View source for Minneapolis

{{About|the city in Minnesota}}
{{For|the Twin Cities region|Minneapolis–Saint Paul}}
{{redirect|Mpls.|other topics|mpls (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Minneapolis
| settlement_type    = [[City (Minnesota)|City]]
| nicknames          = "City of Lakes",<ref name=StPaul /> "Mill City",<ref name=StPaul /> "Twin Cities"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aaa.com/travelguides/minneapolis-st.-paul-mn|title=Minneapolis St. Paul|publisher=[[American Automobile Association]]|access-date=October 12, 2023|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018040146/https://www.aaa.com/travelguides/minneapolis-st.-paul-mn|url-status=live}}</ref> (with [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]), "Mini Apple"<ref name=StPaul>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/tale-of-the-tape-saint-paul-vs-minneapolis/|title=Saint Paul vs. Minneapolis|access-date=October 12, 2023|publisher=Visit Saint Paul|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031640/https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/tale-of-the-tape-saint-paul-vs-minneapolis/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| official_name      = 
| motto              = {{lang|fr|En Avant}} (French: 'Forward')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/clerk/city-seal/|title=Official Seal of the City of Minneapolis|access-date=October 12, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031639/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/clerk/city-seal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- Images -->| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
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  | image1                   = Minneapolis Skyline looking south.jpg
  | alt1                     = Downtown Minneapolis (from the Mississippi River)
  | caption1                 = [[Downtown Minneapolis]] (from the [[Mississippi River]])
  | image2                   = Lake Calhoun Summer - panoramio.jpg
  | alt2                     = Bde Maka Ska
  | caption2                 = [[Bde Maka Ska]]
  | image3                   = Washburn A Mill 2014.jpg
  | alt3                     = Mill City Museum
  | caption3                 = [[Mill City Museum]]
  | image4                   = FirstAvenue.jpg
  | alt4                     = First Avenue, a nightclub
  | caption4                 = [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]]
  | image5                   = Minnehaha Falls, Minneapolis.jpg
  | alt5                     = Minnehaha Falls
  | caption5                 = [[Minnehaha Falls]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Minneapolis.svg
| image_seal         = Minneapolis seal.svg
| seal_link          = 
| image_blank_emblem = City of Minneapolis logo, 2023.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| blank_emblem_size  = 200px
<!-- Maps -->| image_map          = {{maplink
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  | switch                   = Minneapolis;Hennepin County;Minnesota;the United States
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<!-- Location -->| coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/>
| coordinates        = {{coord|44|58|55|N|93|16|09|W|region:US-MN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Minnesota]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Minnesota|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]]

<!-- Established -->| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 
| established_title1 = [[Platted]]
| established_date1  = 
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date2  = 1867
| named_for          = 
| founder            = [[Franklin Steele]] and [[John H. Stevens]]
| etymology          = [[Dakota language|Dakota]] {{lang|dak|mni}} {{gloss|water}} with [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc-Latn|polis}} {{gloss|city}}

<!-- Government -->| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council government#Strong-mayor government form|Mayor–council]] (strong mayor)<ref>{{cite news |title = Voters approve charter amendment to change Minneapolis government structure |url = https://kstp.com/politics/voters-approve-charter-amendment-to-change-minneapolis-government-structure/6292382/ |author = Swanson, Kirsten |date = November 5, 2021 |access-date = December 2, 2021 |work = [[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[Hubbard Broadcasting]] |archive-date = December 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211202220154/https://kstp.com/politics/voters-approve-charter-amendment-to-change-minneapolis-government-structure/6292382/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
| governing_body     = [[Minneapolis City Council]]
| leader_title1      = [[Mayor of Minneapolis|Mayor]]
| leader_name1       = [[Jacob Frey]] ([[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|DFL]])

<!-- Area -->| area_footnotes     = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web |title = 2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files |url = https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = July 24, 2022 |archive-date = July 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220724120325/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt |url-status = live }}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi   = 57.51
| area_land_sq_mi    = 54.00
| area_water_sq_mi   = 3.51
| area_total_km2     = 148.94
| area_land_km2      = 139.86
| area_water_km2     = 9.08
| unit_pref          = Imperial

<!-- Elevation -->| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GNIS"/>
| elevation_ft       = 830

<!-- Population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census-2020-Profile"/>
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_total   = 429954
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="USCensusEst2022"/>
| pop_est_as_of      = 2022
| population_est     = 425096
| population_rank    = {{plainlist|
* 46th (US)
* 1st (Minnesota)}}
| population_density_sq_mi = 7962.11
| population_density_km2 = 3074.21
| population_urban   = 2914866
| population_density_urban_km2 = 1109
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 2872.4
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html |title = List of 2020 Census Urban Areas |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = January 8, 2023 |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title = 2020 Population and Housing State Data |url = https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = August 22, 2021 |archive-date = August 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
| population_metro   = 3693729
| population_demonym = Minneapolitan

<!-- GDP -->| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name=BEA-GDP>{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis]]|title=CAGDP1 County and MSA gross domestic product (GDP) summary|access-date=September 16, 2024|url=https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19|archive-date=September 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917095241/https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=70#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNV0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXV19|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = MSA
| demographics2_info1 = $323.9 billion (2022) {{USDCY|323900000000|2022}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}

<!-- General information -->| timezone           = [[Central Time Zone|Central]]
| utc_offset         = –6
| timezone_DST       = CDT
| utc_offset_DST     = –5
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code        = 55401-55419, 55423, 55429-55430, 55450, 55454-55455, 55484-55488
| area_code_type     = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| area_code          = [[area code 612|612]]
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
| blank_info         = 27-43000<ref name="GNIS"/>
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]]
| blank1_info_sec1   = 655030<ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis2|655030|Minneapolis, Minnesota|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref>
| website            = {{URL|https://www.minneapolismn.gov/|minneapolismn.gov}}
}}

'''Minneapolis'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɪ|n|i|ˈ|æ|p|ə|l|ᵻ|s|audio=MplsAmEng.ogg}} {{respell|MIN|ee|AP|ə|liss}})<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html |title = Minnesota Pronunciation Guide |publisher = [[Associated Press]]|access-date = July 4, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722194213/http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html |archive-date = July 22, 2011 }}</ref>}} is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]], United States.<ref name="GNIS"/> With a population of 429,954, it is the state's [[List of cities in Minnesota|most populous city]] as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="Census-2020-Profile">{{cite web |title = Profile of Minneapolis, Minnesota in 2020 |url = https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005548/https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |archive-date = February 28, 2023 |access-date = February 28, 2023 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] }}</ref> Located in the state's center near the eastern border, it occupies both banks of the [[Upper Mississippi River|Mississippi River]] and adjoins [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], the state capital of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Twin Cities]], a metropolitan area with 3.69 million residents.<ref>{{cite web |title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population in the United States and Puerto Rico |date = July 1, 2021 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |url = https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2021/metro/totals/cbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx |archive-date = February 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093047/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2021/metro/totals/cbsa-met-est2021-pop.xlsx |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis is built on an artesian aquifer on flat terrain and is known for cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Nicknamed the "City of Lakes",<ref name=Sturdevant>{{cite news|title=Tangletown: a neighborhood that feels like its name|url=https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2012/09/tangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name/|last=Sturdevant|first=Andy|date=September 26, 2012|access-date=October 12, 2023|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031640/https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2012/09/tangletown-neighborhood-feels-its-name/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis is abundant in water, with [[list of lakes in Minneapolis|thirteen lakes]], wetlands, the [[Mississippi River]], creeks, and waterfalls. The city's public park system is connected by the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]].

[[Dakota people]] originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] and settlement began north of [[Fort Snelling]] along [[Saint Anthony Falls]]—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River.<ref name=NPSfalls>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Twin Cities Geology|url=https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/twingeol.htm|access-date=May 11, 2023|publisher=[[US National Park Service]]|work=[[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]]|date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=May 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511141837/https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/nature/twingeol.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Location near the fort and the falls' power—with its potential for industrial activity—fostered the city's early growth. For a time in the 19th century, Minneapolis was the lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]], it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of [[General Mills]], the [[Pillsbury (brand)|Pillsbury]] brand, [[Target Corporation]], and [[Thermo King]] mobile refrigeration.

The city's major arts institutions include the [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], the [[Walker Art Center]], and the [[Guthrie Theater]]. Four professional sports teams play downtown. [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] is survived by his favorite venue, the [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue nightclub]]. Minneapolis is home to the [[University of Minnesota]]'s main campus. The city's public transport is provided by [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]], and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.

Residents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its well-regarded quality of life,<ref>{{cite news |last = Thompson |first = Derek |date = March 2015 |title = The Miracle of Minneapolis |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-miracle-of-minneapolis/384975/ |work = [[The Atlantic]] |quote = By spreading the wealth to its poorest neighborhoods, the metro area provides more-equal services in low-income places, and keeps quality of life high just about everywhere. |access-date = April 28, 2023 |archive-date = May 25, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230525073434/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/the-miracle-of-minneapolis/384975/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis has stark disparities among its residents—arguably the most critical issue confronting the city in the 21st century.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=4|loc="The overarching goal is to take what may be the most significant issue facing contemporary Minneapolis—the crippling disparities among its people, exposed to the world in 2020, after the murder of George Floyd—and present a history that examines why those disparities exist, even as the city makes a legitimate argument for itself as a must-see or must-live kind of place."}} Governed by a mayor-council system, Minneapolis has a political landscape dominated by the [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL), with [[Jacob Frey]] serving as mayor since 2018.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Minneapolis}}

===Dakota homeland===
{{Further|Dakota people|Ojibwe|Bdóte|US–Dakota War of 1862}}
Two Indigenous nations inhabited the area now called Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=40}} Archaeologists have evidence that since 1000 A.D.,<ref name=RFurst>{{cite news|title=Which Indigenous tribes first called Minnesota home?|url=https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/|last=Furst|first=Randy|date=October 8, 2021|access-date=November 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=November 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103230331/https://www.startribune.com/native-american-dakota-ojibwe-history/600097050/|url-status=live}}</ref> they were the [[Dakota people|Dakota]] (one half of the [[Sioux]] nation),{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=365n}} and, after the 1700s,{{sfn|McConvell|Rhodes|Güldemann|2020|pp=560, 564|loc="Finally in this time frame other groups of Ojibwes began pushing to the west and southwest, at the expense of the Dakota groups"}} the [[Ojibwe]] (also known as Chippewa, members of the [[Anishinaabe]] nations).{{sfn|Treuer|2010|p=3}} Dakota people have different stories to explain their creation.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}} One widely accepted story says the Dakota emerged from [[Bdóte]],{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}} the confluence of the [[Minnesota River|Minnesota]] and [[Mississippi River|Mississippi river]]s. Dakota are the only inhabitants of the Minneapolis area who claimed no other land;{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=6}} they have no traditions of having immigrated.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=3–4|loc="William H. Keating, a geologist who came to the Minnesota area on an exploratory expedition in 1823, observed, 'The Dacotas have no tradition of having ever emigrated, from any other place, to the spot on which they now reside...'}} In 1680, cleric [[Louis Hennepin]], who was probably the first European to see the Minneapolis waterfall the Dakota people call [[Owámniyomni]], renamed it the Falls of St. [[Anthony of Padua]] for his patron saint.{{sfn|DeCarlo|2020|p=15}} 
[[File:Dakota-Interment-Pike Island.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Island covered with hundreds of teepees|Dakota non-combatants living in a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]] during the winter of 1862<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866">{{cite web | title=The US-Dakota War of 1862 | publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]] | date=November 23, 2015 | url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | access-date=April 13, 2024 | archive-date=September 20, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920024828/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/us-dakota-war | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=194}}]]

In the space of sixty years, the US seized all of the Dakota land and forced them out of their homeland.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=134, 136|loc=Page 136: "Treaties played a crucial role in the increasing separation of the Dakota from their homeland in the years between 1805 and 1858, leading up to their ultimate expulsion by military force in 1863–64." and page 134: "For the Dakota the word ''cessions'' might well be replaced with ''seizures''..." and "Collectively these treaties included three great cessions, comprising the Treaties of 1825, 1837, and 1851"}} Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis, [[Zebulon Pike]] made the [[Treaty of St. Peters#1805 Treaty of St. Peters|1805 Treaty of St. Peter]] with the Dakota.{{efn|Because President Thomas Jefferson had not authorized Pike's trip, which was made at the behest of [[James Wilkinson]], the new governor of the Louisiana territory, Pike did not have the authority to make a treaty.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=14}} Pike valued the land at $200,000 {{USDCY|200000|1805}}{{Inflation/fn|US}} in his journal but omitted the value in Article 2 of the treaty. Pike gave the chiefs {{convert|60|gal|l}} of liquor and $200 {{USDCY|200|1805}}{{Inflation/fn|US}} in gifts at the signing.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} In 1808, the US Senate authorized one hundredth of Pike's estimate and added acreage,{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=141}} paying $2,000 {{USDCY|2000|1805}}{{Inflation/fn|US}} for the land in 1819.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=13}}}} Pike bought a {{convert|9|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} strip of land—coinciding with the sacred place of Dakota origin{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=15}}—on the Mississippi south of Saint Anthony Falls,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=4}} with the agreement the US would build a military fort and trading post there and the Dakota would retain their usufructuary rights.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=77}} In 1819, the [[United States Army|US Army]] built [[Fort Snelling]]<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |last1 = Watson |first1 = Catherine |date = September 16, 2012 |access-date = December 27, 2019 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |title = Ft. Snelling: Citadel on a Minnesota bluff |archive-date = May 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210507133632/https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-xpm-2012-sep-16-la-tr-ftsnellingminnesota-20120916-story.html |url-status = live }}</ref> to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders and to deter war between the Dakota and Ojibwe in northern Minnesota.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=82}} Under pressure from US officials{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=4|loc="government officials put great pressure on Dakota leaders to be quick about signing a treaty..."}} in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land first to the east and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis.<ref name=MNtreaties>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|title=Minnesota Treaties|date=August 14, 2012|access-date=November 16, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=August 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825023515/http://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties/minnesota-treaties|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In the 1851 [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]] and [[Treaty of Mendota]], the US took all Dakota land west of the Mississippi,{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=108}} about {{convert|24|e6acre}},{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=182}} in exchange for a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} wide reservation on the Minnesota River{{sfn|Folwell|1921|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw/page/216/ 216]}} and about $3&nbsp;million {{USDCY|3000000|1851}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}} After expenses, the Dakota were promised fifty years of annuities in goods{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=171}} and interest on $1,360,000 {{USDCY|1360000|1851}} and $1,410,000 {{USDCY|1410000|1851}};{{Inflation/fn|US}} the US kept the principal.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=30}} The Dakota could not read English, and their interpreters worked for the US.<ref name=MNtreaties /> In Mendota, negotiator [[Wacouta I|Wakute]] said he feared signing a treaty because the prior treaty was changed from the one he had signed.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=5, 188}} Indeed, the US Congress ratified amendments after the fact, and refused to consider payment unless the Dakota agreed to their new terms—in 1852 Congress struck the reservation from the final treaty.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=197}} Negotiators [[Bureau of Indian Affairs#Commissioners and assistant secretaries|Luke Lea]] and [[Alexander Ramsey]] had promised the Dakota they would prosper, and they rushed the transaction.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=189–192}} The chiefs were asked to sign a third paper in 1851—onlookers assumed it was a third copy of the treaty{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|pp=180–181}}—that Ramsey later declared was a "solemn acknowledgment" of the Dakota's debt to traders.{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=191}} Ramsey, as territorial governor, enforced the trader's paper, distributing the monies to himself, [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]], and their friends.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|pp=32–33}}}} Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=187, 193}} In the decades following these treaty signings, the [[Federal government of the United States|federal US government]] rarely honored their terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Treaties |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |access-date = June 1, 2021 |date = July 31, 2012 |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]] |quote = These treaties, which were almost wholly dishonored by the U.S. government... |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815133626/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/treaties |url-status = live }}</ref> At the beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed in June 1862 to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|pp=265–267}}{{efn|Part of the delay was a month's indecision in the US Treasury about appropriating gold or greenbacks and in Congress, which was preoccupied with Civil War finance. Gold arrived in the region just a few hours after settlers had been killed and war had begun.{{sfn|Folwell|1921|pp=237–238}}}} Facing starvation{{sfn|Anderson|2019|loc=p. 55: "...they had to beg for food from the settlers or starve"}} a faction of the Dakota declared [[Dakota War of 1862|war]] in August and killed settlers.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=307|loc=The uprising involved at most 1,000 of the Dakota population of more than 7,000}} Serving without any prior military experience, US commander [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] commanded raw recruits,{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=309}} volunteer mounted troops from Minneapolis and Saint Paul with no military experience.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=309, 314}} The war went on for six weeks in the Minnesota River valley.<ref name=MNHSwar /> After a [[kangaroo court]],{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=313|loc="what could only be termed a kangaroo court..."}}{{efn|General{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=312}} [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] rushed to complete the trials before winter.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=225}} Trials were held from late September{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=217}} through early November 1862, in central Minnesota west of Minneapolis;{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=225}} on each day up to forty-three men stood trial.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=225}} The Dakota men were without counsel, rarely spoke English, in some cases trials proceeded without witnesses, and no time was made for cross-examination.{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=228}} Historian Gary Clayton Anderson says, "In 90 percent of the trials, the entire event lasted only a minute or two...".{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=228}}}} 38 Dakota men were hanged.<ref name=MNHSwar>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862|title=US-Dakota War of 1862|access-date=November 6, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930235003/https://www.mnhs.org/lowersioux/learn/us-dakota-war-1862|url-status=live}}</ref> {{efn|Sibley appointed a commission of men thought later to be biased to hear the trials and planned to carry out executions immediately.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=313}} Of 400 Dakota, 303 were sentenced to death, 20 were sentenced to prison, 69 were acquitted, and 8 were released.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=314}} When his superior Major General [[John Pope (general)|John Pope]] reported the commission's findings to President [[Abraham Lincoln]] he had realized only the president can authorize executions. Historian Mary Lethert Wingerd writes that Lincoln and members of his cabinet were "taken aback" by the number of condemned and the irregular proceedings.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=316}} Lincoln then ordered a [[stay of execution]] until he could review the trial transcripts.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=316}} Minnesotans wanted revenge and many were outraged at the stay.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=318}} Lincoln was under pressure from Minnesotans,{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=319}} and wrote that he wished to avoid cruelty and to discourage another outbreak.<ref name=MNHStrials /> He first decided that only rapists would be hanged, but only 2 Dakota met that condition. Then with the help of his lawyers,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=251}} Wingerd writes that Lincoln "reluctantly"{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=319}} ordered that 39 men{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=253}} would be hanged; these men had been convicted of murdering civilians. One received a last minute reprieve.<ref name=MNHStrials /> Minnesotans participated in lynch mobs and vigilantism against the Dakota, both condemned and friendly—2 men died of injuries sustained during attacks on Sibley's wagon train that took them to [[Mankato]]. Command transferred to Colonel [[Stephen Miller (Minnesota governor)|Stephen Miller]] who oversaw the executions—he declared martial law and banned alcohol for the 4,000 spectators.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=324, 326}} The Dakota were reportedly cheerful as they walked to their deaths; a journalist wrote, "No equal number ever approached the gallows with greater courage, and more perfect determination to prove how little death can be feared".{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=327}} After what was the largest mass execution in US history,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=262}}{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=327}} Minnesota officials discovered that in their haste, they had hanged 2 innocent men.<ref name=MNHStrials>{{cite web|url=https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging|title=The Trials & Hanging|date=August 23, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=September 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906194830/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly all the men's bodies were dug up from their graves within 24 hours, some for trophies but most by physicians who wanted cadavers to dissect.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=327, 328}}}} The army force-marched 1,700 non-hostile Dakota men, women, children, and elders {{convert|150|mi|km}} to a [[concentration camp]] at [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name="Minnesota Historical Society 2015 w866"/>{{sfn|Westerman|White|2012|p=194|loc="The remaining seventeen hundred women, children, and elderly, including hundreds of noncomabatants, some of whom had protected white settler refugees from the war, were rounded up and force-marched to a concentration camp beneath the bluffs of Fort Snelling...."}} Minneapolitans reportedly threatened more than once to attack the camp.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|p=320}} In 1863, the US "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota.{{sfn|Vogel|2013|p=540}} With Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] calling for their extermination,{{sfn|Anderson|2019|p=188}} most Dakota were exiled from Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web |title = Forced Marches & Imprisonment |date = August 23, 2012 |url = https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |access-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-date = May 8, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210508061622/https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment |url-status = live |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society]]}}</ref>

