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Medellín Cartel

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Medellín Cartel
Founded byPablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez,
Founding locationAntioquia Department, Colombia
Years active1972–1993
TerritoryColombia
EthnicityColombians and international people out of Colombia.
Criminal activitiesDrug trafficking, arms trafficking, assassinations, bombing, bribery, kidnapping, extortion, money laundering, murder, political corruption, racketeering.
AlliesGuadalajara Cartel, Caribbean gangs.
RivalsCali Cartel, Los Pepes, and Colombian Government officials

The Medellín Cartel was an organized network of drug suppliers and smugglers originating in the city of Medellín, Colombia. The drug cartel operated in Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, the United States, as well as Canada and Europe throughout the 1970s and 1980s. It was founded and run by Ochoa Vázquez brothers Jorge Luis, Juan David, and Fabio, together with Pablo Escobar and José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha. By 1993, the highly effective resistance group, Los Pepes (or PEPES), controlled by the Cali Cartel, and the Colombian government, in collaboration with the Cali Cartel, right-wing paramilitary groups, and the United States government, had successfully dismantled the Medellín Cartel by imprisoning or assassinating its members.

At the height of its operations, the Medellín Cartel smuggled tons of cocaine each week into countries all over the world and brought in at least $420,000,000 per week.[1] For a time, the Medellín Cartel supplied at least 84%-90% of the United States and 80% of the global cocaine market.[citation needed]

History

In the late 1970s, the illegal cocaine trade took off and became a major source of profit. By 1982, cocaine surpassed coffee. Private armies were raised to fight off guerrillas who were trying to either redistribute their lands to local peasants, kidnap them, or extort the gramaje money FARC attempted to steal.[2] [3][4]

At the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the Medellín Cartel, the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation Texas Petroleum, the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in Puerto Boyacá and formed a paramilitary organization known as Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers", MAS) to defend their economic interests, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion.[5][6][7] By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads, mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers.[8]

The following year, the Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio ("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers", ACDEGAM) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization, and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies, and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed up by the MAS, which would attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive".[5][9] ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, and built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters.[9] [10]

By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had experienced significant growth. In 1985, the powerful drug traffickers Juan Matta-Ballesteros, Pablo Escobar, Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, Carlos Lehder, and Jorge Luis Ochoa began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for equipment, training, and weaponry. Money for social projects was cut off and redirected towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle rifles, such as the AKM, FN FAL, Galil, and HK G3, were purchased from the military, INDUMIL, and drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had 30 pilots, and an assortment of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. British, Israeli, and U.S. military instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers. [5][7][9][10][11][12]

Operations

During the height of its operations, the cartel brought in more than $60 million per day.[13] The cartel's total revenue was in the tens of billions, and very possibly the hundreds of billions of dollars. There were many "groups" during the cartel's years, usually white Americans, Canadians, or Europeans, organized for the sole purpose of transporting shipments of cocaine destined for the United States, Canada, and Europe, respectively. One group of members, dubbed "El Tomotes", is believed to have been part of an "enforcement arm" for Escobar, allegedly responsible for many assassinations, bombings, and missions of vengeance for their leader. It is reported that, while most participants in these operations of brutal violence were Colombian, a small number were US citizens. Many groups were infiltrated and taken down by Federal agents and informers, and a few others were stumbled upon by authorities, usually due to some small misstep or careless behavior by a group member.[citation needed]

Relations with the Colombian government

Once authorities were made aware of "questionable activities", the group was put under Federal Drug Task Force surveillance. Evidence was gathered, compiled, and presented to a grand jury, resulting in indictments, arrests, and prison sentences for those convicted. However, very few Colombian cartel leaders were actually taken into custody as a result of these operations. Mostly, non-Colombians conspiring with the cartel were the "fruits" of these indictments.[citation needed]

Most Colombians targeted, as well as those named in such indictments, lived and stayed in Colombia, or fled before indictments were unsealed. However, by 1993 most, if not all, cartel fugitives had been either imprisoned, or hunted and gunned down, by the Colombian National Police trained and assisted by specialized military units and the CIA.

