural events in Romagna aimed at children and families,[10][11][12] and its name has been adopted in music and by a brewery.[4][13][14]

Names and etymology

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The mazapégul's name varies across Romagna, including variants of mazapegolo, caicarel, and fuletà.[1][7] The variant mazapedar is common in Faenza and mazapigur is common in Cesena. In hilly areas by the Apennines, it is called cheicatrèpp (lit.'belly-crusher'), cheicabìgul (lit.'navel-crusher'), or cheicarëll,[4][15] and at the legend's southern extremities, the names sprivìnkle, spèrvinkle, and sprèvinkle appear.[16]

The etymology of mazapégul is contested.[15] It may relate to the Italian mazzapicchio (poleaxe),[7] or some kind of murderer (maza meaning 'murder') of children, stones, fathers, or sheep.[4][15] In another hypothesis, the term combines maza, suggesting a heavy object, and pegul, suggesting something viscous and sticky, to leave the impression of a weight trapping a person from above.[15][17]

History

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The mazapégul descend from the mythological incubus, a demon that would disturb sleeping humans and take advantage of women.[4] They share characteristics with elves from other regions of Italy, such as the Laurieddhu [it] of southern Italy, as well as from the French Vosges. Folklore surrounding the mazapégul is recorded in a survey of early 15th-century Cesena by Giuliano Fantaguzzi.[7]

According to one legend, the mazapégul were domestic elves of the Lombards, who imported them to Romagna following their territorial expansion.[18] In a 1924 fable distributed in regional schools, John the Apostle eschewed his responsibility to wipe out elves and fairies that preceded Jesus Christ, and the creatures hid in a pine forest in Classe [it], near Ravenna.[7]

Attributes and behaviour

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The elves are portrayed as a cross between apes and homunculi,[5] with grey fur,[1][5] also resembling cats or monkeys.[1][4] They wear a distinctive red cap, which they require to perform their mischief.[1][5]

The mazapégul are credited for causing nightmares,[1][5] including sleep paralysis or sensations of suffocation,[1] ruffling women's hair in their sleep,[4] causing stomach pains,[9] making objects disappear,[1][5] playing the cymbals, causing dishes to fly,[7] and making victims gain weight.[1] In the countryside, they disturb animals,[1][5] especially horses, who wake in the mornings covered in sweat and with braided tails and manes.[1][6][7] The elves especially visit houses on the night of Samhain.[2]

Attracted by beautiful young girls,[6][8] the elves enter their rooms at night and fall asleep on their stomachs.[9][6] They compliment them, saying:[1][5] "What beautiful eyes! What beautiful hair!" (Romagnol: Ad bëll òcc! Ad bëll cavell!).[1][18] Girls responding kindly are brought good luck,[18][5] and the mazapégul rewards them with stockings and tidying their room.[1] A girl who disrespects a mazapégul becomes the victim of its mischief:[18][5] the elf could bite, shake, scratch or pinch her,[1] and they are especially mischievous with women's breasts.[1][7]

Protections

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A mazapégul's presence can be identified from paw marks if flour is laid in front of a house's entrance,[5][19] and from its red cap being pinned by a well.[1][5] If its cap is stolen or thrown into the well, either its vanquisher is tormented at night with the demand of "give me back my cap!" (dam indrì e' mi britin!),[18][5] or they are safe from the elf's torment, as the mazapégul merely laments its demands to passers-by at the well.[1]

Priests and exorcists ward off the mazapégul. Other traditions against the mazapégul include keeping a pitchfork under beds and in stables, placing a broom in front of a house's entrance,[1][5] planting a caveja, a wrought iron rod symbolic of Romagna, outside the house,[4] and sprinkling grains of rice on a windowsill so that the mazapégul is distracted by counting them until daybreak.[19]

In one ritual to rid the mazapégul, a tormented victim straddles a window while eating cheese.[9] In another, they sit on a chamber pot in their bedroom and,[4] while defecating, eat bread with one hand and pretend to remove headlice with the other, which disgusts the mazapégul, who tells its former victim:[4][8] "Ugly cow, you eat and piss and shit!" (Bruta vaca, t’megn et pess et fè la caca!)[4][19]

In another ritual, a tormented victim ties a noose at the top of seven yards of rope used for pairing cattle, and then suspends the rope outside for three days and three nights, before tying it to the foot of their bed. Then, the victim recites a poem while walking along the rope barefoot:[1][8]

Poem against the Mazapégul[1]
Romagnol Italian English

Corda di canva fata da nov lìgul,
cun una ciapra e cun i chév a spìgul;
corda par imbalze’ e’ caval de’ re
cun e’ pél négar e balzan da tre;
par inlazè e’ cavron dl’anma daneda
ch’l’à la rogna cun la schena pleda;
pr impiadurè la bes-cia buvarena,
pr ande int la val a fe tri cuv ad zlena;
corda d’canva pr al campan da mòrt,
corda pr e’ col dla speia screca fort;
corda di canva pr impicher e’ ledar,
bona par impicher e’ mazapédar.

Corda di tela fatta di nove legacci,
con una capra e con i capelli a spazzola;
corda per imbracare il cavallo del re
con il pelo nero e balzana di tre;
per legare il caprone dell'anima dannata
che ha la rogna con la schiena piegata;
per impietosire la bestia bovina,
per andare nella valle a fare tre covoni di legna;
corda di tela per il campana dei morti,
corda per il collo della spada molto affilata;
corda di tela per impiccare il ladro,
buona per impiccare il mazapégul.