While the Dakota were being expelled, [[Franklin Steele]] laid claim to the east bank of [[Saint Anthony Falls]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm |title = Wheat Farms, Flour Mills, and Railroads: A Web of Interdependence |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302182707/https://www.nps.gov/articles/wheat-farms-flour-mills-and-railroads-a-web-of-interdependence-teaching-with-historic-places.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[John H. Stevens]] built a home on the west bank.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/johnstev.htm |title = John H. Stevens House Museum |access-date = December 31, 2019 |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815131225/https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/johnstev.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> In the [[Dakota language]], the city's name is ''Bde Óta Othúŋwe'' ('Many Lakes Town').{{efn|The University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online requires a Dakota font to read special characters.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=73 |title = Bdeota O™uåwe |access-date = October 13, 2022 |work = University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013173548/https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=73 |url-status = live }}</ref> Here, Dakota to Latin alphabet transliteration is borrowed from [[Lerner Publishing Group|Lerner Publishing]] in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Kimmerer|Smith|2022|p=302}}}} Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. [[Charles Hoag]] proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' (''mni''{{thinsp}}{{efn|In [[Isaac Atwater|Atwater]]'s history, Baldwin gives the Sioux word as ''Minne''.{{sfn|Baldwin|1893a|p=39}} [[Stephen Return Riggs|Riggs]] gives ''mini''.{{sfn|Riggs|1992|p=314}} [[John Poage Williamson|Williamson]] who was most familiar with [[Dakota people|Santee]] has ''Mini'', and in the [[Dakota people|Yankton]] dialect, ''mni''.{{sfn|Williamson|1992|p=257}} Here, ''mni'' is from the University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=846 |title = mni |access-date = October 13, 2022 |work = University of Minnesota Dakota Dictionary Online|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |archive-date = October 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013174751/https://fmp.cla.umn.edu/dakota/browserecord.php?-action=browse&-recid=846 |url-status = live }}</ref>}}) with the Greek word for 'city' ({{lang|el|polis}}), yielding ''Minneapolis''. In 1851, after a meeting of the [[Minnesota Territorial Legislature]], leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul, but they eventually won the state university.<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book |author = Christianson, Theodore |publisher = [[American Historical Society]] |title = Minnesota: The Land of Sky-tinted Waters: A History of the State And Its People |date = 1935 |location = Chicago }} Courtesy ''[[Star Tribune]]'' and the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, in {{cite news |title = How did Stillwater become home to Minnesota's first prison? |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-territorial-prison-stillwater-history/600199594/ |author = McKinney, Matt |date = August 19, 2022 |access-date = August 19, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = August 19, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220819125313/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-territorial-prison-stillwater-history/600199594/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank.{{sfn|Baldwin|1893a|p=39}} Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony.<ref>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120422185148/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=19 |archive-date = April 22, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]}}</ref>

===Industries develop===
[[File:Mid 1850s Daguerreotype of St. Anthony Falls (cropped, grayscale, levels).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Waterfall surrounded by mills and scaffolding|[[Saint Anthony Falls]] {{circa|1850s}}]]
[[File:Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Two men loaded flour|Loading flour, [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]], 1939]]
Minneapolis originated around a source of energy: Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi.<ref name=NPSfalls /> Each of the city's two founding industries—flour and lumber milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently, and each came to prominence for about fifty years.{{efn|Soldiers from Fort Snelling built a [[sawmill]] in 1820, and a [[gristmill]] in 1823, on the west bank near the falls.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=18}}{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=165}}{{efn|"Minneapolis would be the nation's flour capital for 50 years." and "Begun in 1848, timber milling had lasted for almost 50 years."{{sfn|Anfinson|Madigan|Forsberg|Nunnally|2003}}}} The city's first commercial sawmill was built in 1848, and the first commercial gristmill in 1849.{{sfn|Gras|1922|pp=300–301}}}}  In 1884, the value of Minneapolis flour milling was the world's highest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mnenvironments.carleton.edu/items/show/18|title=Mills of Minneapolis|first1=Takuya|last1=Amagai|first2=Sahree|last2=Kasper|last3=the Minnesota Environments Team|access-date=August 21, 2024|work=Minnesota Environments|publisher=[[Carleton College]]|archive-date=August 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820234838/https://mnenvironments.carleton.edu/items/show/18|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1899, Minneapolis outsold every other lumber market in the world.{{sfn|King|2003|pp=25–26}} Through its expanding mill industries, Minneapolis earned the nickname "Mill City."{{sfn|Minnesota Historical Society|2003|p=1}} Due to the occupational hazards of milling, six companies manufactured artificial limbs.<ref>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |url = http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/ |date = June 11, 1997 |work = [[City Pages]] |title = Lost City |access-date = January 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062935/http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/ |archive-date = November 4, 2013 }}</ref>

Disasters struck in the late 19th century: the [[Eastman tunnel]] under the river leaked in 1869; twice, fire destroyed the entire row of sawmills on the east bank;{{sfn|Kane|1987|pp=81, 122}} an explosion of flour dust at the [[Great Mill Disaster|Washburn A mill]] killed eighteen people{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=181}} and demolished about half the city's milling capacity;<ref name=deBeaulieu>{{cite news|title=History: The Mill Explosion|last=de Beaulieu|first=Ron|date=Winter 2023|work=Minnesota Alumni|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=June 5, 2023|url=https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/history-the-mill-explosion|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605230020/https://www.minnesotaalumni.org/stories/history-the-mill-explosion|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis, destroyed twenty blocks, and killed two people.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lileks|first=James|title=Minnesota Moment: Grain Belt stopped Northeast fire of 1893|url=https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-moment-grain-belt-stopped-northeast-fire-of-1893/490498241/|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=December 1, 2023|date=August 10, 2018|archive-date=November 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122183909/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-moment-grain-belt-stopped-northeast-fire-of-1893/490498241/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The lumber industry was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from [[Maine]]'s depleting forests.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=320}}{{sfn|Larson|2007|p=15}} The region's waterways were used to transport logs well after railroads developed; the Mississippi River carried logs to [[St. Louis]] until the early 20th century.{{sfn|Lass|2000|pp=173–174}} In 1871, of the thirteen mills sawing lumber in St. Anthony, eight ran on water power, and five ran on steam power.{{sfn|Larson|2007|p=146}} Auxiliary businesses on the river's west bank included woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and wood-planing.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Frame |first1 = Robert M. III |first2 = Jeffrey |last2 = Hess |title = Historic American Engineering Record MN-16: West Side Milling District |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |url = http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mn/mn0100/mn0100/data/mn0100data.pdf |date = January 1990 |access-date = December 5, 2020 |page = 2 |archive-date = June 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170612023256/https://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mn/mn0100/mn0100/data/mn0100data.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis supplied the materials for farmsteads and settlement of rapidly expanding cities on the [[prairie]]s that lacked wood.{{sfn|Larson|2007|pp=7, 29}} [[White pine]] milled in Minneapolis built [[Miles City, Montana]]; [[Bismarck, North Dakota]]; [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]]; [[Omaha, Nebraska]]; and [[Wichita, Kansas]].{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=173}} Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on the falls.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=108|loc="Another factor which contributed to the decline of sawmilling at the falls was steam power"}} Lumbering's decline began around the turn of the century,{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=180}} and sawmills in the city including the [[Weyerhauser]] mill closed by 1919.<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: Theme XVII-b|volume=2|author=[[National Park Service]] and [[United States Department of the Interior]]|date=1966|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|url=http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf|quote=The last of Minneapolis' once great sawmills, that of Frederick Weyerhaeuser and Associates, closed forever in 1919.|access-date=August 27, 2023|archive-date=August 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827182832/http://npshistory.com/publications/nhl/theme-studies/commerce-industry-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After depleting Minnesota's white pine,{{sfn|Risjord|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof0000risj/page/130/mode/2up 131]|loc="By then, however, the pine woods were virtually exhausted"}} some lumbermen moved on to [[Douglas fir]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]].{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=180|loc=Here, Lass calls the lumbermen's actions as cutting at a "rapacious rate", and calls out a "rapacious assault on the coniferous forests" on page 196}}

[[File:Control Data 6600 Victor Ruiz-grayscale.jpg|thumb|alt=Large computer terminal|[[Seymour Cray]] and colleagues began work on the [[CDC 6600]] ''(pictured)'' in downtown Minneapolis and completed the project in [[Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin]], in 1963.{{sfn|Price|2005|p=36}}]]
In 1877, [[Cadwallader C. Washburn]] co-founded Washburn-Crosby,{{sfn|Gray|1954|p=32}} the company that became [[General Mills]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=283}}{{efn|In 1928, Washburn-Crosby merged with other local millers and changed its name to General Mills to reflect a wider product base including convenience foods like [[Wheaties]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=283}}}} Washburn and partner [[John Crosby (General Mills)|John Crosby]]{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=162}} sent Austrian civil engineer [[William de la Barre]] to [[Hungary]] where he acquired innovations through [[industrial espionage]].{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} De la Barre calculated and managed the power at the falls and encouraged steam for auxiliary power.{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=118}} [[Charles Alfred Pillsbury]] and the [[Pillsbury Company|C.&nbsp;A. Pillsbury Company]] across the river hired Washburn-Crosby employees and began using the new methods.{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} The [[Wheat production in the United States#Classification and uses|hard red spring wheat]] grown in Minnesota became valuable, and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best bread flour in the world.{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} In 1900, fourteen percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis{{sfn|Danbom|2003|p=277}} and about one third of that was shipped overseas.{{sfn|Gray|1954|p=41}} Overall production peaked at 18.5&nbsp;million barrels in 1916.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=180}} Decades of [[soil exhaustion]], [[stem rust]], and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=238}} In the 1920s, Washburn-Crosby and Pillsbury developed new milling centers in [[Buffalo, New York]], and [[Kansas City, Missouri]], while maintaining their headquarters in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=238|loc="The anticipated decline came rather abruptly during the 1920s. By the end of that decade the Mill City produced only slightly more than half as much flour as it had at its zenith, and ranked third after Buffalo and Kansas City, Missouri."}} The falls became a [[List of contributing properties in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District|national historic district]],{{sfn|Kane|1987|p=186}} and the upper St. Anthony [[lock and dam]] is permanently closed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Army Corps studying dam removal that could restore free-flowing Mississippi River in Twin Cities|url=https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/|date=October 17, 2022|last=Johnson|first=Chloe|access-date=June 28, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=June 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628194305/https://www.startribune.com/army-corps-studying-dam-removal-that-could-restore-free-flowing-mississippi-river-in-twin-cities/600216559/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Columnist Don Morrison says that after the milling era waned a "modern, major city" emerged.{{sfn|Liebling|Morrison|1966|p=29}} Around 1900, Minneapolis attracted skilled workers{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=104|loc="Thus while Minneapolis began to lose jobs in the mills, it began to acquire other jobs in management, financial administration, advertising, market research, product research and design, and other mid-level management and administrative positions. The effect was to upgrade the workforce..."}} who leveraged expertise from the University of Minnesota.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=111|loc="The university's role grew more and more important as the 20th century rolled along, for basic research and experimentation grew more complex and costly and as time went by."}} In 1923, [[Munsingwear]] was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=74}} [[Frederick McKinley Jones]] invented mobile [[refrigeration]] in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded [[Thermo King]] in 1938.<ref>{{cite news|title=Love the ice cream truck? Thank inventor Fred Jones|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/|work=[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]]|publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=February 21, 2014|access-date=May 23, 2023|last=Wallace|first=Lewis|archive-date=May 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523234102/https://www.marketplace.org/2014/02/21/love-ice-cream-truck-thank-inventor-fred-jones/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1949, [[Medtronic]] was founded in a Minneapolis garage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Man behind first wearable external pacemaker dies at age 94|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|date=October 22, 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Bell Media]]|work=[[CTV News]]|access-date=May 23, 2023|archive-date=May 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524185243/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/man-behind-first-wearable-external-pacemaker-dies-at-age-94-1.4144201|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Minneapolis-Honeywell]] built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience regulating [[control system]]s earned them military contracts for the [[Norden bombsight]] and the C-1 [[autopilot]].<ref name=BabbageHoneywell>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|title=Honeywell|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522231207/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/honeywell|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1957, [[Control Data]] began in downtown Minneapolis,<ref name=BabbageCDC /> where in the [[CDC 1604]] computer they replaced [[vacuum tube]]s with [[transistor]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cotter|first=George|title=Seymour Cray and NSA October 5|url=https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/history-today-articles/10%202018/05OCT2018%20SEYMOUR%20CRAY%20and%20NSA.pdf|date=October 5, 2021|publisher=[[National Security Agency]]|access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> A highly successful business until disbanded in 1990, Control Data opened a facility in economically depressed north Minneapolis, bringing jobs and good publicity.<ref name=BabbageCDC>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|title=Control Data Corporation|access-date=May 22, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]|work=[[Charles Babbage Institute]]|archive-date=May 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522230028/http://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/digital-state/control-data-corporation|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[University of Minnesota]] computing group released [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] in 1991; three years later, the [[World Wide Web]] superseded Gopher traffic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol/|title=The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol|first=Tim|last=Gihring|date=August 11, 2016|work=[[MinnPost]]|access-date=May 22, 2023|archive-date=February 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211738/https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!--In the 1960s, developers and city leaders successfully contended with shopping attractions in suburbia{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=164}}—the pioneering [[Southdale Center]]{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=163}} and later the [[Mall of America]].{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=183}} The new [[Minneapolis Skyway System]] and the [[Nicollet Mall]] brought with them a heyday for downtown.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=175}}-->{{clear}}

{{Wide image|Panorama-Minneapolis-1915.jpg|1000px|alt=panoramic view of Saint Anthony Falls and the Mississippi riverfront in 1915|[[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] riverfront and [[Saint Anthony Falls]] in 1915. At left, [[Pillsbury "A" Mill|Pillsbury]], power plants and the [[Stone Arch Bridge (Minneapolis)|Stone Arch Bridge]]. Today the [[Minnesota Historical Society]]'s Mill City Museum is in the [[Washburn&nbsp;"A" Mill]], across the river just to the left of the falls. At center-left are [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company|Northwestern Consolidated]] mills. The tall building is [[Minneapolis City Hall]]. In the right foreground are [[Nicollet Island]] and the [[Hennepin Avenue Bridge]].}}

===Social tensions===
{{further|List of incidents of civil unrest in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest}}
[[File:Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of Minneapolis, 06-1934 - NARA - 541925.jpg|thumb|alt=Group confronting police|[[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|Battle between striking teamsters and police]], 1934. The May ''(pictured)'' and subsequent July battles killed four men, two on each side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|title=The Teamsters Strike of 1934|publisher=St Louis Park Historical Society|access-date=June 25, 2023|archive-date=June 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625183654/https://slphistory.org/dunnebrothers/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In many ways, the 20th century in Minneapolis was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=71}} Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor [[A. A. Ames|Doc Ames]] made his brother police chief, ran the city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/40/mode/2up 41–47]}} The [[Ku Klux Klan]] was a force in the city from 1921{{sfn|Hatle|Vaillancourt|2009–2010|p=362}} until 1923.{{sfn|Chalmers|1987||p= [https://archive.org/details/hoodedamericanis00chal/page/149 149]}} The gangster [[Kid Cann]] engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/58/mode/2up 58]}} After Minnesota passed a [[eugenics]] law in 1925, the proprietors of [[Eitel Hospital]] [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilized]] people at [[Faribault State Hospital]].{{sfn|Ladd-Taylor|2005|p=242|loc="[[George G. Eitel|Eitel]], the founder of the private Eitel Hospital and a vice-president of Dight's eugenics society, performed the first 150 surgeries; his nephew George D. Eitel took over the work after the old man died in 1928"}}

During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of the Great Depression, the [[Citizens' Alliance]], an association of employers, refused to negotiate with [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters|teamsters]]. The truck drivers [[trade union|union]] executed [[Minneapolis general strike of 1934|strike]]s in May and July–August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Remembering the truckers strike of 1934|last=Nathanson|first=Iric|date=July 22, 2008|access-date=June 8, 2023|url=https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=June 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608211702/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2008/07/remembering-truckers-strike-1934/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Charles Rumford Walker]] said that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine".{{sfn|Walker|1937|pp=98–99}} The union victory ultimately led to [[National Labor Relations Act of 1935|1935]] and [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|1938]] federal laws protecting workers' rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|title=The Minneapolis Strike|date=February 4, 2020|access-date=June 6, 2023|publisher=[[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]]|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211501/https://teamster.org/about/teamster-history/the-minneapolis-strike/|url-status=live}}</ref>

From the end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, [[antisemitism]] was commonplace in Minneapolis—[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] called the city the antisemitic capital of the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |title = Anti-Semitism in Minneapolis |work = Religions in Minnesota|publisher=[[Carleton College]]|access-date = September 24, 2021 |archive-date = June 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210615182209/https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/st-louis-park-eruv-jewish/history/anti-semtisim-in-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> Starting in 1936, a fascist [[hate group]] known as the [[Silver Legion of America|Silver Shirts]] held meetings in the city.{{sfn|Weber|1991|pp=88–89}} In the 1940s, mayor [[Hubert Humphrey]] worked to rescue the city's reputation{{sfn|Caro|2002|pp=440, 454}} and helped the city establish the country's first municipal [[Fair Employment Practices Commission|fair employment practices]]{{sfn|Garrettson|1993|p=85|loc="On the second try, the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) bill passed in 1948. It was the 'first municipal FEPC bill in America'"}} and a human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities.{{sfn|Reichard|1998|p=62}} However, the lives of Black people had not been improved.<ref name="ab">{{cite news |title = Why This Started in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |author = Holder, Sarah |date = June 5, 2020 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.]]|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.#CityLab|CityLab]] |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817094227/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-05/revealing-the-divisive-history-of-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1966 and 1967—years of significant [[Long, hot summer of 1967|turmoil across the US]]—suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/115/mode/2up 115]|loc=Chapter 4: Plymouth Avenue Is Burning}} Historian Iric Nathanson says young Blacks confronted police, arson caused property damage, and "random gunshots" caused minor injuries in what was a "relatively minor incident" in Minneapolis compared to the loss of life and property in similar incidents in Detroit and Newark.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/115/mode/2up 115]}} A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment.{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/128/mode/2up 128–129]}} In the wake of unrest and voter backlash, [[Charles Stenvig]], a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for almost a decade.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=139}}{{sfn|Nathanson|2010|pp=[https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/page/129/mode/2up 129–134]}}