The last of Escobar's lieutenants to be assassinated was Juan Diego Arcila Henao, who had been released from a Colombian prison in 2002 and hidden in Venezuela to avoid the vengeance of "Los Pepes". However he was gunned down in his Jeep Cherokee as he exited the parking area of his home in Cumana, Venezuela, in April 2007.<El Tiempo, Bogotá Abril 18, 2007>

While it is broadly believed that Los Pepes have been instrumental in the assassination of the cartel's members over the last 17 years,[when?] it is still in dispute whether the mantle is just a screen designed to deflect political repercussions from both the Colombian and United States governments' involvement in these assassinations.[citation needed]

Fear of extradition

Perhaps the greatest threat posed to the Medellín Cartel and the other traffickers was the implementation of an extradition treaty between the United States and Colombia. It allowed Colombia to extradite to the US any Colombian suspected of drug trafficking and to be tried there for their crimes. This was a major problem for the cartel, since the drug traffickers had little access to their local power and influence in the US, and a trial there would most likely lead to imprisonment. Among the staunch supporters of the extradition treaty were Colombian Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla (who was pushing for more action against the drug cartels[citation needed]), Police Officer Jaime Ramírez, and numerous Colombian Supreme Court Judges.[citation needed]

However, the cartel applied a "bend or break" strategy towards several of these supporters, using bribery, extortion, or violence. Nevertheless, when police efforts began to cause major losses, some of the major drug lords themselves were temporarily pushed out of Colombia, forcing them into hiding from which they ordered cartel members to take out key supporters of the extradition treaty.

The cartel issued death threats to the Supreme Court Judges, asking them to denounce the Extradition Treaty. The warnings were ignored. This led Escobar and the group he called Los Extraditables ("The Extraditionables") to start a violent campaign to pressure the Colombian government by committing a series of kidnappings, murders, and Narco-terrorist actions.[14][15][16][17]

Alleged relation with the M-19

In November 1985, 35 heavily armed members of the M-19 guerrilla group stormed the Colombian Supreme Court in Bogotá, leading to the Palace of Justice siege. Some claimed at the time that the cartel's influence was behind the M-19's raid, because of its interest in intimidating the Supreme Court. Others state that the alleged cartel-guerrilla relationship was unlikely to occur at the time because the two organizations had been having several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnappings by M-19 of drug lord Carlos Lehder and of Nieves Ochoa, the sister of Medellín Cartel founder Juan David Ochoa,[18][19][20][21] the kidnapping led to the creation of the MAS/Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group by the Medellín Cartel. Former guerrilla members have also denied that the cartel had any part in this event.[22] The issue continues to be debated inside Colombia.[23][24][25][26]

Assassinations

As a means of intimidation, the cartel conducted several hundred assassinations throughout the country. Escobar and his associates made it clear that whoever stood against them would risk being killed along with their families. Some estimates put the total around 3,500 killed during the height of the cartel's reign, including over 500 police officers in Medellín, but the entire list is impossible to assemble, due to the limitation of the judiciary power in Colombia. The following is a brief list of the most notorious assassinations conducted by the cartel:

  • Luis Vasco and Gilberto Hernandez, two DAS agents who had arrested Pablo Escobar in 1976. Among the earliest assassinations of authority figures by the cartel.[when?]
  • Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, Minister of Justice, killed on a Bogotá highway on April 30, 1984 when two gunmen riding a motorcycle approached his vehicle in traffic and opened fire.[27]
  • Tulio Manuel Castro Gil, Superior Judge, killed by motorcycle gunmen in July 1985, shortly after indicting Escobar.[28]
  • Enrique Camarena, DEA Agent, February 9, 1985, killed in Guadalajara, Mexico. Tortured and murdered on orders of members of the Guadalajara Cartel and Juan Matta-Ballesteros, a drug lord of the Medellin Cartel.[citation needed]
  • Hernando Baquero Borda, Supreme Court Justice, killed by gunmen in Bogotá on July 31, 1986.[29]
  • Jaime Ramírez, Police Colonel and head of the anti-narcotics unit of the National Police of Colombia. Killed on a Medellín highway in November 1986 when assassins in a red Renault pulled up beside his white Toyota minivan and opened fire. Ramírez was killed instantly; his wife and two sons were wounded.[30]
  • Guillermo Cano Isaza, director of El Espectador, killed on December 1986 in Bogotá by gunmen riding a motorcycle.[31]
  • Jaime Pardo Leal, presidential candidate and head of the Patriotic Union party, killed by a gunman on October, 1987.[32]
  • Carlos Mauro Hoyos, Attorney General, killed by gunmen in Medellín on January 1988.[33]
  • Antonio Roldan Betancur, governor of Antioquia, killed by a car bomb in July 1989.[34]
  • Waldemar Franklin Quintero, Commander of the Antioquia police, killed by gunmen in Medellín in August 1989.[35]
  • Luis Carlos Galán, presidential candidate, killed by gunmen during a rally in Soacha in August 1989. The assassination was carried out on the same day the commander of the Antioquia police was gunned down by the cartel.[36]
  • Carlos Ernesto Valencia, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly after indicting Escobar on the death of Guillermo Cano, in August 1989.[37]
  • Jorge Enrique Pulido, journalist, director of Jorge Enrique Pulido TV, killed by gunmen in Bogotá in November 1989.[38]
  • Diana Turbay, journalist, chief editor of the Hoy por Hoy magazine, killed during a rescue attempt in January 1991.[39]
  • Enrique Low Murtra, Minister of Justice, killed by gunmen in downtown Bogotá on May 1991.[40]
  • Myriam Rocio Velez, Superior Judge, killed by gunmen shortly before she was to sentence Escobar on the assassination of Galan, in September 1992.[41][42]

In 1993, shortly before Escobar's death, the cartel lieutenants were also targeted by the vigilante group Los Pepes (or PEPES, People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar).

With the assassination of Juan Diego Arcila Henao in 2007, most if not all of Escobar's lieutenants who were not in prison had been hunted down and killed by the Colombian National Police Search Bloc or Los Pepes, both trained and assisted by U.S. Delta Force as well as the CIA.[43][44]

DEA agents considered that their four-pronged "Kingpin Strategy", specifically targeting senior cartel figures, was a major contributing factor to the collapse of the organization.[45]

Legacy

La Oficina de Envigado is believed to be a partial successor to the Medellín organization. It was originally founded by Don Berna as an enforcement wing for the Medellín Cartel. When Don Berna fell out with Escobar, it caused Escobar's rivals to oust Escobar. The Office inherited the Medellín turf, its criminal connections in the U.S., Mexico, and the U.K. and The Office began to affiliate with the paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, organising drug trafficking operations on their behalf.[46]

The cartel is either featured or referenced in numerous works of popular culture. Examples are listed below and in Medellín Cartel#See also.

  • The cartel is referenced in the 2015 film Sicario.