Canvas rope made of nine ties,
with a goat and brush-like hair;
a rope to harness the king's horse
with black fur and a three-spot white mark;
to tie the damned soul's goat
with scabies and a bent back;
to pity the bovine beast,
to go into the valley to make three bundles of wood;
canvas rope for the death knell;
canvas rope for the neck of the very sharp sword;
canvas rope to hang the thief,
good for hanging the mazapégul.

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The mazapégul, particularly its red cap, features in Romagnol carnival costumes. The elf has been the subject of several local songs,[4] and is often incorporated into local cultural events aimed at children and families.[10][11][12]

In Romagnol, misbehaving children are called mazapégul.[20] A craft beer from Civitella di Romagna is known as Mazapegul,[4][13] as well as a regional band, Mazapegul [it], active in the 1990s.[14][21]

Inspired by the mazapégul, Antonio Morri [it]'s 1840 dictionary defines mazzapëdar as "that oppression, and almost suffocation, that others sometimes feel when sleeping on their back".[4]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Mazapegul: il folletto romagnolo che ha fatto dannare i nostri nonni" [Mazapegul: The elf from Romagna who ruined our grandparents]. Romagna Republic (in Italian). 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Lazzari, Martina (29 October 2023). "Piada dei morti, preparazione e curiosità sulla dolce "piadina" romagnola" [Piada dei morti: Preparation and curiosity about the sweet Romagnol "piadina"]. RiminiToday (in Italian). Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  3. ^ "Longiano: un sabato con il fascino del Medioevo" [Longiano: A Saturday with the charm of the Middle Ages]. Corriere Romagna (in Italian). 18 July 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Savini, Federico (29 October 2017). "Il folletto romagnolo potrebbe farsi vivo per Halloween, ma intanto ispira favole e canzoni" [The elf from Romagna could show up for Halloween, but in the meantime he inspires fairy tales and songs]. Settesere.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Campagna, Claudia (28 February 2020). "Mazapegul, il folletto romagnolo" [Mazapegul, the romagnol elf]. Romagna a Tavola (in Italian). Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Mazapègul, il 'folletto di Romagna' al Centro Mercato" [Mazapègul, the 'elf of Romagna' at the Market Centre]. estense.com (in Italian). 13 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Papi, Gabriele (14 March 2021). "Il 'Mazapegul' ha parenti in tutta Europa" [The 'Mazapegul' has relatives throughout Europe]. Il Resto del Carlino (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Cuda, Grazia (5 February 2021). "E' Mazapégul" [It's Mazapégul]. Il Romagnolo (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d Pezzani, Matteo (25 October 2020). "Ma quali zombie? I mostri di Halloween in Romagna sono Piligrena, Borda e Mazapegul" [But which zombies? The Halloween monsters in Romagna are Piligrena, Borda and Mazapegul]. RavennaToday (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  10. ^ a b ""Lumen Malatesta", alla scoperta della Rocca malatestiana in compagnia del Mazapegul" ["Lumen Malatesta": Discovering the Malatesta fortress in the company of Mazapegul]. CesenaToday (in Italian). 21 July 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  11. ^ a b "Ravenna, il Parco 1° maggio di Fosso Ghiaia diventa un posto da favola con il Mazapègul" [Ravenna: The 1st May Park of Fosso Ghiaia becomes a fairytale place with Mazapègul]. Corriere Romagna (in Italian). 7 December 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  12. ^ a b "Natale 2022 a San Mauro Pascoli: tutte le iniziative" [Christmas 2022 in San Mauro Pascoli: all the initiatives]. Corriere Romagna (in Italian). 30 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Coriano: affluenza straordinaria per "BirriAmo!"" [Coriano: extraordinary turnout for "BirriAmo!"]. Chiamamicitta (in Italian). 17 July 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  14. ^ a b Arfelli, Gianni (11 May 2022). ""Overtones" è il nuovo disco di Valerio Corzani: l'intervista" ["Overtones" is the new album by Valerio Corzani: The interview]. Corriere Romagna (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d Mambelli, Alessandro (16 September 2021). "Parole romagnole, personaggi, folklore: Mazapégul" [Romagna words, characters, folklore: Mazapégul]. Il Romagnolo (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Halloween, "800 festival"". RiminiToday (in Italian). 27 October 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  17. ^ Panico, Elena (3 January 2024). "Mazapégul: una mostra unica a Ravenna" [Mazapégul, where art and nature blend in the Ravenna forest]. moveo.telepass.com (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Il folletto tipico di Romagna, il Mazapégul" [The typical elf of Romagna, the Mazapégul]. Hotel Della Motta (in Italian). 23 January 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  19. ^ a b c "Il Folletto Mazapègul: leggenda romagnola" [The Mazapègul Elf: Romagnol legend]. RomagnaZone (in Italian). 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  20. ^ "13 gennaio – E' batesum de Sgnurè" [13 January – It's the Lord's baptism]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 13 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  21. ^ Dolcini, Andrea (19 June 2019). "Valerio Corzani al "Peter Pan 3d" di Marina di Ravenna" [Valerio Corzani at "Peter Pan 3d" in Marina di Ravenna]. Corriere Romagna (in Italian). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  22. ^ "Piada dei morti ricetta dolce facile romagnolo per il 2 Novembre" [Easy recipe for sweet Romagnol piada dei morti for 2 November]. Giallo Zafferano (in Italian). 31 October 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  23. ^ Nardi, Grazia (12 May 2020). ""An cnusémie al fèsti"" [What they left us]. Rimini Sparita (in Italian). Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  24. ^ Henderson, William (1879). Folklore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders (2nd ed.) W. Satchell, Peyton & Co. p. 253.
  25. ^ Briggs, Katharine (1976). An Encyclopedia of Fairies. Pantheon Books. p. 339. ISBN 0394409183.