[[File:Heart of the Earth Survival School-Minneapolis 1982.png|thumb|alt=Brick school in winter|The [[American Indian Movement]]'s [[Heart of the Earth Survival School]] in 1983]]
Disparate events defined the second half of the 20th century. Between 1958 and 1963, Minneapolis demolished "[[Skid row#Minneapolis|skid row]]".{{efn|Minneapolis experienced the largest [[urban renewal]] plan undertaken in the US {{as of|2022|lc=y}}.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=128}}}} Gone were {{convert|35|acre|ha|adj=off|sigfig=1}} with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and its significant architecture such as the [[Metropolitan Building (Minneapolis)|Metropolitan Building]].<ref name=Hart>{{cite news |last = Hart |first = Joseph |title = Room at the Bottom |work = [[City Pages]] |volume = 19 |issue = 909 |date = May 6, 1998 |url = http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100401180715/http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/ |archive-date = April 1, 2010 }}</ref> Opened in 1967, [[Interstate 35W (Minnesota)|I-35W]] displaced Black and Mexican neighborhoods{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=132}} in south Minneapolis.{{sfn|Craig|2023|pages=9–10}} In 1968, [[Indian Relocation Act of 1956|relocated]] Native Americans founded the [[American Indian Movement]] (AIM){{sfn|Weber|2022|page=141|loc="Explaining the name, [[Clyde Bellecourt]] remembered Alberta Downwind saying at AIM's founding: ''Indian'' is the word that they used to oppress us. ''Indian'' is the word we'll use to gain our freedom"}} in Minneapolis. Begun as an alternative to public and [[American Indian boarding schools|Bureau of Indian Affairs schools]], AIM's [[Heart of the Earth Survival School]] taught Native American traditions to children for nearly twenty years.{{sfn|Davis|2013|p=193}} A same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court but their marriage license was denied.<ref name=Mumford>{{cite news|title=For Mpls. couple, gay marriage ruling is a victory 43 years in the making|last=Mumford|first=Tracy|date=July 16, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2023|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160544/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/07/16/baker-mcconnell|url-status=live}}</ref> They managed to get a license and marry in 1971,<ref name=Mumford /> forty years before [[Same-sex marriage in Minnesota|Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota|date=July 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|access-date=June 5, 2023|archive-date=June 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160446/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=samesexmarriage|url-status=live}}</ref> Immigration helped to curb the city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], when its [[hawala]]s or banks were closed.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=158–159}}

In 2020, 17-year-old [[Darnella Frazier]] recorded the [[murder of George Floyd]];<ref>{{cite news |title = Damning Report After Floyd Murder Finds Rampant Police Discrimination in Minneapolis |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |last = Ceron |first = Ella |date = April 27, 2022 |access-date = March 12, 2023 |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |archive-date = May 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220512071727/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/report-damns-minneapolis-police-after-george-floyd-murder-read-full-text#xj4y7vzkg |url-status = live }}</ref> Frazier's video contradicted the police department's initial statement.<ref>{{cite news |title = How a teenager's video upended the police department's initial tale. |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421150451/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/darnella-frazier-floyd-video.html |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |author = Paybarah, Azi |date = April 20, 2021 |access-date = April 21, 2021 |work = [[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Floyd, a Black man, suffocated when [[Derek Chauvin]], a White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. Reporting on [[George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|the local reaction]], ''The New York Times'' said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage"<ref name="Stockman (4 July 2020)">{{Cite news |last = Stockman |first = Farah |date = July 3, 2020 |title = 'They Have Lost Control': Why Minneapolis Burned |language = en-US |work =[[The New York Times]]|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221016/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/03/us/minneapolis-government-george-floyd.html |archive-date = July 3, 2020 |url-access = subscription |url-status = live |access-date = February 6, 2021 }}</ref>—destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire.<ref name="Caputo et al (30 June 2020)">{{cite news |last1 = Caputo |first1 = Angela |last2 = Craft |first2 = Will |last3 = Gilbert |first3 = Curtis |date = June 30, 2020 |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |title = 'The precinct is on fire': What happened at Minneapolis' 3rd Precinct—and what it means |work =[[MPR News]] |access-date = July 1, 2020 |archive-date = November 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110091618/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/30/the-precinct-is-on-fire-what-happened-at-minneapolis-3rd-precinct-and-what-it-means |url-status = live }}</ref> Floyd's murder sparked international rebellions, mass protests,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |title = The global impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protests shaped movements around the world |date = June 4, 2021 |last1 = Silverstein |first1 = Jason |access-date = March 10, 2023 |work = [[CBS News]] |publisher = [[CBS Interactive]] |archive-date = June 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210605000855/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and locally, years of [[2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest|ongoing unrest]] over racial injustice.{{sfn|Mitchell|2022|p=44|loc="Two years have passed since Floyd was killed, but the site where he died...continues to be contested space—an ongoing site of protest—but also a sacred location"}}<ref name=MPRFloyd /> As of 2024, protest continued daily at the intersection where Floyd died, now known as [[George Floyd Square]], with the slogan "No justice, no street".<ref name=MPRFloyd>Continuing protests in: {{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/05/25/no-justice-no-streets-4-years-after-murder-george-floyd-square-stands-in-protest|title='No Justice, No Streets': 4 years after murder, George Floyd Square stands in protest|first1=Josh|last1=Cobb|first2=Ngoc|last2=Bui|first3=Matthew|last3=Alvarez|first4=Emily|last4=Reese|first5=Emily|last5=Bright|date=May 25, 2024|access-date=August 31, 2024|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=September 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925184833/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/05/25/no-justice-no-streets-4-years-after-murder-george-floyd-square-stands-in-protest|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis gathered ideas for the square and through community engagement promised final proposals for the end of 2024, that could be implemented by 2026 or thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/38th-chicago/community-engagement/community-engagement-resources/|access-date=August 31, 2024|title=George Floyd Square community engagement resources|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831235357/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/38th-chicago/community-engagement/community-engagement-resources/|url-status=live}}</ref> Protesters continued to ask for twenty-four reforms—many now met; a sticking point was ending [[qualified immunity]] for police.<ref name=MPRFloyd />

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Minneapolis}}
{{further|Climate of Minnesota|Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Geology of Minnesota}}

[[File:Lake Calhoun in Minneapolis in 2003.jpg|thumb|The city's largest lake, [[Bde Maka Ska]]<ref>{{cite report |title = Water Resources Report 2021 |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2021-Water-Resources-Report-.pdf |date = November 2022 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |author1 = Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, Environmental Management|access-date = February 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230219155219/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/2021-Water-Resources-Report-.pdf |archive-date = February 19, 2023 |url-status = live |page = 17-1 }}</ref>|alt=Clouds reflected in lake]]

The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are linked to water, the city's defining physical characteristic. [[Glacial history of Minnesota|Long periods of glaciation and interglacial melt]] carved several riverbeds through what is now Minneapolis.{{sfn|Wright|1990|pp=3–4}} During the [[last glacial period]], around 10,000 years ago, ice buried in these ancient river channels melted, resulting in basins that filled with water to become the [[List of lakes in Minneapolis|lakes of Minneapolis]].{{sfn|Wright|1990|p=4}} Meltwater from [[Lake Agassiz]] fed the [[Glacial River Warren]], which created [[River Warren Falls|a large waterfall]] that eroded upriver past the confluence of the Mississippi River, where it left a {{convert|75|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} drop in the Mississippi.{{sfn|Wright|1990|p=14}} This site is located in what is now downtown Saint Paul. The new waterfall, later called Saint Anthony Falls, in turn, eroded up the Mississippi about {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in|abbr=off|sp=us}} to its present location, carving the [[Mississippi River gorge]] as it moved upstream. [[Minnehaha Falls]] also developed during this period via similar processes.{{sfn|Fremling|2005|pp=56–60}}{{sfn|Wright|1990|p=14}}

Minneapolis is sited above an [[artesian aquifer]]<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web |title = Minneapolis|publisher = [[Emporis]] |url = http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101331 |access-date = January 12, 2021 |url-status = usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070423121403/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101331 |archive-date = April 23, 2007 }}</ref> and on flat terrain. Its total area is {{convert|59|sqmi|km2|1|abbr=off|sp=us}} of which six percent is covered by water.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/cped/planning/cped_soc98_5-environment |page = 39 |title = Physical Environment |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = January 12, 2021 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211119/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/business-services/planning-zoning/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The city has a {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}} segment of the Mississippi River, four streams, and 17 waterbodies—13 of them lakes,<ref>{{cite report|date=December 14, 2021|pages=3–14, ES-4|title=Water Resources Management Plan|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224257/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with {{convert|24|mi|km}} of lake shoreline.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 14, 2021|page=3-1|title=Water Resources Management Plan|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224257/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 1959 report by the US [[Soil Conservation Service]] listed Minneapolis's elevation above [[mean sea level]] as {{convert|830|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="harms">{{cite report |last1 = Harms |first1 = G. F. |title = Soil Survey of Scott County, Minnesota |url = https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN139/0/Scott_MN.pdf |access-date = January 28, 2021 |publisher = [[Soil Conservation Service]] |page = 59 |date = October 1959 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170217201439/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN139/0/Scott_MN.pdf |archive-date = February 17, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> The city's lowest elevation of {{convert|687|ft}} above sea level is near the confluence of Minnehaha Creek with the Mississippi River.<ref name="usgs elevations">{{cite web |title = Elevations and Distances in the United States |url = https://www.usgs.gov/publications/elevations-and-distances-united-states-1 |publisher = [[US Geological Survey]] |access-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211123/https://www.usgs.gov/publications/elevations-and-distances-united-states-1 |url-status = live }}</ref> Sources disagree on the exact location and elevation of the city's highest point, which is cited as being between {{convert|967|and|985|ft|m}} above sea level.{{efn|In a 1975 article, reporter John Carman said the city's highest point is {{convert|967|ft|m}} at Deming Heights Park in the [[Waite Park, Minneapolis|Waite Park]] neighborhood.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Carman |first1 = John |title = Twin Cities: Different as night and day |url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/190546731 |access-date = January 17, 2021 |work = [[Minneapolis Star]] |date = September 8, 1975 |pages = 1B, 5B |via =[[Newspapers.com]] |archive-date = January 28, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128200944/http://www.newspapers.com/image/190546731/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] lists the highest elevation as {{convert|980|ft|m}} but does not give a location.<ref name="usgs elevations" /> Geography professor John Tichy said the highest point is the site of Waite Park Elementary School at approximately {{convert|985|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Tichy |first1 = John |title = Waite Park School sits on Minneapolis' highest point |url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/195185069 |access-date = January 17, 2021 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |date = July 18, 1996 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |page = E17 |archive-date = January 29, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210129073116/http://www.newspapers.com/image/195185069/ |url-status = live }}</ref> All of the cited sources that list locations say the highest point is within the [[Northeast, Minneapolis|Northeast]] section of the city.}}

=== Neighborhoods ===
{{main|Neighborhoods of Minneapolis}}
[[File:Minneapolis Midtown Greenway.jpg|thumb|Cyclists on [[Midtown Greenway]] in [[Midtown Phillips, Minneapolis|Midtown Phillips]], one of the [[neighborhoods of Minneapolis|83 neighborhoods of Minneapolis]]|alt=See caption]]
Minneapolis has 83 neighborhoods and 70 neighborhood organizations.<ref>{{cite web |title = Community and neighborhoods |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/resident-services/neighborhoods/ |access-date = February 5, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = December 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221208034647/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/resident-services/neighborhoods/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In some cases, two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://apps.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cofm/Neighborhood-Organizations/ |title = Neighborhood Organizations |access-date = February 5, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = February 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230206000128/http://apps.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/cofm/Neighborhood-Organizations/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Around 1990, the city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated.<ref name=NRPprimer /> Funded for 20 years through 2011, with $400 million [[tax increment financing]]<ref name=NRPprimer>{{cite web|pages=2, 3|publisher=Minneapolis Neighborhood Revitalization Program|title=A Primer for the Neighborhood Revitalization Program|url=http://www.nrp.org/r2/AboutNRP/Basics/NRPPrimer.pdf|access-date=September 3, 2023|archive-date=August 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802154424/https://www.nrp.org/R2/AboutNRP/Basics/NRPPrimer.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{USDCY|400000000|2011}},{{Inflation/fn|US}} the program caught the eye of [[UN-Habitat]], who considered it an example of [[best practice]]s. Residents had a direct connection to government in NRP, whereby they proposed ideas appropriate for their area, and NRP reviewed the plans and provided implementation funds.<ref name=NRPprimer /><ref>{{cite web|title=Neighborhood and Community Relations: 2022–2027 Financial Plan|url=https://stories.opengov.com/gjIIKX8yy/published/undefined|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|access-date=September 6, 2023|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906161624/https://stories.opengov.com/gjIIKX8yy/published/undefined|url-status=live}}</ref> The city's Neighborhood and Community Relations department took NRP's place in 2011<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/saying-good-bye-nrp/|title=Saying good-bye to NRP|last=Yeoman|first=Shirley|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=September 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Twin Cities Daily Planet]]|archive-date=September 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903201447/https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/saying-good-bye-nrp/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is funded only by city revenue. In 2019, the city released the Neighborhoods 2020 program, which reworked neighborhood funding with an equity-focused lens.<ref name="neighborhoods2020">{{cite web |author1=Neighborhood and Community Relations |title=Neighborhoods 2020 Program Guidelines |url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/Download/RCAV2/15342/Neighborhoods-2020-Program-Guidelines-Draft.pdf |website=Legislative Information Management System |publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date=May 22, 2024 |date=February 2020 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152630/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/Download/RCAV2/15342/Neighborhoods-2020-Program-Guidelines-Draft.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This reduced guaranteed funding, and several neighborhood organizations have since struggled with operations or merged with other neighborhoods due to decreased revenue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martucci |first1=Brian |title=Neighborhood org funding shift is leaving some struggling to maintain operations |url=https://www.southwestvoices.news/posts/neighborhood-org-funding-shift-is-leaving-some-struggling-to-maintain-operations |access-date=May 22, 2024 |work=Southwest Voices |date=January 15, 2024 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522152629/https://www.southwestvoices.news/posts/neighborhood-org-funding-shift-is-leaving-some-struggling-to-maintain-operations |url-status=live }}</ref> Base funding for every neighborhood organization increased in the 2024 city budget.<ref name=budget2004>{{cite web|title=City Council adopts Mayor Frey's 2024 City budget|date=December 5, 2023|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2023/december/2024-city-budget/|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=September 26, 2024|archive-date=February 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213102311/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2023/december/2024-city-budget/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Minneapolis City Council]] approved the Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which resulted in a citywide end to [[single-family zoning]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://spokesman-recorder.com/2018/12/07/city-council-approves-minneapolis-2040-plan/ |title = City Council approves Minneapolis 2040 plan |work =[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder]]|date = December 7, 2018 |access-date = January 26, 2019 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133653/http://spokesman-recorder.com/2018/12/07/city-council-approves-minneapolis-2040-plan/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' reported that Minneapolis was the first major city in the US to make citywide such a revision in housing possibilities.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://slate.com/business/2018/12/minneapolis-single-family-zoning-housing-racism.html |title = Minneapolis Confronts Its History of Housing Segregation |last = Grabar |first = Henry |date = December 7, 2018 |work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date = January 26, 2019 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816073124/https://slate.com/business/2018/12/minneapolis-single-family-zoning-housing-racism.html |url-status = live }}</ref> At the time, 70 percent of residential land was zoned for detached, single-family homes,<ref>{{cite report |url = https://tcf.org/content/report/minneapolis-ended-single-family-zoning/ |title = How Minneapolis Ended Single-Family Zoning |publisher = [[The Century Foundation]] |access-date = March 13, 2023 |last = Kahlenberg |first = Richard D. |date = October 24, 2019 |archive-date = March 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230313182649/https://tcf.org/content/report/minneapolis-ended-single-family-zoning/ |url-status = live }}</ref> though many of those areas had "nonconforming" buildings with more housing units.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://streets.mn/2018/02/07/low-density-zoning-threatens-neighborhood-character/ |title = Low-density Zoning Threatens Neighborhood Character |last = Shaffer |first = Scott |date = February 7, 2018 |access-date = March 13, 2023 |work = Streets.mn |archive-date = March 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230313183407/https://streets.mn/2018/02/07/low-density-zoning-threatens-neighborhood-character/ |url-status = live }}</ref> City leaders sought to increase the supply of housing so more neighborhoods would be affordable and to decrease the effects single-family zoning had caused on racial disparities and segregation.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://politi.co/2Ld7TSN |title = How Minneapolis Freed Itself From the Stranglehold of Single-Family Homes |last = Trickey |first = Erick |work =[[Politico]]|access-date = December 16, 2020 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211124/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/07/11/housing-crisis-single-family-homes-policy-227265/ |url-status = live |date = July 11, 2019 }}</ref> The [[Brookings Institution]] called it "a relatively rare example of success for the [[YIMBY]] agenda".<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis 2040: The most wonderful plan of the year |last1 = Schuetz |first1 = Jenny |date = December 12, 2018 |url = https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/12/12/minneapolis-2040-the-most-wonderful-plan-of-the-year/ |access-date = October 15, 2019 |work =[[Brookings Institution]]|archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818033213/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/12/12/minneapolis-2040-the-most-wonderful-plan-of-the-year/ |url-status = live }}</ref> From 2022 until 2024,<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis cannot proceed with 2040 Plan, court rules|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-cannot-proceed-with-2040-plan-court-rules/600302266/|last=Du|first=Susan|date=September 6, 2023|access-date=September 6, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906135417/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-cannot-proceed-with-2040-plan-court-rules/600302266/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/appeals-court-reverses-2040-plan-injunction-minneapolis-to-revive-stalled-developments/600365610/|work=[[Star Tribune]]|date=May 13, 2024|last=Du|first=Susan|title=Appeals court reverses 2040 Plan injunction; Minneapolis to revive stalled developments|access-date=May 14, 2024|archive-date=May 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516132535/https://www.startribune.com/appeals-court-reverses-2040-plan-injunction-minneapolis-to-revive-stalled-developments/600365610/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Minnesota Supreme Court]], the [[United States District Court for the District of Minnesota|US District Court]], and the [[Minnesota Court of Appeals]] arrived at competing opinions, first shutting down the plan, and then securing its survival. Ultimately in 2024, the state legislature passed a bill approving the city's 2040 plan.<ref>{{cite web|title=City moving forward with Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan|access-date=June 28, 2024|date=June 25, 2024|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/june/2040-plan/|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=June 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628194148/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/june/2040-plan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{further|Climate of Minneapolis–Saint Paul}}
Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]){{sfn|Peel|Finlayson|McMahon|2007|p=1639}} that is typical of southern parts of the [[Upper Midwest]]; it is situated in USDA [[hardiness zone|plant hardiness]] zone 5a.<ref>{{cite web |title = Normals, Means, and Extremes for Minneapolis/Saint Paul |date = 1971–2000 |url = http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/normals_means_and_extremes/2005_Annual_LCD_MSP_page_3.pdf |access-date = December 7, 2020 |publisher = US [[National Climatic Data Center]], Asheville, NC |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720065506/http://climate.umn.edu/pdf/normals_means_and_extremes/2005_Annual_LCD_MSP_page_3.pdf |archive-date = July 20, 2010 |via = Internet Archive }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1 = ''Pioneer Press'' staff |title = USDA: Milder winters mean some changes in plant hardiness zones |url = http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/ |access-date = December 7, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |date = January 24, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160721202402/http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/ |archive-date = July 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|date=2023|publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service]]|access-date=February 3, 2024|archive-date=July 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704214427/https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/interactivemap.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> <!--Minneapolis has cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers, as is typical in a continental climate. The difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is {{convert|58.1|F-change|abbr=on|sp=us}}.--> The Minneapolis area experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature is {{convert|108|°F}} in [[1936 North American heat wave|July 1936]] while the lowest is {{convert|-41|°F}} in January 1888.<ref>{{cite web |last = Fisk |first = Charles |url = http://www.climatestations.com/minneapolis/ |title = Graphical Climatology of Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area Temperatures, Precipitation, and Snowfall |work=ClimateStations.com|date = February 11, 2011 |access-date = February 18, 2011 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420081545/https://www.climatestations.com/minneapolis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The snowiest winter on record was 1983–1984, when {{convert|98.6|in|cm|abbr=on|sp=us}} of snow fell.<ref name=DNRsnow /> The least-snowy winter was 1930–1931, when {{convert|14.2|in|cm}} fell.<ref name=DNRsnow>{{cite web |url = http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/historical/acis_stn_data_monthly_table.html?sid=mspthr&sname=Twin%20Cities%20Area&sdate=1884-07-01&edate=por&element=snow&span=season&counts=no |title = Twin Cities Area total monthly and seasonal snowfall in inches [1883–2016] |publisher = [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]]|access-date = September 9, 2016 |archive-date = May 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505060637/https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/historical/acis_stn_data_monthly_table.html?counts=no&edate=por&element=snow&sdate=1884-07-01&sid=mspthr&sname=Twin%20Cities%20Area&span=season |url-status = live }}</ref> According to the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], the annual average for [[sunshine duration]] is 58 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title = Ranking of Cities Based on % Annual Possible Sunshine |date = 2004 |url = http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/pctposrank.txt |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]: US [[National Climatic Data Center]] |access-date = January 1, 2015 |archive-date = May 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210522235037/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/pctposrank.txt |url-status = live }}</ref><section begin="weatherbox" />