See also

References

  1. ^ Miller Llana, Sara (25 October 2010). "Medellín,to keep the peace". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  2. ^ Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia". NACLA Report on the Americas. 31 (5): 28.
  3. ^ Brittain, 2010: pp. 129–131
  4. ^ Forrest Hylton (2006). Evil Hour in Colombia. Verso. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-84467-551-7.
  5. ^ a b c "II. History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership". HRW. 1996.
  6. ^ Richani, 2002: p.38
  7. ^ a b Hristov (2009). Blood Capital. pp. 65–68.
  8. ^ Santina, Peter (Winter 1998–1999). "Army of terror". Harvard International Review. Vol. 21, no. 1.
  9. ^ a b c Geoff Simons (2004). Colombia: A Brutal History. Saqi Books. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-86356-758-2.
  10. ^ a b Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed. Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247. ISBN 0-906156-44-0
  11. ^ "Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone?". Democracy Now!. June 1, 2000.
  12. ^ Harvey F. Kline (1999). State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986-1994. University of Alabama Press. pp. 73–74.
  13. ^ Miller Llana, Sara (25 October 2010). "Medellín, once epicenter of Colombia's drug war, fights to keep the peace". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  14. ^ "Maruja Pachón, ex ministra de Educación". 23 May 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  15. ^ "'News Of A Kidnapping' A Hit In Iran After Opposition Leader's Recommendation". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  16. ^ "Filmarán la novela 'Noticia de un secuestro' de Gabriel García Márquez". eltiempo.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  17. ^ "Gabriel Garca Mrquez - Noticia de un secuestro". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  18. ^ "News". El Mundo.
  19. ^ "Murió Juan David Ochoa, uno de los fundadores del cartel de Medellín". eltiempo.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  20. ^ "Marta Nieves Ochoa, hermana de Fabio Ochoa". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  21. ^ "1981-Plagio de Martha Ochoa se creó el MAS". ElEspectador. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  22. ^ "M-19 cambió drogas por armas". El País. 6 October 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ David McClintick (November 28, 1993). "Lost in the Ashes". The Washington Post. pp. 268, 279.
  24. ^ "Un Grito por el Palacio". Cromos. November 25, 2005.
  25. ^ "Palacio de Justicia, 20 años de dolor". El País. November 7, 2005.
  26. ^ "M-19 cambió drogas por armas". El País. October 6, 2005.
  27. ^ Lernoux, Penny (June 16, 1984). "The minister who had to die: Colombia's drug war". The Nation.
  28. ^ "Thirty Years of America's Drug War: A Chronology". PBS.
  29. ^ "High judge fighting drug traffic is slain in Colombia". Chicago Sun-Times. August 1, 1986. p. 32.
  30. ^ "The Murderous Cartel: Taking the Life of a Top Cop". Wichita Eagle. December 20, 1987. p. 12A.
  31. ^ Mark A. Uhlig (May 24, 1989). "As Colombian Terror Grows, The Press Becomes the Prey". New York Times. p. Section A, Page 1, Column 5.
  32. ^ "Colombians Strike: Violence Spreads Death Toll Rises After Killing of Leftist Political Leader". The Washington Post. October 14, 1987. p. Section A.
  33. ^ Alan Riding (February 1, 1988). "Colombians Grow Weary of Waging the War on Drugs". New York Times. p. Section A, Page 1, Column 4.
  34. ^ "Colombian Governor Assassinated". Philadelphia Inquirer. July 5, 1989. p. B20.
  35. ^ "Gang Murders Cop Who Fought Medellin Cartel". Miami Herald. August 19, 1989. p. 1A.
  36. ^ Douglas Farah (August 17, 1990). "Colombian: Israeli Aided Assassins Candidate's Slaying Launched Drug War". The Washington Post. pp. A SECTION.
  37. ^ "Colombian Judge In Drug Case Killed". The Washington Post. August 18, 1989. p. A SECTION.
  38. ^ "Soldiers Kill 8 Rebels". Wichita Eagle. November 9, 1989. p. 12A.
  39. ^ Douglas Farah (September 21, 1990). "Drug Cartel Kidnaps 3 Colombian Notables". The Washington Post. pp. A SECTION.
  40. ^ David L. Marcus (May 2, 1991). "Colombia professor's slaying shows drug war far from over". Dallas Morning News.
  41. ^ "3 Who Escaped With Colombia Drug Lord Give Up". New York Times. October 9, 1992. p. Section A, Page 5, Column 1.
  42. ^ "Judge murdered - World - News". The Independent. 1992-09-20. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  43. ^ "Uppsala Conflict Data Program". Conflict Encyclopedia.
  44. ^ "Colombia, non-state Conflict, Medellin Cartel - PEPES". Tiempo. Bogotá. April 18, 2007.
  45. ^ Streatfeild, D. (October 2000). "Interview with DEA Agent #2". Source.
  46. ^ Toby Muse in Medellín. "New drug gang wars blow Colombian city's revival apart". The Guardian. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

Further reading

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