{{Weather box
|location = [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport]], Minnesota (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at the said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1872–present){{efn|Official records for Minneapolis/Saint Paul were kept by the Saint Paul Signal Service in that city from January 1871 to December 1890, the Minneapolis Weather Bureau from January 1891 to April 8, 1938, and at Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (KMSP) since April 9, 1938.<ref>{{cite web|title=Threaded Station Extremes (Long-Term Station Extremes for America)|url=http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/|access-date=May 1, 2023|publisher=US [[National Centers for Environmental Information]], US [[National Weather Service]], and Regional Climate Centers|archive-date=May 19, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519074347/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|collapsed =
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 58
|Feb record high F = 65
|Mar record high F = 83
|Apr record high F = 95
|May record high F = 106
|Jun record high F = 104
|Jul record high F = 108
|Aug record high F = 103
|Sep record high F = 104
|Oct record high F = 92
|Nov record high F = 77
|Dec record high F = 68
|year record high F = 108
|Jan avg record high F = 42.5
|Feb avg record high F = 46.7
|Mar avg record high F = 64.7
|Apr avg record high F = 79.7
|May avg record high F = 88.7
|Jun avg record high F = 93.3
|Jul avg record high F = 94.4
|Aug avg record high F = 91.7
|Sep avg record high F = 88.3
|Oct avg record high F = 80.1
|Nov avg record high F = 62.1
|Dec avg record high F = 47.1
|year avg record high F = 96.4
|Jan high F = 23.6
|Feb high F = 28.5
|Mar high F = 41.7
|Apr high F = 56.6
|May high F = 69.2
|Jun high F = 79.0
|Jul high F = 83.4
|Aug high F = 80.7
|Sep high F = 72.9
|Oct high F = 58.1
|Nov high F = 41.9
|Dec high F = 28.8
|year high F = 55.4
|Jan mean F = 16.2
|Feb mean F = 20.6
|Mar mean F = 33.3
|Apr mean F = 47.1
|May mean F = 59.5
|Jun mean F = 69.7
|Jul mean F = 74.3
|Aug mean F = 71.8
|Sep mean F = 63.5
|Oct mean F = 49.5
|Nov mean F = 34.8
|Dec mean F = 22.0
|year mean F = 46.9
|Jan low F = 8.8
|Feb low F = 12.7
|Mar low F = 24.9
|Apr low F = 37.5
|May low F = 49.9
|Jun low F = 60.4
|Jul low F = 65.3
|Aug low F = 62.8
|Sep low F = 54.2
|Oct low F = 40.9
|Nov low F = 27.7
|Dec low F = 15.2
|year low F = 38.4
|Jan avg record low F = -14.7
|Feb avg record low F = −8.0
|Mar avg record low F = 2.7
|Apr avg record low F = 21.9
|May avg record low F = 35.7
|Jun avg record low F = 47.3
|Jul avg record low F = 54.5
|Aug avg record low F = 52.3
|Sep avg record low F = 38.2
|Oct avg record low F = 26.0
|Nov avg record low F = 9.2
|Dec avg record low F = -7.1
|year avg record low F = −16.9
|Jan record low F = −41
|Feb record low F = −33
|Mar record low F = −32
|Apr record low F = 2
|May record low F = 18
|Jun record low F = 34
|Jul record low F = 43
|Aug record low F = 39
|Sep record low F = 26
|Oct record low F = 10
|Nov record low F = −25
|Dec record low F = −39
|year record low F = -41
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.89
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.87
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.68
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.91
|May precipitation inch = 3.91
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.58
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.06
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.34
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.02
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.58
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.61
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.17
|year precipitation inch = 31.62
|Jan snow inch = 11.0
|Feb snow inch = 9.5
|Mar snow inch = 8.2
|Apr snow inch = 3.5
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.8
|Nov snow inch = 6.8
|Dec snow inch = 11.4
|year snow inch = 51.2
| Jan snow depth inch  = 8
| Feb snow depth inch  = 9
| Mar snow depth inch  = 8
| Apr snow depth inch  = 2
| May snow depth inch  = 0
| Jun snow depth inch  = 0
| Jul snow depth inch  = 0
| Aug snow depth inch  = 0
| Sep snow depth inch  = 0
| Oct snow depth inch  = 0
| Nov snow depth inch  = 4
| Dec snow depth inch  = 7
| year snow depth inch =
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 9.6
|Feb precipitation days = 7.8
|Mar precipitation days = 9.0
|Apr precipitation days = 11.2
|May precipitation days = 12.4
|Jun precipitation days = 11.8
|Jul precipitation days = 10.4
|Aug precipitation days = 9.8
|Sep precipitation days = 9.3
|Oct precipitation days = 9.5
|Nov precipitation days = 8.3
|Dec precipitation days = 9.7
|year precipitation days = 118.8
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 9.3
|Feb snow days = 7.3
|Mar snow days = 5.2
|Apr snow days = 2.4
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.6
|Nov snow days = 4.5
|Dec snow days = 8.8
|year snow days = 38.2
|Jan sun = 156.7
|Feb sun = 178.3
|Mar sun = 217.5
|Apr sun = 242.1
|May sun = 295.2
|Jun sun = 321.9
|Jul sun = 350.5
|Aug sun = 307.2
|Sep sun = 233.2
|Oct sun = 181.0
|Nov sun = 112.8
|Dec sun = 114.3
|year sun = 2710.7
|Jan percentsun = 55
|Feb percentsun = 61
|Mar percentsun = 59
|Apr percentsun = 60
|May percentsun = 64
|Jun percentsun = 69
|Jul percentsun = 74
|Aug percentsun = 71
|Sep percentsun = 62
|Oct percentsun = 53
|Nov percentsun = 39
|Dec percentsun = 42
|year percentsun = 59
|Jan humidity = 69.9
|Feb humidity = 69.5
|Mar humidity = 67.4
|Apr humidity = 60.3
|May humidity = 60.4
|Jun humidity = 63.8
|Jul humidity = 64.8
|Aug humidity = 67.9
|Sep humidity = 70.7
|Oct humidity = 68.3
|Nov humidity = 72.6
|Dec humidity = 74.1
|year humidity = 67.5
|Jan dew point C = −15.5
|Feb dew point C = −12.5
|Mar dew point C = −6.3
|Apr dew point C = −0.2
|May dew point C = 6.4
|Jun dew point C = 12.6
|Jul dew point C = 15.6
|Aug dew point C = 14.6
|Sep dew point C = 9.9
|Oct dew point C = 3.3
|Nov dew point C = −3.9
|Dec dew point C = −11.6
|Jan uv = 1
|Feb uv = 2
|Mar uv = 3
|Apr uv = 5
|May uv = 7
|Jun uv = 8
|Jul uv = 8
|Aug uv = 7
|Sep uv = 5
|Oct uv = 3
|Nov uv = 2
|Dec uv = 1
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web |url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mpx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = US [[National Weather Service]], US [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = June 17, 2021 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817022055/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mpx |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Minneapolis Weatherbox NOAA txt">{{cite web |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014922&format=pdf |work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020) |publisher = US [[National Weather Service]], US [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title = Station: Minneapolis/St Paul AP, MN |access-date = June 17, 2021 |archive-date = December 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211220125913/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014922&format=pdf |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name= NOAA2>{{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72658.TXT |title = WMO climate normals for Minneapolis/INT'L ARPT, MN 1961–1990 |publisher = US [[National Weather Service]], US [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = July 18, 2020 |archive-date = February 10, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211126/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72658.TXT |url-status = live }}</ref>
|source 2 = Weather Atlas (UV)<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url = https://www.weather-us.com/en/minnesota-usa/minneapolis-climate |title = Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher = Ezoic |work=Weather Atlas |access-date = July 4, 2019 |archive-date = June 27, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190627175350/https://www.weather-us.com/en/minnesota-usa/minneapolis-climate |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}<section end="weatherbox" />

===Cityscape===
{{wide image|Minneapolis skyline from Prospect Park Water Tower, July 2014 (crop).jpg|1000px|align-cap=left|The Minneapolis skyline seen from the [[Prospect Park Water Tower]]|alt=The Minneapolis skyline rises to its highest point at the center of the image, with the three tallest buildings standing out against a clear blue sky. Before the skyline are trees, university buildings, and residential complexes.}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Minneapolis}}
{{US Census population
|1860= 5809
|1870= 13066
|1880= 46887
|1890= 164738
|1900= 202718
|1910= 301408
|1920= 380582
|1930= 464356
|1940= 492370
|1950= 521718
|1960= 482872
|1970= 434400
|1980= 370951
|1990= 368383
|2000= 382618
|2010= 382578
|2020= 429954
|estyear=2022
|estimate=425096
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|date=June 25, 2023|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 25, 2023|archive-date=July 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|footnote=US Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title = Census of Population and Housing |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |access-date = May 21, 2014 |archive-date = April 26, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |url-status = live }}</ref><br />2020 Census
}}
The Minneapolis area was originally occupied by [[Sioux|Dakota]] bands, particularly the [[Mdewakanton]], until [[European Americans]] moved westward.<ref>{{cite web |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |title = A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409042030/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=1 |archive-date = April 9, 2012 |access-date = March 12, 2023 }}</ref> In the 1840s,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=48}} new settlers arrived from [[Maine]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Massachusetts]], while [[French-Canadians]] came around the same time. {{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=203}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=217}} Farmers from [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], and [[Pennsylvania]] followed in a secondary migration. Settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=214}}

[[Mexican people|Mexican]] migrant workers began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite news |url = http://articles.citypages.com/2003-10-01/news/living-in-america/ |title = Living in America |first = G.R. Jr. |last = Anderson |work = [[City Pages]] |date = October 1, 2003 |access-date = April 29, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205409/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/14289/ |archive-date = October 19, 2012 }}</ref> [[Latin Americans|Latinos]] eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including [[Phillips, Minneapolis|Phillips]], [[Whittier, Minneapolis|Whittier]], [[Longfellow, Minneapolis|Longfellow]] and [[Northeast, Minneapolis|Northeast]].{{sfn|HACER|1998|p=19}} Before the turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest and fastest-growing immigrant group.<ref name="Anderson" />{{sfn|League of Women Voters|2002|p=7}}

Immigrants from [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], and [[Denmark]] found common ground with the [[Republicanism|Republican]] and [[Protestant]] belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=224–225}}{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=220–222, 224}} [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], and [[English people|English]] immigrants arrived after the Civil War;{{sfn|The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|1976|p=18}} [[Germans]]{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|p=239}} and [[Jews]] from [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], as well as [[Russians|Russia]], followed.<ref name=Nathanson>{{cite web |last = Nathanson |first = Iric |title = Jews in Minnesota |publisher = [[Jewish Community Relations Council]] |url = http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224800/http://www.minndakjcrc.org/Docs/Jews%20of%20Minnesota%20by%20Iric%20Nathanson.pdf |archive-date = December 28, 2006 |access-date = April 14, 2007 }}</ref> Minneapolis welcomed [[Italians]] and [[Greeks]] in the 1890s and 1900s,{{sfn|Vecoli|1981|p=450}}{{sfn|Saloutos|1981|pp=472, 474}} and [[Slovaks|Slovak]] and [[Czechs|Czech]] immigrants settled in the [[Bohemian Flats]] area on the west bank of the Mississippi River. [[Ukrainians]] arrived after 1900,{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=244–247}} and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood.{{sfn|Stipanovich|1982|pp=48, 241}}

[[Chinese people|Chinese]] began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the [[Gateway District (Minneapolis)|Gateway District]] and Glenwood Avenue.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|pp=531, 533–534}} [[Westminster Presbyterian Church (Minneapolis)|Westminster Presbyterian Church]] gave language classes and support for [[Chinese Americans]] in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states.{{sfn|Mason|1981a|p=540}} [[Japanese Americans]], many relocated from San Francisco, worked at [[Camp Savage]], a secret military [[Japanese language|Japanese-language]] school that trained interpreters and translators.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=561|loc="...Minneapolis received by far the greater share (see Table 30.2). Camp Savage and Fort Snelling, the greatest magnets for wives, relatives, and friends of those stationed there, were more accessible from Minneapolis than from St. Paul"}} Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly 2,000, forming part of the state's largest [[Asian American]] community.{{sfn|Albert|1981|p=558}} In the 1950s, the US government relocated [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to dismantle [[Indian reservation]]s.<ref>{{cite web |quote = Other cities like Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Dallas, Oakland, Cleveland, and Minneapolis would later be added in an ever-changing line-up of relocation cities. |url = https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |title = Uprooted: The 1950s plan to erase Indian Country |last1 = Nesterak |first1 = Max |access-date = February 7, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]]|work=[[American Public Media]] |archive-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214756/https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country |url-status = live |date = November 1, 2019 }}</ref> Around 1970, [[Koreans]] arrived,{{sfn|Mason|1981c|p=572}} and the first [[Filipinos]] came to attend the [[University of Minnesota]].{{sfn|Mason|1981b|p=546}} [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]] (some from [[Thailand]]), [[Lao people|Lao]], and [[Khmer people|Cambodians]] settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis.{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=582, 584, 586, 590}}{{sfn|Mason|1981d|pp=586, 588, 589}} In 1992, 160 [[Tibetan people|Tibetan immigrants]] came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/#tibetans|title=Tibetans|access-date=April 2, 2023|publisher=[[International Institute of Minnesota]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402194417/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/asia/tibetans/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Burmese people|Burmese]] immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some  moving to [[Geography of Minnesota#Regions|Greater Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|title=Lured by jobs and housing, Karen refugees spread across Minnesota|last=Hirsi|first=Ibrahim|date=August 13, 2019|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=April 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403174948/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/13/lured-by-jobs-and-housing-karen-refugees-spread-across-minnesota|url-status=live}}</ref> The population of people from [[Indian people|India]] in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it the largest concentration of Indians living in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|last=Shah|first=Allie|title=Asian Indian numbers in metro surge|date=May 28, 2011|access-date=April 2, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402192412/https://www.startribune.com/asian-indian-numbers-in-metro-surge/122756984/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs and generally out of the Midwest.{{sfn|Weber|2022|p=113}}

By 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates among [[Black people|Black]] residents.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=82}}{{sfn|Spangler|1961|p=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b538878&seq=98&q1=illiteracy 94]|loc="Minnesota Negroes had the lowest illiteracy rate in the nation during this period" [in the period 1885 to 1920, 3.4 percent]}}{{sfn|Taylor|2002|p=34|loc={{circa|1930}} "In Minneapolis only 1.7% of blacks over 10 years of age were illiterate"}} However, [[Discrimination in the United States|discrimination]] prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=76}} In 1935, [[Cecil Newman]] and the ''[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder|Minneapolis Spokesman]]'' led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}} Employment improved during World War II, but [[Housing discrimination in the United States|housing discrimination]] persisted.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=90|loc=footnote 57}} Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent.{{sfn|Taylor|1981|p=84}}  After the [[Rust Belt]] economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and safe neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite news |title = Moving Up: Part One |last = Biewen |first = John |date = August 19, 1997 |access-date = December 7, 2020 |url = http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |work = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199708/19_biewenj_migration/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In the 1990s, immigrants from the [[Horn of Africa]] began to arrive,{{sfn|Maruggi|Gerten|2013}} from [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], and particularly [[Somalia]].<ref name="residents">{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: 20th Century Growth and Diversity |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|date = 2001 |url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120421143305/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=26 |archive-date = April 21, 2012 |access-date = December 7, 2020 }}</ref> Immigration from Somalia slowed significantly following a [[Trump travel ban|2017 national executive order]].{{sfn|Weber|2022|loc=p. 159: "President Donald Trump's executive order in 2017 banned new immigration from Somalia and several other majority-Muslim nations. Just forty-eight people came to Minnesota from Somalia in 2018, down from more than fourteen hundred in 2016," and further reading p. 187}} As of 2022, about 3,000 Ethiopians and 20,000 [[History of Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Somalis reside in Minneapolis]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |title = People Reporting Single Ancestry |date = 2022 |access-date = March 25, 2024 |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |archive-date = May 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210512163401/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDT5Y2019.B04004 |url-status = live }}</ref>

The [[Williams Institute]] reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2-percent [[LGBT]] adult population in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |title = LGBT Adults in Large US Metropolitan Areas |access-date = February 8, 2023 |date = December 2020 |work = [[Williams Institute]]|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles School of Law]]|first1 = Kerith J. |last1 = Conron |first2 = Winston |last2 = Luhur |first3 = Shoshana K. |last3 = Goldberg |archive-date = December 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221230005310/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/MSA-LGBT-Ranking-Mar-2021.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2023, the [[Human Rights Campaign]] gave Minneapolis 94 points out of 100 on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2023-see-your-cities-scores |date = 2023 |access-date = May 15, 2024 |title = MEI 2023: See Your Cities' Scores |publisher = [[Human Rights Campaign]] |archive-date = May 15, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240515211140/https://www.hrc.org/resources/mei-2023-see-your-cities-scores |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Twin Cities Pride]] is held in May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/twin-cities-pride-festival-2023-expanding/|title=Twin Cities Pride Festival expanding ahead of June 2023 event|access-date=May 14, 2023|work=[[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[Hubbard Broadcasting]]|date=January 17, 2023|first=Ashley|last=Halbach|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514144838/https://kstp.com/kstp-news/local-news/twin-cities-pride-festival-2023-expanding/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Census and estimates ===
Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the 46th-largest city in the United States by population as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2022 Population|date=July 1, 2022|access-date=March 17, 2024|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|archive-date=July 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717001424/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-ANNRNK.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Community profile|url=https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|access-date=October 12, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|archive-date=October 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018031645/https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/cxcd-UhRjRb|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[2020 United States census|2020 US Census]], Minneapolis had a population of 429,954.<ref name="2020-P1RACE">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Race |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182839/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 |url-status = live }}</ref> Of this population, 44,513 (10.4 percent) identified as [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latinos]].<ref name="2020-P2ETHNICITY">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Ethnicity |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182840/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 |url-status = live }}</ref> Of those not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 persons (58.0 percent) were [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were [[African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were [[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were [[American Indian and Alaska Native]] alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]].<ref name="2020-P1RACE" />

The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to the 2021 [[American Community Survey]] (ACS) were [[German Americans|German]] (22.9 percent), [[Irish Americans|Irish]] (10.8 percent), [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian]] (8.9 percent), [[Subsaharan Africa]]n (6.7 percent), and [[Swedish Americans|Swedish]] (6.1 percent).<ref name="2021-DP02">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected social characteristics in the United States |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182838/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02 |url-status = live }}</ref> Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 7.1 percent spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Hmong language|Hmong]] speakers.<ref name="2021-DP02" /> About 13.7 percent of the population was [[Foreign born|born abroad]], with 53.2 percent of them being [[naturalization|naturalized]] [[US citizens]]. Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Latin America (25.2 percent), and Asia (24.6 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier.<ref name="2021-DP02" />

Comparable to the US average of $70,784 in 2021,<ref>{{cite report|title=Income in the United States: 2021|date=September 13, 2022|first1=Jessica|last1=Semega|first2=Melissa|last2=Kollar|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-276.html|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=September 22, 2024|archive-date=September 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923162137/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-276.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the ACS reported that the 2021 median household income in Minneapolis was $69,397 {{USDCY|69397|2021}},{{Inflation/fn|US}} It was $97,670 for families,  $123,693 for married couples, and $54,083 for non-family households.<ref name="Minneapolis-data">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |title = Minneapolis data viewer |url = https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = February 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230228005548/https://data.census.gov/profile/Minneapolis_city,_Minnesota?g=1600000US2743000 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="2021-S1901">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Income in the past 12 months |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |date = 2021 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-date = November 30, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221130204458/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1901 |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2023, the median Minneapolis rent was $1,529, compared to the national median of $1,723.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Realtor.com® April Rental Report: National Rents Drop Again, But Three Midwest Markets Surge to Record Highs|url=https://mediaroom.realtor.com/2024-05-22-Realtor-com-R-April-Rental-Report-National-Rents-Drop-Again,-But-Three-Midwest-Markets-Surge-to-Record-Highs|date=May 22, 2024|access-date=October 3, 2024|publisher=[[National Association of Realtors]] and [[Move (company)|Move, Inc.]]|archive-date=July 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717105221/https://mediaroom.realtor.com/2024-05-22-Realtor-com-R-April-Rental-Report-National-Rents-Drop-Again,-But-Three-Midwest-Markets-Surge-to-Record-Highs|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 92 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied.<ref name="2021-DP04" /> Housing units in the city built in 1939 or earlier comprised 43.7 percent.<ref name="2021-DP04">{{cite web |publisher = [[US Census Bureau]] |work = [[American Community Survey]] |title = Selected housing characteristics |url = https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |access-date = February 16, 2023 |date = 2021 |archive-date = February 16, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230216182837/https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US2743000&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP04 |url-status = live }}</ref> Almost 17 percent of residents lived in [[poverty]] in 2023, compared to the US average of 11.1 percent.<ref name=USCensusQuick2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/minneapoliscityminnesota,US/IPE120223|title=QuickFacts: Minneapolis city, Minnesota; United States|access-date=September 23, 2024|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|archive-date=September 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925184842/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/minneapoliscityminnesota,US/IPE120223|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, 90.8 percent of residents age 25 years or older had earned a high school degree compared to 89.1 percent nationally, and 53.5 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher compared to the 34.3 percent US national average.<ref name=USCensusQuick2023 /> US [[veterans]] made up 2.8 percent of the population compared to the national average of 5 percent in 2023.<ref name=USCensusQuick2023 />

In Minneapolis in 2020, Blacks owned homes at a rate one-third that of White families.<ref name=WPdisparity /> Statewide by 2022, the gap between White and Black home ownership declined from 51.5 percent to 48 percent.<ref name=Reformer />  Statewide, alongside this small improvement was a sharp increase in the Black-to-White comparative number of [[deaths of despair]] (e.g., alcohol, drugs, and suicide).<ref name=Reformer /> The Minneapolis income gap in 2018 was one of the largest in the country, with Black families earning about 44 percent of what White families earned annually.<ref name=WPdisparity>{{cite news |title = Racial inequality in Minneapolis is among the worst in the nation |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |author = Ingraham, Christopher |date = May 30, 2020 |access-date = September 30, 2022 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |archive-date = March 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220328051150/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/30/minneapolis-racial-inequality/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Statewide in 2022 using inflation-adjusted dollars, the median income for a Black family was $34,377 less than a White family's median income, an improvement of $7,000 since 2019.<ref name=Reformer>{{cite news|url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/05/23/four-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark/|title=Four years after George Floyd, Minnesota's racial gaps remain stark|last=Ingraham|first=Christopher|date=May 23, 2024|access-date=September 1, 2024|work=[[Minnesota Reformer]]|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831202750/https://minnesotareformer.com/2024/05/23/four-years-after-george-floyd-minnesotas-racial-gaps-remain-stark/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible left" style="text-align:right; font-size: 90%;"
|+ Race and ethnicity of Minneapolis, 1990–2020
|-
! rowspan="3"|Race/ethnicity
|-
! colspan="2|2020<ref name="2020CensusP2">{{Cite web |title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Minneapolis, Minnesota |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143749/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2|2010<ref name="2010CensusP2">{{Cite web |title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Minneapolis, Minnesota |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804143749/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=160XX00US2743000 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2|2000<ref name="Census 2000">{{Cite web |title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000. Summary File 4 Demographic Profile, Table DP1 |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=race%20in%20Minneapolis%20in%202000&tp=true |url-status=live |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817170820/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=race%20in%20Minneapolis%20in%202000&tp=true }}</ref>
! colspan="2|1990<ref name="Census 1990">{{cite web |date=October 6, 2022 |title=1990 Census of Population: General Population Characteristics Minnesota |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-25.pdf |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=U.S. Census Bureau |page=57 |archive-date=August 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817170808/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-25.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]] alone 
|| 249,581 || {{Percentage | 249581 | 429954 | 1 |pad=yes}} 
|| 230,650 || {{Percentage | 230650 | 382578 | 1 }}   
|| 249,466 || {{Percentage | 249466 | 382452 | 1 }} 
|| 288,967 || {{Percentage | 288967 | 368383 | 1 }} 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[African Americans|Black]] alone 
|| 81,088 || {{Percentage | 81088 | 429954| 1 }} 
|| 69,971 || {{Percentage | 69971 | 382578 | 1 }}  
|| 67,262 || {{Percentage | 67262 | 382452 | 1 }} 
|| 47,948 || {{Percentage | 47948 | 368383 | 1 |pad=yes}} 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race) 
|| 44,513 || {{Percentage | 44513 | 429954 | 1 }} 
|| 40,073 || {{Percentage | 40073 | 382578 | 1 }}  
|| 29,085 || {{Percentage | 29085 | 382452 | 1 }} 
|| 7,900  || {{Percentage | 7900  | 368383 | 1 }} 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Asian American|Asian]] alone 
|| 24,743 || {{Percentage | 24743 | 429954 | 1 }} 
|| 21,399 || {{Percentage | 21399 | 382578 | 1 }}  
|| 23,912 || {{Percentage | 23912 | 382452 | 1 }} 
|| 15,550 || {{Percentage | 15550 | 368383 | 1 }} 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian and Alaska Native]] alone 
|| 5,184  || {{Percentage | 5184  | 429954 | 1 }} 
|| 6,351  || {{Percentage | 6351  | 382578 | 1 }}  
|| 7,576  || {{Percentage | 7576  | 382452 | 1 |pad=yes}} 
|| 12,335 || {{Percentage | 12335 | 368383 | 1 }} 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other race alone 
|| 2,136 || {{Percentage | 2136 | 429954 | 1 }} 
|| 962 || {{Percentage | 962 | 382578 | 1 }}  
|| — || —
|| 3,410   || {{Percentage | 3410  | 368383 | 1 }} 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] 
|| 22,538 || {{Percentage | 22538 | 429954 | 1 }} 
|| 13,004 || {{Percentage | 13004 | 382578 | 1 }}  
|| 17,771 || {{Percentage | 17771 | 382452 | 1 |pad=yes}} || — || —
|-
! Total || style="text-align:right;"|429,954 || style="text-align:right;"|100% || style="text-align:right;"|382,578  || style="text-align:right;"|100%  || style="text-align:right;"|382,452 || style="text-align:right;"|100% || style="text-align:right;"|368,383 || style="text-align:right;"|100%
|}

=== Structural racism ===
Before 1910,<ref name="ab"/> when a developer wrote the first restrictive [[Covenant (law)#Exclusionarycovenants|covenant]] based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed,{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=6|loc="The first racial covenant in Minneapolis was recorded by Edmund Walton in 1910..."}} the city was relatively unsegregated  with a Black population of less than one percent.<ref name=Kaul>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |title = With covenants, racism was written into Minneapolis housing. The scars are still visible |last = Kaul |first = Greta |date = February 22, 2019 |access-date = March 5, 2023 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = March 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005609/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2019/02/with-covenants-racism-was-written-into-minneapolis-housing-the-scars-are-still-visible/ |url-status = live }}</ref>  Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties;{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|pp=73–74|loc="...the Seven Oaks Corporation, a real estate developer that inserted this same language into thousands of deeds across the city."}} this practice continued for four decades until the city became more and more racially divided.{{sfn|Walker|Ramer|Derickson|Keeler|2023|p=5|loc="...the Mapping Prejudice team showed that, prior to the introduction of covenants in 1910, the residences of people of color were dispersed throughout the city, yet as developers added thousands of racial covenants to deeds in Minneapolis until 1955, the city's neighborhoods became increasingly racially segregated"}} Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal [[Civil Rights Act of 1968|Fair Housing Act of 1968]],{{sfn|Delegard|Ehrman-Solberg|2017|p=75}} restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s. In 2021, the city gave residents a means to discharge them.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |date = March 3, 2021 |author = Navratil, Liz |title = Minneapolis starts program to disavow racial covenants |work =[[Star Tribune]]|access-date = March 4, 2021 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817055442/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-starts-program-to-disavow-racial-covenants/600029949/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Minneapolis has a history of [[societal racism|structural racism]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title = George Floyd's Death and the Long History of Racism in Minneapolis |url = https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |author = Waxman, Olivia B. |date = June 2, 2020 |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |quote = Delegard told ''Time'', 'Structural racism is really baked into the geography of this city and as a result it really permeates every institution in this city.' |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117002036/https://time.com/5844030/george-floyd-minneapolis-history/ |url-status = live|postscript=, }}</ref> and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society.<ref name=Mpls2040>{{cite web |quote = ...in 2010, Minneapolis led the nation in having the widest unemployment disparity between African-American and white residents. This remains true in 2018. And disparities also exist in nearly every other measurable social aspect, including of economic, housing, safety and health outcomes, between people of color and indigenous people compared with white people." and "In Minneapolis, 83 percent of white non-Hispanics have more than a high school education, compared with 47 percent of black people and 45 percent of American Indians. Only 32 percent of Hispanics have more than a high school education. |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development|publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> As White settlers displaced the Indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land,<ref>{{cite news |title = How did Minn. become one of the most racially inequitable states? |url = https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |first1 = Randy |last1 = Furst |first2 = MaryJo |last2 = Webster |date = September 6, 2019 |access-date = May 27, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|quote = The privileges of whites go back much further&nbsp;... to when American Indians were forced off their land in the 1860s. |archive-date = June 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213424/https://www.startribune.com/how-did-minnesota-become-one-of-the-most-racially-inequitable-states/547537761/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and Kirsten Delegard of [[Mapping Prejudice]] explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land.<ref name="ab"/> Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and the economy declined.{{sfn|Weber|2022|pp=84, 88}}

The foundation laid by racial covenants on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, and health equity shapes the lives of people in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a Covenant: How racial covenants impact us today|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=May 28, 2023|url=https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528221509/https://mappingprejudice.umn.edu/racial-covenants/what-is-a-covenant|url-status=live}}</ref> The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities" and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |title = Goals: 1. Eliminate disparities |work = Department of Community Planning & Economic Development |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = June 22, 2023 |archive-date = November 17, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221117184308/https://minneapolis2040.com/goals/eliminate-disparities/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Discussing a [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota,<ref>Factors outlined include racial gaps in opportunity, limited pre-school subsidy programs, educator bias, differences in families' and schools' economic resources, less-experienced teachers, and completion rate gaps. {{cite report|quote=This article highlights evidence of how systemic racism undermines the education system in Minnesota.|title=Minnesota's education system shows persistent opportunity gaps by race|url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=June 18, 2023|publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]]|first1=Rob|last1=Grunewald|first2=Ben|last2=Horowitz|first3=Kim-Eng|last3=Ky|first4=Alene|last4=Tchourumoff|archive-date=June 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618150432/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/minnesotas-education-system-shows-persistent-opportunity-gaps-by-race|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Keith Mayes]] says, "So the housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today."<ref name=Mayes>{{cite news|url=https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|title=A look at the history of racial covenants and housing discrimination in Minneapolis|author=Wigdahl, Heidi|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=April 24, 2021|work=[[KARE (TV)|KARE-TV News]]|archive-date=February 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.kare11.com/article/news/local/george-floyd/a-look-at-the-history-of-racial-covenants-and-housing-discrimination-in-minneapolis/89-f1cacace-6655-42b5-b0a7-d5a6651d63b4|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor [[Samuel Myers Jr.]] says of [[redlining]], "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. {{nowrap|... racially}} discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life."<ref>{{cite web|title=The Minnesota Paradox|url=https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|last=Myers|first=Samuel L. Jr.|access-date=May 29, 2023|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529040243/https://www.hhh.umn.edu/research-centers/roy-wilkins-center-human-relations-and-social-justice/minnesota-paradox|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Separately, Myers describes how the Minneapolis police department's adoption of CODEFOR in 1998 increased policing in areas of Minneapolis that were disproportionately non-White, with dual results: "Minority residents are afforded improved safety and law enforcement services; minority offenders unsurprisingly may be disproportionately apprehended for relatively minor transgressions in order to achieve the higher levels of safety."{{sfn|Myers|2002}}}} Government efforts to address these disparities included declaring racism a [[public health emergency (United States)|public health emergency]] in 2020<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis declares racism a public health emergency|last=McNamara|first=Audrey|date=July 17, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518173123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minneapolis-racism-public-health-emergency/|url-status=live}}</ref> and passing zoning changes in the 2018 [[Minneapolis city council]] 2040 plan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis Has A Bold Plan To Tackle Racial Inequity. Now It Has To Follow Through|last=Sommer|first=Laura|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=May 18, 2023|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|archive-date=May 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518170735/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/877460056/minneapolis-has-a-bold-plan-to-tackle-racial-inequity-now-it-has-to-follow-throu|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{further|Religion in Minnesota}}[[File:Christ Church Lutheran Highsmith.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|alt=Church, tower, and cross|[[Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Christ Church Lutheran]] is one of the city's four [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota|National Historic Landmark]]s.<ref name=nps>{{cite web |title = National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota |url = https://mn.gov/admin/shpo/registration/nhl/ |publisher = Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office |access-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-date = December 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221210185103/https://mn.gov/admin/shpo/registration/nhl/ |url-status = live }}</ref>]]

Twin Cities residents are 70 percent [[Christianity|Christian]] according to a [[Pew Research Center]] religious survey in 2014.<ref name=Pewreligion>{{cite web|title=Adults in the Minneapolis metro area|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/minneapolisst-paul-metro-area/|access-date=May 9, 2023|date=2014|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|archive-date=May 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509200058/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/minneapolisst-paul-metro-area/|url-status=live}}</ref> Settlers who arrived in Minneapolis from New England were for the most part [[Protestant]]s, [[Quakers]], and [[Universalist]]s.<ref name=religion>{{cite web |title = A History of Minneapolis: Religion |publisher =[[Hennepin County Library]]|url = http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |access-date = January 24, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423193057/http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/specialcollections/mplshistory/?id=29 |archive-date = April 23, 2012 }}</ref> The oldest continuously used church, [[Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church]], was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=127}} St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887;<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[St. Mary's Cathedral (Minneapolis)|St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral]] |title = About St. Mary's |date = 2006 |url = http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html |access-date = March 19, 2023 |archive-date = September 30, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930000609/http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html |url-status = live }}</ref> it opened a missionary school and in 1905 created a [[Russian Orthodox]] seminary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svots.edu/about/our-history|title=Our History: Beginnings|access-date=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary]]|archive-date=December 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201021014/https://www.svots.edu/about/our-history|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Edwin Hawley Hewitt]] designed [[St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral (Minneapolis)|St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral]] and [[Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church]], both of which are located south of downtown.{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=84}} The nearby [[Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis|Basilica of Saint Mary]], the first [[basilica]] in the US and [[co-cathedral]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis]], was named by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1926.<ref name="religion" /> The [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] was headquartered in Minneapolis from the 1950s until 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/bgea-history/timeline-of-historic-events/ |title = Timeline of Historic Events |access-date = March 19, 2023 |publisher = [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151315/https://billygraham.org/news/media-resources/electronic-press-kit/bgea-history/timeline-of-historic-events/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Christ Church Lutheran (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|Christ Church Lutheran]] in the [[Longfellow (neighborhood), Minneapolis|Longfellow]] neighborhood was the final work in the career of [[Eliel Saarinen]], and it has an education building designed by his son [[Eero Saarinen|Eero]].{{sfn|Millett|2007|pp=159–160|loc="Christ Church was Saarinen's last building" and "the addition was among Eero's last commissions"}}

Aligning with a national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23-percent [[irreligion|non-religious]] population.<ref name=Pewreligion /> At the same time, more than 50 denominations and religions are present in Minneapolis, representing most of the world's religions.<ref name="religion" /> [[Temple Israel (Minneapolis)|Temple Israel]] was built in 1928 by the city's first [[Judaism|Jewish]] congregation, Shaarai Tov, which formed in 1878.<ref name="Nathanson" /> By 1959, a Temple of Islam was located in north Minneapolis.<ref name=CityHistory>{{cite report |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf |date = June 2020 |first1 = Tamara |last1 = Halvorsen Ludt |first2 = Laurel |last2 = Fritz |first3 = Lauren |last3 = Anderson |access-date = July 14, 2022 |pages = 7.24, 7.27 |publisher = City of Minneapolis|work=Community Planning and Economic Development |archive-date = September 22, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922205430/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/View-the-Minneapolis-in-the-Modern-Era-1930-1975-Historic-Context-Study-wcmsp-227161.pdf |title = Minneapolis in the Modern Era: 1930–1975 }}</ref> In 1971, a reported 150 persons attended classes at a Hindu temple near the University of Minnesota.<ref name=CityHistory /> In 1972, the Twin Cities' first [[Shia Islam|Shi'a Muslim]] family resettled from Uganda.{{sfn|Barlow|Silk|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eTpnyr2Z0moC&pg=PA139 139]}} Somalis who live in Minneapolis are primarily [[Sunni Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |date = January 2017 |publisher = [[International Institute of Minnesota]] |url = https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/#somalis |title = Somalis |access-date = August 1, 2024 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817105056/https://iimn.org/publication/finding-common-ground/minnesotas-refugees/africa/somalis/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, Minneapolis amended its noise ordinance to allow broadcasting the [[adhan|Muslim call to prayer]] five times per day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis allows Islamic call to prayer five times per day|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/minneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day|date=April 14, 2023|access-date=May 8, 2023|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508224122/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/14/minneapolis-allows-islamic-call-to-prayer-five-times-per-day|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has about seven [[Buddhist]] centers and meditation centers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Guide to Local Meditation Centers |last = Hagen |first = Nina |date = May 16, 2016 |access-date = March 19, 2023 |url = https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/ |work = [[Minnesota Monthly]] |publisher = [[Greenspring Media]] |archive-date = March 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230319215525/https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/travel-recreation/guide-to-local-meditation-centers/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{further|Economy of Minnesota}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"
|+ Largest downtown<br />Minneapolis employers<br />2023<ref>{{cite web|title = Target loses top spot as largest downtown Minneapolis employer|first1 = Keith|last1 = Schubert|first2 = J.D.|last2 = Duggan|date = February 7, 2024|url = https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2024/02/07/target-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html|access-date = February 8, 2024|publisher = [[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]|archive-date = February 15, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240215133903/https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2024/02/07/target-corp-no-longer-downtown-largest-employer.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|| '''Rank''' || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Company/Organization'''
|-
| 1 || [[Hennepin County Medical Center|Hennepin Healthcare]]
|-
| 2 || [[Target Corporation]]
|-
| 3 ||  [[Hennepin County]]
|-
| 4 || [[Wells Fargo]]
|-
| 5 || [[Ameriprise Financial]]
|-
| 6 || [[U.S. Bancorp]]<!--please use their spelling with periods-->
|-
| 7 || [[Xcel Energy]]
|-
| 8 || [[City of Minneapolis]]
|-
| 9 || [[SPS Commerce]]
|-
| 10 || [[RBC Wealth Management]]
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"
|+ Largest Minneapolis companies by revenue 2023<ref name="Fortune_500">{{Cite web |url = https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/2023/search/?hqcity=Minneapolis |title = Fortune 500 Companies |date = 2023 |work = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date = August 13, 2023 |archive-date = August 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230813231310/https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/2023/search/?hqcity=Minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|| '''Minneapolis<br /> rank''' || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Corporation''' || style="background:#ccc;"|'''US rank''' || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Revenue'''<br />(in millions)
|-
| 1 || [[Target Corporation]] || 33 || $109,120
|-
| 2 || [[U.S. Bancorp]] || 149 || $27,401<!--please use their spelling with periods-->
|-
| 3 || [[Xcel Energy]] || 271 || $15,310
|-
| 4 || [[Ameriprise Financial]] || 289 || $14,347
|-
| 5 || [[Thrivent]] || 412 || $9,347
|}
Early in the city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour.{{sfn|Lass|2000|p=164}}  The [[Minneapolis Grain Exchange]] was founded in 1881; located near the riverfront, it is the only exchange as of 2023 for [[Wheat production in the United States#Classification and uses|hard red spring]] wheat [[futures exchange|futures]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Trading of Wheat – Minneapolis Grain Exchange |url = https://www.ndwheat.com/buyers/marketinformation/ |access-date = January 14, 2023 |publisher = North Dakota Wheat Commission |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114174445/https://www.ndwheat.com/buyers/marketinformation/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Along with cash requirements for the milling industry, the large amounts of capital that lumbering had accumulated stimulated the local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center.{{sfn|Lass|2000|pp= 164, 181}} The [[Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis]] serves Minnesota, [[Montana]], [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]], and parts of [[Wisconsin]] and [[Michigan]]; it has the smallest population of the twelve districts in the [[Federal Reserve System]], and it has one branch in [[Helena, Montana]].{{sfn|Misa|2013|p=200}}

Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, and professional and business services. Smaller numbers of residents are employed in government, manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, and financial activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_minneapolis.pdf|date=August 5, 2024|access-date=August 25, 2024|publisher=[[US Bureau of Labor Statistics]]|title=Minneapolis Area Economic Summary|archive-date=September 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930180857/https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/summary/blssummary_minneapolis.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Please don't add companies headquartered in: Minnetonka (UnitedHealth), Richfield (Best Buy), Eden Prairie (Supervalu), Fridley (Medtronic), Golden Valley (General Mills), and so forth. Please do add any companies we missed who are headquartered inside Minneapolis borders. -->
In 2022, the Twin Cities metropolitan area tied with [[Boston]] as having the eighth-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.realpage.com/analytics/markets-fortune-500-headquarters-2/ |title = Markets with the Most Fortune 500 Headquarters |author = Wheeler, Charlotte |date = June 13, 2022 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |publisher = [[RealPage]] |archive-date = February 20, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220223755/https://www.realpage.com/analytics/markets-fortune-500-headquarters-2/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Five [[Fortune 500|Fortune 500 corporations]] were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis:<ref name="Fortune_500" />  [[Target Corporation]], [[U.S. Bancorp]],<!--please use their spelling with periods--> [[Xcel Energy]], [[Ameriprise Financial]], and [[Thrivent]].<ref name="Fortune_500" /> The metro area's [[gross domestic product]] was $323.9 billion in 2022<ref name=BEA-GDP /> {{USDCY|323900000000|2022}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}}
{{clear}}

==Arts and culture==
{{Main|Arts in Minneapolis}}

===Visual arts===
[[File:Minneapolis Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|alt=White classical building|The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] admission is free except for special exhibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.artsmia.org/visit|title=Plan Your Visit|publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414193419/https://new.artsmia.org/visit|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

During the [[Gilded Age]], the [[Walker Art Center]] began as a private art collection in the home of lumberman [[T. B. Walker]], who extended free admission to the public.{{sfn|Whitmore|2004|loc=Whitmore cites the 1903 ''[[New York Herald]]'' which calls T. B. Walker "the Pine King of the West" and says "...the gallery is open to the public six days in the week, and all who ring his bell and ask to see the old masters receive not only permission from the white-aproned maid who answers the ring, but also a catalogue as well."}} Around 1940, the center's focus shifted to modern and contemporary art.<ref name=WalkerAbout>{{cite web|url=https://walkerart.org/about/mission-history/|title=About: Walker Art Center History|publisher=[[Walker Art Center]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=November 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130141416/http://info.walkerart.org/about/history.wac|url-status=live}}</ref> In partnership with the [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]], the Walker operates the adjacent [[Minneapolis Sculpture Garden]], which has about forty sculptures on view year-round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/|title=Minneapolis Sculpture Garden|access-date=March 21, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306153418/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/gardens__bird_sanctuaries/minneapolis_sculpture_garden/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]] (Mia) is located in south-central Minneapolis on the {{convert|10|acre|ha|adj=on|sigfig=1}} former homestead of the [[Dorilus Morrison|Morrison]] family.{{sfn|Hess|1985|p=[https://archive.org/details/theirsplendidleg0000hess/page/22/mode/2up 22]}} [[McKim, Mead & White]] designed a vast complex meeting the ambitions of the founders for a cultural center with spaces for sculpture, an art school, and orchestra. One-seventh of their design was built and opened in 1915. Additions by other firms from 1928 to 2006 achieved much of the original scheme.<ref name=SAH>{{cite web|title=Minneapolis Institute of Art|date=July 17, 2018|url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MN-01-053-0058|access-date=April 14, 2023|publisher=[[Society of Architectural Historians]]|quote=This ambitious plan was not realized...|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414180022/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MN-01-053-0058|url-status=live}}</ref> Today the collection of more than 90,000 artworks spans six continents and about 5,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.artsmia.org/|title=Collection|access-date=April 14, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]|archive-date=September 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920015453/https://collections.artsmia.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Frank Gehry]] designed [[Weisman Art Museum]], which opened in 1993, for the [[University of Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wam.umn.edu/about/|title=The Museum|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204644/http://wam.umn.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries.<ref>{{cite news |last = Kerr |first = Euan |title = Weisman celebrates reopening with its designer in attendance |url = http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening/ |date = October 2, 2011 |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = January 14, 2012 |archive-date = January 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120122135926/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2011/10/02/gehry-at-weisman-museum-opening |url-status = live }}</ref> [[The Museum of Russian Art]] opened in a restored church in 2005, and it hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events.<ref>{{cite web |title = History: TMORA |url = http://tmora.org/about-us/history/ |publisher =[[The Museum of Russian Art]]|date = September 30, 2015 |access-date = April 19, 2012 |archive-date = December 19, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151219005841/http://tmora.org/about-us/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Northeast, Minneapolis#Arts|Northeast Minneapolis Arts District]] hosts 400 independent artists and a center at the [[Northrup-King]] building, and it presents the [[Northeast Minneapolis Arts Association|Art-A-Whirl]] open studio tour every May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecurrent.org/events/20230519-art-a-whirl|title=Art-A-Whirl® Weekend|access-date=May 13, 2023|work=[[KCMP|The Current]]|publisher=[[Minnesota Public Radio]]|date=2023|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603083226/https://www.thecurrent.org/events/20230519-art-a-whirl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Northeast Minneapolis Named Best Art District |url = http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/ |work =[[USA Today]] |access-date = April 5, 2015 |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421063349/https://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-art-district/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Theater and performing arts ===
{{further|List of theaters in Minnesota}}
[[File:Guthrie Theater, 2nd Street, Mill District, Minneapolis, MN.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Midnight blue modern building|[[The Guthrie Theater]] originated as an alternative to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].{{sfn|Bly|Schechter|1979|p=33|loc="In 1963, the Tyrone Guthrie Theater was founded in Minneapolis as an alternative to Broadway and its commercialism."}}]]
Minneapolis has hosted theatrical performances since the end of the American Civil War.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|p=503}} Early theaters included [[Pence Opera House]], the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894.{{sfn|Blegen|1975|pp=503–504}} Fifteen of the fifty-five Twin Cities theater companies counted in 2015 by Peg Guilfoyle had a physical site in Minneapolis. About half the remainder performed in variable spaces throughout the metropolitan area.{{sfn|Guilfoyle|2015|pages=455–484}}

In his social history of [[Regional theater in the United States|American regional theater]], Joseph Zeigler calls the [[Guthrie Theater]] the "granddaddy" of regional theater.{{sfn|Zeigler|1973|pp=74, 75, 87, 241}} [[Tyrone Guthrie]] founded the Guthrie in 1963 with an inventive [[thrust stage]]—a collaboration by Guthrie, designer [[Tanya Moiseiwitsch]], and architect [[Ralph Rapson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Project Fact Sheet|access-date=July 24, 2023|publisher=[[Guthrie Theater]]|url=https://www.guthrietheater.org/globalassets/8-footer/b-for-press/for-press/guthrie_factsheet.pdf|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111030145/https://www.guthrietheater.org/globalassets/8-footer/b-for-press/for-press/guthrie_factsheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>—jutting into the seats and surrounded by the audience on three sides.<ref name=Russell /> French architect [[Jean Nouvel]] designed a new Guthrie that opened in 2006 overlooking the Mississippi River.<ref name=Russell />  The design team reproduced the thrust stage with some alterations, and they added a [[proscenium stage]] and an experimental stage.<ref name=Russell>{{cite magazine|last=Russell|first=James S.|title=Guthrie Theater: Minneapolis, Minnesota|journal=[[Architectural Record]]|publisher=[[The McGraw-Hill Companies]]|date=August 2006|volume=194|issue=8|pages=108, 117|issn=0003-858X|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/2006-08.pdf|access-date=July 25, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161153/https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/2006-08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Minneapolis purchased and renovated the [[Orpheum Theatre (Minneapolis)|Orpheum]], Shubert (now the [[Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts]]), [[State Theatre (Minneapolis, Minnesota)|State]], and [[Pantages Theatre (Minneapolis)|Pantages]] theaters, [[vaudeville]] and film houses on [[Hennepin Avenue]] that are now used for concerts, plays,<ref>{{cite web |publisher =Hennepin Theatre Trust |access-date = January 14, 2023 |url = https://hennepintheatretrust.org/about-us/history-and-background/ |title = Looking back |date = May 6, 2016 |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204307/https://hennepintheatretrust.org/about-us/history-and-background/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and performing arts.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thecowlescenter.org/history-and-mission |title = Mission & History and Who we are: Programs |access-date = January 14, 2023 |work = [[Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts]]|publisher=[[Artspace Projects]] |archive-date = January 14, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114204255/https://www.thecowlescenter.org/history-and-mission |url-status = live }}</ref> Every August, the [[Minnesota Fringe Festival]] hosts performances in venues across town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oprah.com/world/minneapolis-travel-guide-minnesota-fringe-festival/1|title=O's Minneapolis Travel Guide|last=Blackwood|first=Alisa|access-date=May 19, 2024|publisher=[[Harpo Productions]]|archive-date=May 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519181032/https://www.oprah.com/world/minneapolis-travel-guide-minnesota-fringe-festival/1|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre#May Day Parade and Tree of Life Ceremony|May Day Parade]] is held in south Minneapolis each May.{{sfn|Kuftinec|2019|pp=3–4}}<ref name="mayday axios">{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Audrey |title=Heart of the Beast returns with puppet fashion show, library and renovated theater |url=https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2023/04/14/heart-of-the-beast-minneapolis-returns-puppet-fashion-show |access-date=November 1, 2024 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606032737/https://www.axios.com/local/twin-cities/2023/04/14/heart-of-the-beast-minneapolis-returns-puppet-fashion-show |archive-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{further|Music of Minnesota}}
[[File:Prince at Coachella (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=.6|[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] studied at the [[Minnesota Dance Theatre]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Dancers recall Prince as a hard-working 'darling' in tights and ballet slippers |url = http://www.startribune.com/dancers-recall-prince-as-a-hard-working-darling-in-tights-and-ballet-slippers/378179261/ |date = May 5, 2016 |first = Caroline |last = Palmer |work =[[Star Tribune]]|access-date = May 3, 2018 |archive-date = May 4, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011637/http://www.startribune.com/dancers-recall-prince-as-a-hard-working-darling-in-tights-and-ballet-slippers/378179261/ |quote=While growing up, Prince had ballet training through an initiative called the Urban Arts Program...Prince took classes with MDT in Dinkytown. }}</ref> through the [[Minneapolis Public Schools]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2022/02/new-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program/|title=New documentary looks back at Minneapolis' 1970s-era experimental arts program|last=Regan|first=Sheila|date=February 8, 2022|access-date=April 22, 2023|work=[[MinnPost]]|quote=FITC began as a program offered through the Minneapolis Public Schools, under the umbrella of the Urban Arts Program....(Among the notable alumni of the Urban Arts program was none other than Prince himself.)|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422153520/https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2022/02/new-documentary-looks-back-at-minneapolis-1970s-era-experimental-arts-program/|url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=Prince playing guitar at night]]

[[Minnesota Orchestra]] plays classical and popular music at [[Orchestra Hall (Minneapolis)|Orchestra Hall]] under music director [[Thomas Søndergård]].<ref>{{cite web |date = July 28, 2022 |access-date = September 26, 2022 |publisher = [[Minnesota Orchestra|Minnesota Orchestral Association]] |url = https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/meet-the-music-director-designate-thomas-sondergard/ |title = Meet the Music Director Designate: Thomas Søndergård |archive-date = September 26, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220926192123/https://www.minnesotaorchestra.org/stories/meet-the-music-director-designate-thomas-sondergard/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The orchestra won a 2014 [[56th Annual Grammy Awards#Classical|Grammy]] for their recording of Sibelius's first and fourth symphonies<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/01/26/minnesota-orchestra-wins-grammy |title = Minnesota Orchestra wins Grammy |author = Wurzer, Cathy |date = January 26, 2014 |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-date = February 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230208002919/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2014/01/26/minnesota-orchestra-wins-grammy |url-status = live }}</ref> and a 2004 [[46th Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy]] for composer [[Dominick Argento]] with their recording of ''[[Casa Guidi (album)|Casa Guidi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title = Best Contemporary Composition |date = February 9, 2004 |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1667101 |access-date = July 19, 2021 |work = [[NPR]] |archive-date = July 19, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210719152300/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1667101 |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis's opera companies include [[Minnesota Opera]],<ref name=CBSMNopera>{{cite news|last=Cameron|first=Linda|date=July 18, 2016|title=Best Operas In Minnesota|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/best-operas-in-minnesota/|work=[[CBS News Minnesota]]|publisher=[[CBS Broadcasting]]|access-date=May 14, 2023|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514190812/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/best-operas-in-minnesota/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The Minnesota Opera has offices in Minneapolis and performs in Saint Paul.<ref name=CBSMNopera />}} the Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan/248871161/|last=Royce|first=Graydon|date=March 6, 2014|title=Theater: Gilbert & Sullivan Very Light Opera Company|work=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=January 1, 2021|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123701/https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-troupe-offers-a-rare-slice-of-gilbert-sullivan/248871161/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Really Spicy Opera]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Longbella|first=Maren|date=August 7, 2016|title=Fringe review: 'Game of Thrones: The Musical'|url=https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/07/fringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical/|work=[[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]]|access-date=May 14, 2023|archive-date=May 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514185904/https://www.twincities.com/2016/08/07/fringe-review-game-of-thrones-the-musical/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singer and multi-instrumentalist [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] was a [[child prodigy]]<ref name=CityMusicHistory>{{cite report |title = Minneapolis Music History, 1850–2000: A Context |first1 = Charlene |last1 = Roise |first2 = Elizabeth |last2 = Gales |first3 = Kristen |last3 = Koehlinger |first4 = Kathryn |last4 = Goetz |last5 = Hess |first5 = Roise and Company |first6 = Kristen |last6 = Zschomler |first7 = Stephanie |last7 = Rouse |first8 = Jason |last8 = Wittenberg |date = December 2018 |page = 42 |access-date = May 1, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/Minneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf |quote = A true musical prodigy, Prince mastered the piano by about age eight while living at 2620 Eighth Avenue North, where he could play anything he heard by ear on the piano and began songwriting. |archive-date = May 15, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230515114952/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/government/Minneapolis-Music-History-1850-2000.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> who was born in Minneapolis and lived in the area for most of his life.<ref>{{cite news |title = So you're a Prince fan visiting Minnesota: Five must-see stops |last1 = Gabler |first1 = Jay |date = January 27, 2018 |work=[[KCMP|The Current]]|publisher = [[Minnesota Public Radio]] |access-date = December 20, 2019 |url = https://blog.thecurrent.org/2018/01/so-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops/ |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815082522/https://blog.thecurrent.org/2018/01/so-youre-a-prince-fan-visiting-minnesota-five-must-see-stops/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In an era of [[indie music scene|music scene]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=A Tale Of Twin Cities: Hüsker Dü, The Replacements And The Rise And Fall Of The '80s Minneapolis Scene|url=https://magnetmagazine.com/2005/06/12/a-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene/|date=June 12, 2005|access-date=July 24, 2024|publisher=[[Magnet (magazine)|Magnet magazine]]|quote=For a few years in the mid-’80s, not long after Athens and sometime before Seattle, the epicenter of American underground rock was Minneapolis....But genius can put any town on the map, which Prince accomplished for his home city with 1984 album and film Purple Rain, whose prominent concert footage was shot at a local club called First Avenue.|archive-date=April 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412182805/https://magnetmagazine.com/2005/06/12/a-tale-of-twin-cities-husker-du-the-replacements-and-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-80s-minneapolis-scene/|url-status=live}}</ref> 1980s Minneapolis was a hotbed for American underground rock alongside R&B, funk, and soul{{sfn|Corrigan|Sigelman|2018|p=x|loc="At the dawn of the 1980s, the Twin Cities music scene was poised to explode.... Husker Du, the Replacements, Loud Fast Rules (later Soul Asylum) and others were fast building rabid local followings and would soon achieve national acclaim.... At the same time, a vibrant R&B, funk, and soul scene was maturing and forming what would be known as the "Minneapolis sound." The young guitar and songwriting virtuoso Prince was perfecting his innovative and infectious style..."}} thanks to the nightclub [[First Avenue (nightclub)|First Avenue]] and musicians like [[Hüsker Dü]], [[The Replacements (band)|The Replacements]], and Prince.<ref>{{cite web|title=Everybody Is a Star: How the Rock Club First Avenue Made Minneapolis the Center of Music in the '80s|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s/|last=Matos|first=Michaelangelo|date=March 14, 2016|access-date=April 16, 2023|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|quote=Minneapolis music peaked in the middle of 1984: Purple Rain in theaters, the release of Hüsker Dü’s Zen Arcade, and the 12" of the Replacements’ “I Will Dare”. By 1987, that crazy peak had subsided. Hüsker Dü released another double LP in January...but broke up shortly after their manager David Savoy’s suicide. On May 27, the Replacements played First Avenue for the last time. And in September, Prince opened Paisley Park Studios way out in Chanhassen....|archive-date=April 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416150455/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/9832-everybody-is-a-star-how-the-rock-club-first-avenue-made-minneapolis-the-center-of-music-in-the-80s/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city hosts several other concert venues including the [[The Cedar Cultural Center|Cedar]] and the [[Dakota Jazz Club|Dakota]].<ref name=Moran>{{cite news |url = https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/concert-venues/ |title = A Guide to Twin Cities Concert Venues |author = Moran, Lydia |date = January 28, 2019 |access-date = September 26, 2022 |work = Mpls. St. Paul |publisher = Key Enterprises |archive-date = September 26, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220926181502/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/concert-venues/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Armory|Armory]], the [[Skyway Theatre]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/oct-10-skyway-theatre-is-reborn-as-a-music-venue/227269021|title=Minneapolis' Skyway Theatre is reborn as a music venue|last=Riemenschneider|first=Chris|date=November 25, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2024|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=September 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909040959/https://www.startribune.com/oct-10-skyway-theatre-is-reborn-as-a-music-venue/227269021|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Uptown Theater (Minneapolis)|Uptown Theater]] have national management.<ref>{{cite web|title=Uptown Theater Minneapolis|url=https://www.livenation.com/venue/KovZ917AtLX/uptown-theater-minneapolis-events|access-date=June 11, 2023|publisher=[[Live Nation]]|archive-date=June 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611170122/https://www.livenation.com/venue/KovZ917AtLX/uptown-theater-minneapolis-events|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Historical museums===
[[File:Aerial view of Black Lives Matter mural at Penn and Plymouth (50139920322).jpg|thumb|right|[[Black Lives Matter]] mural (2020) organized by the [[Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery]]<ref name=Eler>{{cite news |title = Exhibits at Minnesota African American museum keep George Floyd's spirit alive |url = https://www.startribune.com/exhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive/572612682/ |author = Eler, Alicia |date = October 2, 2020 |access-date = November 28, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = November 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221128191038/https://www.startribune.com/exhibits-at-minnesota-african-american-museum-keep-george-floyd-s-spirit-alive/572612682/ |url-status = live }}</ref>|alt=The phrase "Black Lives Matter" painted on a road.]]

Exhibits at [[Mill City Museum]] feature the city's history of flour milling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mill City Museum: Learn|url=https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn|access-date=April 20, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420153946/https://www.mnhs.org/millcity/learn|url-status=live}}</ref>  [[The Bakken]], formerly known as the Bakken Library and Museum of Electricity in Life,{{sfn|Vollmar|2003<!--no page number available-->}} shifted focus in 2016 from electricity and magnetism to invention and innovation, and in 2020 opened a new entrance on [[Bde Maka Ska]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift/572674982/ |title = Minnesota's quirky Bakken Museum reinvents itself with $4.5M face lift |work =[[Star Tribune]] |author = Eler, Alicia |access-date = November 27, 2021 |date = October 8, 2020 |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127220626/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-quirky-bakken-museum-reinvents-itself-with-4-5m-face-lift/572674982/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Hennepin History Museum]] is housed in a former mansion.<ref>{{cite news |title = New director says Hennepin History Museum has 'room for growth' |author = Farber, Zac |date = September 9, 2019 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |url = https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2019/09/new-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth/ |work = [[Southwest Journal]] |publisher =Minnesota Premier Publications |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127201256/https://www.southwestjournal.com/news/2019/09/new-director-says-hennepin-history-museum-has-room-for-growth/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Built of elaborate woodwork in 1875 and maintained today as a historic site, the little [[Minnehaha Depot]] was a stop on one of the first railroads built out of Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mnhs.org/minnehahadepot/learn|title=Minnehaha Depot: Learn|access-date=April 20, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420153948/https://www.mnhs.org/minnehahadepot/learn|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[American Swedish Institute]] occupies a former mansion on Park Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[Minnesota Digital Library]] |url = https://collection.mndigital.org/catalog/swede:310#/image/0 |title = Detail of the grand hall fireplace, American Swedish Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota |access-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127214723/https://collection.mndigital.org/catalog/swede:310#/image/0 |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[American Indian Cultural Corridor]], about eight blocks on Franklin Avenue, houses All My Relatives Gallery.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/arts/minneapolis-native-american-culture.html |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/arts/minneapolis-native-american-culture.html |archive-date = December 28, 2021 |url-access = limited |title = In Minneapolis, a Thriving Center for Indigenous Art |author = Cipolle, Alex V. |date = October 20, 2021 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |work =[[The New York Times]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  In 2013, the [[Somali Museum of Minnesota]] opened on Lake Street.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-museum-preserves-somalia-s-culture/228489191/|title=Somali culture on display|last=Feyder|first=Susan|date=October 20, 2013|access-date=September 30, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=November 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104162005/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-museum-preserves-somalia-s-culture/228489191/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery]] was founded in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minnesota finally gets an African-American museum, thanks to two visionary women |author = Eler, Alicia |date = September 28, 2018 |access-date = November 27, 2021 |url = https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-finally-gets-an-african-american-museum-thanks-to-two-visionary-women/494621491/ |work =[[Star Tribune]] |archive-date = November 27, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211127201253/https://www.startribune.com/minnesota-finally-gets-an-african-american-museum-thanks-to-two-visionary-women/494621491/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Libraries and literary arts===
{{main|Hennepin County Library}}
In 2008, the [[Minneapolis Public Library]] merged with the [[Hennepin County Library]]. Fifteen of the system's [[List of Hennepin County Library branches|forty-one branches]] serve Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis PL Merges with Hennepin County Library |url = https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/minneapolis-pl-merges-with-hennepin-county-library/ |access-date = February 11, 2023 |work = [[American Libraries]]|publisher=[[American Library Association]] |date = January 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220831155737/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/minneapolis-pl-merges-with-hennepin-county-library/ |archive-date = August 31, 2022 |url-status = live }}</ref> The downtown [[Minneapolis Central Library|Central Library]], designed by [[César Pelli]], opened in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Millett |first1 = Larry |title = Minneapolis' 'library block' has a fascinating history of loss and renewal |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-library-block-was-once-home-to-other-noteworthy-buildings/430375493/ |access-date = February 11, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |date = June 23, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210724091217/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-library-block-was-once-home-to-other-noteworthy-buildings/430375493/ |archive-date = July 24, 2021 |url-status = live }}</ref> Seven special collections hold resources for researchers.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.hclib.org/about/locations/special-collections#collections |title = Collections |access-date = February 12, 2023 |publisher = [[Hennepin County Library]]|archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193509/https://www.hclib.org/about/locations/special-collections#collections |url-status = live }}</ref>

The nonprofit literary presses [[Coffee House Press]], [[Graywolf Press]], and [[Milkweed Editions]] are based in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2021/09/new-leaders-at-the-ordway-and-coffee-house-press-new-minnesota-poet-laureate/ |title = New leaders at the Ordway and Coffee House Press; new Minnesota poet laureate |author = Espeland, Pamela |date = September 14, 2021 |access-date = September 14, 2021 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = September 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210914164046/https://www.minnpost.com/artscape/2021/09/new-leaders-at-the-ordway-and-coffee-house-press-new-minnesota-poet-laureate/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[University of Minnesota Press]] publishes books, journals, and the [[Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Minnesota Scholarship Online: About|url=https://academic.oup.com/minnesota-scholarship-online/pages/about|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513165311/https://academic.oup.com/minnesota-scholarship-online/pages/about|url-status=live}}</ref> The Open Book facility houses [[The Loft Literary Center]], Milkweed, and the [[Minnesota Center for Book Arts]].<ref>{{cite news|title=With Books as a Catalyst, Minneapolis Neighborhood Revives|last=Chamberlain|first=Lisa|date=April 30, 2008|access-date=May 12, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/realestate/commercial/30books.html|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512134605/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/30/realestate/commercial/30books.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Minneapolis publishers are [[1517 Media]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Christian Publishers Sharpen a Direct-to-Consumer Focus|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/religion/article/90986-christian-publishers-sharpen-a-direct-to-consumer-focus.html|first=Ann|last=Byle|date=November 22, 2022|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513171747/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/religion/article/90986-christian-publishers-sharpen-a-direct-to-consumer-focus.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Button Poetry]],<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Is Poetry the New Adult Coloring Book?|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/74638-is-poetry-the-new-adult-coloring-book.html|first=Jason|last=Boog|date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=April 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409002213/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/74638-is-poetry-the-new-adult-coloring-book.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Lerner Publishing Group]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|access-date=May 13, 2023|title=Lerner Publishing Group's New Partnership Centers Accessibility|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/92093-lerner-publishing-group-s-new-partnership-centers-accessibility.html|first=Iyana|last=Jones|date=April 24, 2023|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513170418/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/92093-lerner-publishing-group-s-new-partnership-centers-accessibility.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{further|Cuisine of the Midwestern United States#Minneapolis and Saint Paul}}

After the flight to the suburbs began in the 1950s, [[streetcar]] service ended citywide.<ref name="Wood">{{cite news |title = The Fierce Urgency of North |last1 = Wood |first1 = Drew |url = http://minnesotabusiness.com/fierce-urgency-north |date = March–April 2018 |work = Minnesota Business |publisher = Tiger Oak Media |access-date = March 25, 2018 |archive-date = June 25, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185335/http://minnesotabusiness.com/fierce-urgency-north }}</ref>
One of the largest urban [[food desert]]s in the US developed on the north side of Minneapolis, where as of mid-2017, 70,000 people had access to only two grocery stores.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minnesota Among Worst States for Food Deserts |last1 = Kamal |first1 = Rana |url = http://thecwtc.com/news/local/minnesota-among-worst-states-for-food-deserts |date = July 23, 2017 |access-date = March 25, 2018 |work = [[WUCW|The CW Twin Cities]]|publisher= [[Sinclair Broadcast Group]] |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420111429/https://thecwtc.com/news/local/minnesota-among-worst-states-for-food-deserts |url-status = live }}</ref> When [[Aldi]] closed in 2023, the area again became a food desert with two full-service grocers.<ref>{{cite news |title = Aldi to close north Minneapolis store, leaving few full-service options |url = https://www.startribune.com/aldi-to-close-its-north-minneapolis-store-one-of-the-areas-only-full-service-grocers-next-week/600249570/ |author = Sitaramiah, Gita |date = February 6, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |access-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-date = February 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230207165051/https://www.startribune.com/aldi-to-close-its-north-minneapolis-store-one-of-the-areas-only-full-service-grocers-next-week/600249570/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The nonprofit Appetite for Change sought to improve the diet of residents, competing against an influx of fast-food stores,<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Noguchi |first1 = Yuki |date = November 27, 2020 |title = A Garden Is The Frontline In The Fight Against Racial Inequality And Disease |work = [[NPR]] |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/27/933084469/a-garden-is-the-frontline-in-the-fight-against-racial-inequality-and-disease |access-date = November 29, 2020 |archive-date = July 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210718044657/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/27/933084469/a-garden-is-the-frontline-in-the-fight-against-racial-inequality-and-disease |url-status = live }}</ref> and by 2017 it administered ten gardens, sold produce in the mid-year months at West Broadway Farmers Market, supplied its restaurants, and gave away boxes of fresh produce.<ref name="Phillips">{{cite news |last1 = Phillips |first1 = Brandi D. |date = June 7, 2017 |title = Appetite for Change creates oasis in Northside food desert |work = [[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder]] |url = http://spokesman-recorder.com/2017/06/07/appetite-change-creates-oasis-northside-food-desert/ |access-date = March 25, 2017 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420083715/https://spokesman-recorder.com/2017/06/07/appetite-change-creates-oasis-northside-food-desert/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Appetite for Change closed its Minneapolis restaurant in 2023, opened a food truck, and received a grant from the Minnesota legislature to create a long-term home.<ref>{{cite news|title=Appetite For Change to close Breaking Bread, launch it as food truck as it seeks forever home|url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/appetite-for-change-to-close-breaking-bread-launch-it-as-food-truck|last=Uren|first=Adam|date=July 17, 2023|access-date=August 29, 2024|work=Bring Me The News|archive-date=August 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829141700/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/appetite-for-change-to-close-breaking-bread-launch-it-as-food-truck|url-status=live}}</ref> West Broadway is one of twenty farmers markets and mini-markets operating in the city, and among them, four are open during winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://farmersmarketsofmpls.org/markets-a-to-z/|title=Markets A to Z|access-date=March 21, 2024|publisher=Farmers Markets of Minneapolis|archive-date=May 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520235050/https://farmersmarketsofmpls.org/markets-a-to-z/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Minneapolis-based individuals who have won the food industry [[James Beard Foundation Award]] include chef [[Gavin Kaysen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/gavin-kaysen-0|title=Gavin Kaysen|access-date=April 21, 2023|publisher=[[James Beard Foundation]]|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123425/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/gavin-kaysen-0|url-status=live}}</ref> writer [[Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/dara-moskowitz-grumdahl |publisher = [[James Beard Foundation]] |title = Dara Moskowitz Grumdahl |access-date = February 24, 2021 |archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818095115/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/dara-moskowitz-grumdahl |url-status = live }}</ref> television personality [[Andrew Zimmern]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/andrew-zimmern |title = Andrew Zimmern |publisher = [[James Beard Foundation]] |access-date = February 3, 2018 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123411/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/andrew-zimmern |url-status = live}}</ref> and chef [[Sean Sherman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/sean-sherman|title=Sean Sherman|publisher=[[James Beard Foundation]]|access-date=April 21, 2023|archive-date=March 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329203951/https://www.jamesbeard.org/chef/sean-sherman|url-status=live}}</ref> whose restaurant [[Owamni]] received James Beard's 2022 best new restaurant award.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kormann|first=Carolyn|date=September 19, 2022|title=How Owamni Became the Best New Restaurant in the United States|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/19/how-owamni-became-the-best-new-restaurant-in-the-united-states|access-date=June 17, 2023|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318023452/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/19/how-owamni-became-the-best-new-restaurant-in-the-united-states|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conceived in Minneapolis as a malted milkshake in candy form, the [[Milky Way (chocolate bar)|Milky Way]] bar of [[nougat]], caramel, and chocolate was made in the [[North Loop, Minneapolis|North Loop]] neighborhood during the 1920s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/first-milky-way-bar-made-in-minneapolis-100-years-ago-mars-candy-food-innovation-history/600309804/|title=The Milky Way bar, born in a Minneapolis diner, turns 100|last=Johnson|first=Brooks|date=October 5, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=October 5, 2023|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006020459/https://www.startribune.com/first-milky-way-bar-made-in-minneapolis-100-years-ago-mars-candy-food-innovation-history/600309804/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both purported originators of the [[Jucy Lucy]] burger—the [[5-8 Club]] and [[Matt's Bar]]—have served it since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1020256-juicy-lucy-burger |author = Weibel, Alexa |title = Juicy Lucy Burger |work =[[The New York Times]] |access-date = January 18, 2021 |archive-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210818230459/https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1020256-juicy-lucy-burger |url-status = live }}</ref> [[East African cuisine]] arrived in Minneapolis with the wave of migrants from Somalia that started in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Rosenberg |first1 = Meredith |title = Camel burgers and beyond: Minneapolis' Somali food scene |url = http://www.phillytrib.com/news/camel-burgers-and-beyond-minneapolis-somali-food-scene/article_abadc151-f761-5f69-ac77-3271be0e8bf5.html |access-date = September 17, 2017 |work = [[The Philadelphia Tribune]] |date = August 19, 2017 |archive-date = April 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210421060540/https://www.phillytrib.com/news/camel-burgers-and-beyond-minneapolis-somali-food-scene/article_abadc151-f761-5f69-ac77-3271be0e8bf5.html |url-status = live }}</ref> The Herbivorous Butcher, described by CBS News as the "first vegan 'butcher' shop in the United States", opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title = DeRusha Eats: The Herbivorous Butcher |date = January 21, 2016 |access-date = February 18, 2023 |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/derusha-eats-the-herbivorous-butcher/ |work = [[CBS News Minnesota]] |publisher = [[CBS Broadcasting]] |archive-date = February 18, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230218215813/https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/derusha-eats-the-herbivorous-butcher/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Sports in Minnesota}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = TargetCenter.jpg
| caption1          = [[Target Center]]
| alt1              = Remodeled bronze exterior in October 2018. White dog with red target around eye above signage that says Target Center
| image2            = Target Field-20100730.jpg
| caption2          = [[Target Field]]
| alt2              = Nighttime shot of a green ball field and large scoreboard and flood lights lit up behind it
| image3            = DU9p69sVQAEdY6f (cropped).jpg
| caption3          = [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]<!--please use their spelling with periods-->
| alt3              = Night aerial shot of large angular modern building lit from within
}}

Minneapolis has four professional sports teams. The American football team [[Minnesota Vikings]] and the baseball team [[Minnesota Twins]] have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were a [[National Football League]] [[expansion team]], and the Twins were formed when the [[Washington Senators (1901–1960)|Washington Senators]] relocated to Minnesota.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Murphy |first1 = Brian |title = The Twins and Vikings: How they started |url = https://www.twincities.com/2011/07/30/the-twins-and-vikings-how-they-started/amp/ |access-date = November 13, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |date = November 12, 2015 |archive-date = August 19, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210819015156/https://www.twincities.com/2011/07/30/the-twins-and-vikings-how-they-started/amp/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The Twins won the [[World Series]] in 1987 and 1991, and have played at [[Target Field]] since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|title=Baseball Stadiums in Minnesota|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=baseball|access-date=April 15, 2023|date=October 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192723/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=baseball|url-status=live}}</ref> The Vikings played in the [[Super Bowl]] following the 1969, 1973, 1974, and 1976 seasons, losing all four games.<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|title=Football Stadiums in Minnesota and the Vikings|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=football|access-date=April 15, 2023|date=September 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192722/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=football|url-status=live}}</ref> The basketball team [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] returned [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) basketball to Minneapolis in 1989, and were followed by [[Minnesota Lynx]] in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the [[Target Center]].<ref>{{cite web|work=Minnesota Issues Resource Guides|title=Basketball in Minnesota and the Target Center Arena|url=https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=target|access-date=April 15, 2023|date=September 2022|publisher=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415194456/https://www.lrl.mn.gov/guides/guides?issue=target|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lynx were the most-successful Minnesota professional sports team and a dominant force in the [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA), losing the 2024 finals<ref>{{cite news|title=Minnesota coach Cheryl Reeve says series ‘stolen’ after poor officiating in WNBA Finals loss to Liberty|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5859561/2024/10/21/wnba-finals-officiating-lynx-liberty/|date=October 21, 2004|access-date=October 22, 2024|last=Merchant|first=Sabreena|work=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> and winning four WNBA championships from 2011 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=The 2010s: Minnesota Lynx all-decade team, with a twist|last=Davidson|first=Katie|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=November 2, 2023|newspaper=[[The Athletic]]|url=https://theathletic.com/1383750/2019/11/25/the-2010s-minnesota-lynx-all-decade-team-with-a-twist/|archive-date=November 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102155543/https://theathletic.com/1383750/2019/11/25/the-2010s-minnesota-lynx-all-decade-team-with-a-twist/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Minnesota Wild]], a [[National Hockey League]] team, and [[Minnesota Frost]], a [[Professional Women's Hockey League]] team, play at the [[Xcel Energy Center]],<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.xcelenergycenter.com/teams/ |title = Teams |access-date = October 30, 2024 |publisher = [[Xcel Energy Center]]}}</ref> and the [[Major League Soccer]] soccer team [[Minnesota United FC]] play at [[Allianz Field]]. Both venues are located in Saint Paul.<ref>{{cite web|title=All About Allianz: Guide to the Home of Minnesota United|url=https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/all-about-allianz-guide-to-the-new-home-of-minnesota-united-fc/|access-date=April 17, 2023|publisher=Visit Saint Paul Official Convention & Visitors Bureau|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417204531/https://www.visitsaintpaul.com/blog/all-about-allianz-guide-to-the-new-home-of-minnesota-united-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to professional sports teams, Minneapolis hosts a majority of the [[Minnesota Golden Gophers]]' [[college sports]] teams of the University of Minnesota. The [[Minnesota Golden Gophers football|Gophers football team]] plays at [[Huntington Bank Stadium]] and has won seven [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date = December 2, 2014 |title = University of Minnesota Official Athletic Site – Traditions|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |url = http://www.gophersports.com/trads/championships.html |access-date = August 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202033904/http://www.gophersports.com/trads/championships.html |archive-date = December 2, 2014 }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey|Gophers women's ice hockey]] team is a six-time [[National Collegiate women's ice hockey championship|NCAA champion]].<ref>{{cite news |last = Graff |first = Chad |date = March 20, 2016 |title = Gophers women's hockey wins fourth NCAA championship in five years |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]] |publisher = [[MediaNews Group]] |url = http://www.twincities.com/2016/03/20/gophers-womens-hockey-wins-a-fourth-ncaa-championship-in-five-years/ |access-date = September 2, 2016 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420092339/https://www.twincities.com/2016/03/20/gophers-womens-hockey-wins-a-fourth-ncaa-championship-in-five-years/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey|Gophers men's ice hockey]] team plays at [[3M&nbsp;Arena at Mariucci]], and won five  [[NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship|NCAA championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = NCAA Champions |url = https://gophersports.com/sports/2018/5/21/sports-m-hockey-spec-rel-m-hockey-ncaa-champs-html.aspx |access-date = August 21, 2021 |work = University of Minnesota Athletics|publisher=[[Learfield]] |language = en |archive-date = August 21, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210821203146/https://gophersports.com/sports/2018/5/21/sports-m-hockey-spec-rel-m-hockey-ncaa-champs-html.aspx |url-status = live }}</ref> Both the [[Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball|Golden Gophers men's basketball]] and [[Minnesota Golden Gophers women's basketball|women's basketball]] teams play at [[Williams Arena]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-sports/few-or-no-fans-to-be-allowed-at-gopher-basketball-home-games|title=Few or no fans to be allowed at Gopher basketball home games|last=Nelson|first=Joe|date=November 13, 2020|access-date=April 17, 2023|work=Bring Me The News|publisher=The Arena Group|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417162255/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-sports/few-or-no-fans-to-be-allowed-at-gopher-basketball-home-games|url-status=live}}</ref>

The {{convert|1,700,000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} [[U.S. Bank Stadium]]<!--please use their spelling with periods--> was built for the Vikings at a cost of $1.122&nbsp;billion {{USDCY|1122000000|2012}};{{Inflation/fn|US}} of this, the state of Minnesota provided $348{{nbsp}}million {{USDCY|348000000|2012}},{{Inflation/fn|US}} and the city of Minneapolis spent $150{{nbsp}}million {{USDCY|150000000|2012}}.{{Inflation/fn|US}} The stadium, which [[MPR News]] called "Minnesota's biggest-ever public works project", opened in 2016 with 66,000 seats, which was expanded to 70,000 for the [[2018 Super Bowl]].<ref name=Nelson>{{cite news |title = Colossus of 'whoas': Vikings open U.S. Bank Stadium |last = Nelson |first = Tim |date = July 22, 2016 |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/07/22/new-vikings-stadium-to-hold-open-house |work =[[MPR News]]|access-date = August 31, 2016 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150823/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/07/22/new-vikings-stadium-to-hold-open-house |url-status = live }}</ref> U.S. Bank Stadium<!--please use their spelling with periods--> also hosts indoor running and rollerblading nights.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Pheifer |first1 = Pat |title = Indoor skaters flock to U.S. Bank Stadium |url = https://www.startribune.com/indoor-skaters-flock-to-u-s-bank-stadium/408458245/ |access-date = November 13, 2020 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = December 27, 2016 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150903/https://www.startribune.com/indoor-skaters-flock-to-u-s-bank-stadium/408458245/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Minneapolis has two municipal [[golf course]]s<ref>Columbia and Hiawatha in {{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/golf/courses/|title=Courses|access-date=June 21, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=June 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624202037/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/golf/courses/|url-status=live}}</ref> and one private course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pga.com/play/mn/minneapolis/the-minikahda-club/0547650|title=The Minikahda Club|access-date=June 24, 2024|publisher=[[PGA of America]]|archive-date=June 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604210136/https://www.pga.com/play/mn/minneapolis/the-minikahda-club/0547650|url-status=live}}</ref> Each January, the [[U.S. Pond Hockey Championships]] are held on [[Lake Nokomis]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = U.S. Pond Hockey Championships |url = https://www.uspondhockey.com/ |access-date = March 3, 2021|publisher=[[SportsEngine]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150506/https://www.uspondhockey.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Twin Cities Marathon]] held in October is a [[Boston Marathon]] qualifier.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races |publisher = [[Boston Athletic Association]] |title = Qualifying Races Around The World |access-date = January 3, 2021 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012209/https://www.baa.org/races/boston-marathon/enter/qualify/top-qualifying-races |url-status = live }}</ref> The final weekend of the 2024 pond hockey championships was canceled due to above average temperatures,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/us-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice/600338659/|title=U.S. Pond Hockey Championships canceled because of poor ice on Lake Nokomis|date=January 5, 2024|access-date=July 18, 2024|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184709/https://www.startribune.com/us-pond-hockey-championships-lake-nokomis-minneapolis-canceled-warm-weather-poor-ice/600338659/|url-status=live}}</ref> as was the 2023 marathon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://climate.umn.edu/events/winter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation|title=Winter Webinar: Climate threats to outdoor recreation|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=July 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707231053/https://climate.umn.edu/events/winter-webinar-climate-threats-outdoor-recreation|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Parks and recreation==
{{Main|Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board}}
[[File:Minnehaha Falls on June 22, 2013 - Video 1 of 4.webm|thumb|right|alt=Fifteen second video of a waterfall|[[Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)|Minnehaha Falls]] in the summer]]

Landscape architect [[Horace Cleveland]]'s masterpiece is the Minneapolis park system.{{sfn|Nadenicek|Neckar|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n43/mode/2up?q=xxxix xxxix]|loc="With other societal superintendents influenced by the ideals of New England, Cleveland was later able to design and implement his crowning achievement, the Minneapolis Park System."}} In the 1880s, he preserved geographical landmarks and linked them with boulevards and parkways.{{sfn|Nadenicek|Neckar|2002|pp=[https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n45/mode/2up?q=xli xli]|loc="Cleveland successfully linked boulevards, small neighborhood parks of Parisian derivation, prairie ponds with wild islands, and lake-edge parkways"}} In their introduction to a modern reprint of Cleveland's treatise on [[landscape architecture]], professors Daniel Nadenicek and Lance Neckar add that "Cleveland was successful in Minneapolis in great measure because he operated with kindred spirits" like [[William Watts Folwell]] and [[Charles M. Loring]].{{sfn|Nadenicek|Neckar|2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/landscapearchite00hwsc/page/n45/mode/2up?q=xli xli]}} In his book ''The American City: What Works, What Doesn't'', [[Alexander Garvin]] wrote Minneapolis built "the best-located, best-financed, best-designed, and best-maintained public open space in America".{{sfn|Garvin|2013|p=75}}

Cleveland lobbied for a park on the riverfront to include the city's other waterfall.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=44–46}} In 1889, [[George A. Brackett]] arranged financing, and his associate Henry Brown paid the state to cover the condemnation of surrounding land.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=46}} [[Minnehaha Park (Minneapolis)|Minnehaha Park]], containing the 53-foot (16&nbsp;m) waterfall [[Minnehaha Falls]], is one of Minnesota's first state parks.<ref name="MRP">{{cite web |title = Minnehaha Regional Park |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/parks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_park/ |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |access-date = January 8, 2021 |archive-date = March 21, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321170202/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/parks__lakes/minnehaha_regional_park/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The falls became what historian Mary Lethert Wingerd calls a "civic emblem" that appears on products and in placenames.{{sfn|Wingerd|2010|pp=352–353}}

The city's parks are governed and operated by the independent [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] [[park district]].<ref name=ParkCharter /> Beyond its network of 185 neighborhood parks,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/|title=Parks & Lakes|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134557/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/|url-status=live}}</ref> the park board owns the city's street trees.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=xi|loc="The public spirit of those who envisioned the future also made sure Minneapolis was a city of trees. Often lost in consideration of the city's parks is that, from the very early days of the Minneapolis park board, it has been responsible for planting and maintaining street trees"}}{{efn|Minneapolis had planted more than 200,000 [[American elm]]s on its streets and parks before [[Dutch elm disease]] was found in the city in 1963. By 1977, when the most were lost to the epidemic and the city began its control program, the Twin Cities had lost 192,000 elm trees to the disease, and more than 30,000 diseased trees were found in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite journal|title=History of Dutch Elm Disease in Minnesota|last=French|first=David W.|access-date=August 23, 2024|date=1993|journal=University of Minnesota Extension Service|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/151957|publisher=University Digital Conservancy|hdl=11299/151957|archive-date=September 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192900/https://conservancy.umn.edu/items/b61d5115-e99f-46f8-b801-a745affd0d2c|url-status=live}}</ref>}} The board owns nearly all land that borders the city's waterfronts—thus the public owns the city's lakeshore property.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=x|loc="The first thing that most visitors notice about Minneapolis parks is one of the unique features of the city: nearly every foot of land that borders water, other than stretches of the Mississippi River banks north of Broadway, is owned by the park board." and "This extraordinary fact of public life in Minneapolis, that the people own the waterways..."}} The park board owns land outside the city limits including its largest park, [[Theodore Wirth Park]]—sitting west of downtown Minneapolis and partly in Golden Valley—which incorporates the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/theodore_wirth_regional_park/|title=Theodore Wirth Regional Park: Park Details|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184710/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/theodore_wirth_regional_park/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Canoeing by the Franklin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis.tif|thumb|alt=Group paddling a canoe|Canoeing on the Mississippi]]
As of 2020, approximately 15 percent of land in Minneapolis is parks, in accordance with the national median, and 98 percent of residents live within {{Convert|1/2|mile|km|spell=in|abbr=out|1}} of a park.<ref name=TPL>{{Cite web |url = https://www.tpl.org/city/minneapolis-minnesota |title = ParkScore |publisher=[[Trust for Public Land]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210511012742/https://www.tpl.org/city/minneapolis-minnesota |language = en-US |access-date = May 5, 2023 |archive-date = May 11, 2021|via=Internet Archive }}</ref> The city's [[Chain of Lakes (Minneapolis)|Chain of Lakes]] extends through five lakes in southwest Minneapolis.<ref name=chain>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/minneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park/|title=Minneapolis Chain of Lakes Regional Park|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184712/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks-destinations/parks-lakes/minneapolis_chain_of_lakes_regional_park/|url-status=live}}</ref> The chain is connected by bicycle, running, and walking paths and is used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, ice skating, and other activities. A parkway for cars, a [[segregated cycle facilities|bikeway]] for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway|url=https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/minnesota/grand-rounds-national-scenic-byway|publisher=[[AllTrails]]|access-date=April 17, 2023|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417180806/https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/minnesota/grand-rounds-national-scenic-byway|url-status=live}}</ref> run parallel along the {{convert|51|mi|km|adj=on}} route of the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.exploreminnesota.com/article/bike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis |title = Bike the 51-Mile Grand Rounds Scenic Byway in Minneapolis |access-date = January 22, 2023 |publisher = Explore Minnesota Tourism |archive-date = January 22, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230122145728/https://www.exploreminnesota.com/article/bike-51-mile-grand-rounds-scenic-byway-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> Parks are interlinked in many places, and the [[Mississippi National River and Recreation Area]] connects regional parks and visitor centers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npshistory.com/publications/miss/index.htm|title=Mississippi National River and Recreation Area|access-date=April 17, 2023|publisher=[[US National Park Service]]|archive-date=April 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417205715/http://npshistory.com/publications/miss/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Among walks and hikes running along the Mississippi River, the {{Convert|5|mile|adj=on|abbr=out|spell=in|0}}, hiking-only [[Winchell Trail]] offers views of and access to the [[Mississippi Gorge Regional Park|Mississippi Gorge]] and a rustic hiking experience.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/ptgkeyhikingwalk.htm |title = Walks and Hikes |publisher = [[US National Park Service]] |access-date = January 3, 2021 |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816233115/https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/ptgkeyhikingwalk.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Aquatennial]], a civic celebration of the "City of Lakes", is held each July.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/aquatennial-minneapolis/|title=Aquatennial: The Ultimate Summer Block Party|access-date=May 13, 2023|publisher=Key Enterprises|work=Mpls. St. Paul|date=July 22, 2019|last=Marsh|first=Steve|archive-date=March 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319052255/https://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/aquatennial-minneapolis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Minneapolis's climate provides opportunities for winter activities such as [[ice fishing]], [[snowshoeing]], [[ice skating]], [[cross-country skiing]], and [[sledding]] at many parks and lakes.<ref name="Park Board 2021">{{Cite web |title = Winter Activities |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities__events/winter_activities/ |access-date = March 4, 2021 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |archive-date = August 12, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812035052/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/activities__events/winter_activities/ |url-status = live }}</ref> As of 2023–2024, the park board maintained 22 outdoor [[ice rink]]s in winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Outdoor-Ice-Rinks-2023-2024-updated-draft.pdf|title=2023–2024 Minneapolis Parks Outdoor Ice Rinks|date=2023|access-date=July 18, 2024|publisher=[[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]]|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726184708/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Outdoor-Ice-Rinks-2023-2024-updated-draft.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government ==
{{Main|Minneapolis City Council|Government of Minneapolis|Minneapolis Police Department}}
{{further|List of mayors of Minneapolis|Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul}}

[[File:Minneapolis_City_Hall_(42498885215).jpg|thumb|right|Built between 1889 and 1906, [[Minneapolis City Hall]] (seen from [[Occupy Minneapolis#The People's Plaza|The People's Plaza]]) is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].{{sfn|Millett|2007|p=41}}|alt=Facade of Minneapolis City Hall]]

The [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL), affiliated with the national [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], is the dominant political force in Minneapolis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orrick |first=Dave |date=2024-01-13 |title=FBI investigates Minneapolis DFL endorsement process |url=https://www.startribune.com/fbi-looking-into-minneapolis-dfl-endorsement-process-city-council-races/600334597 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.startribune.com |language=en |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804154033/https://www.startribune.com/fbi-looking-into-minneapolis-dfl-endorsement-process-city-council-races/600334597 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city has not elected a [[Minnesota Republican Party|Republican]] mayor since 1975.<ref>{{Cite news |title = The man who was mayor of Minneapolis for just one day |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/11/07/mayor-for-a-day-in-minneapolis |access-date = April 25, 2022 |work =[[MPR News]]|language = en |archive-date = April 25, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220425032745/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/11/07/mayor-for-a-day-in-minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> At the federal level, Minneapolis is in [[Minnesota's 5th congressional district]], which has been represented by Democrat [[Ilhan Omar]] since 2018.  Both of Minnesota's US senators, [[Amy Klobuchar]] and [[Tina Smith]], are Democrats who were elected or appointed while residing in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://media.cq.com/members/25668 |title = Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn. |publisher = [[Roll Call]] |access-date = January 19, 2018 |archive-date = August 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817041436/http://media.cq.com/members/25668 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://media.cq.com/members/115718 |title = Sen. Tina Smith, D-Minn. |publisher = [[Roll Call]] |access-date = January 19, 2018 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414122617/http://media.cq.com/members/115718 |url-status = live}}</ref> [[Jacob Frey]], a former city council member, was elected as the [[mayor of Minneapolis]] in [[2017 Minneapolis mayoral election|2017]] and re-elected in [[2021 Minneapolis mayoral election|2021]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/11/04/how-jacob-frey-won-reelection |title = How Jacob Frey won reelection |date = November 4, 2021 |last = Montgomery|first=David H. |access-date = January 8, 2022 |work =[[MPR News]]|archive-date = January 8, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220108203449/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/11/04/how-jacob-frey-won-reelection |url-status = live }}</ref> The city conducts its municipal elections using [[instant-runoff voting]], which was first implemented ahead of the [[2009 Minneapolis municipal election|2009 elections]].<ref name="Regan">{{cite news |last1 = Regan |first1 = Sheila |last2 = Coleman |first2 = Nick |last3 = Nelson |first3 = Kathryn G. |title = Minneapolis Mayoral Election: Betsy Hodges Almost Claims Her Almost Victory; RCV Count Goes Slow |url = http://theuptake.org/2013/11/06/minneapolis-election-leaders-ranked-choice-voting-new-voters-betsy-hodges/ |date = November 6, 2013 |work = [[The UpTake]] |access-date = January 2, 2014 |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414151325/http://theuptake.org/2013/11/06/minneapolis-election-leaders-ranked-choice-voting-new-voters-betsy-hodges/ }}</ref>

The [[Minneapolis City Council]] has 13 members who represent the city's 13 wards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sahanjournal.com/democracy-politics/minneapolis-city-council-candidates-race-election-guide-2023/|title=2023 Minneapolis City Council race: Who's running, where candidates stand on key issues|last1=Tu|first1=Cynthia|last2=Hazzard|first2=Andrew|date=October 26, 2023|access-date=November 2, 2023|newspaper=[[Sahan Journal]]|archive-date=November 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173754/https://sahanjournal.com/democracy-politics/minneapolis-city-council-candidates-race-election-guide-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, a [[2021 Minneapolis municipal election#Question 1|ballot question]] shifted more weight from the city council to the mayor; proponents had tried to achieve this change since the early 20th century.<ref name=nathanson>{{cite news |url = https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2021/11/why-it-only-took-120-years-for-minneapolis-to-adopt-a-strong-mayor-system/ |title = Why it only took 120 years for Minneapolis to adopt a 'strong mayor' system |author = Nathanson, Iric |date = November 5, 2021 |access-date = January 8, 2021 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = November 5, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105143744/https://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2021/11/why-it-only-took-120-years-for-minneapolis-to-adopt-a-strong-mayor-system/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The mayor and city council now share responsibility for the city's finances.<ref name=McLaughlin>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis' Ballot Question 1 passes, shifting more power from city council to mayor |url = https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/minneapolis-ballot-question-1-passes-shifting-more-power-from-city-council-to-mayor |last1 = McLaughlin |first1 = Shaymus |date = November 2, 2021 |access-date = November 29, 2021 |work = Bring Me the News|publisher=The Arena Group |archive-date = November 28, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211128011433/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/minneapolis-ballot-question-1-passes-shifting-more-power-from-city-council-to-mayor |url-status = live }}</ref> The city's primary source of funding is property tax.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/Xb08AJg-qR5|title=Budget-in-Brief|access-date=April 20, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=[[OpenGov]]|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420211728/https://stories.opengov.com/minneapolismn/published/Xb08AJg-qR5|url-status=live}}</ref> A sales tax of 9.03 percent<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro sales taxes jumped Oct. 1. Here's where the money will go.|url=https://www.startribune.com/metro-sales-taxes-jumped-oct-1-heres-where-the-money-will-go-housing-and-transit/600309427/|last=Magan|first=Christopher|date=October 3, 2023|access-date=October 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=October 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003201354/https://www.startribune.com/metro-sales-taxes-jumped-oct-1-heres-where-the-money-will-go-housing-and-transit/600309427/|url-status=live}}</ref> on purchases made within the city is a combination of the city sales tax of 0.50 percent, along with county, state, and special district taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/finance/local-use-tax/ |title = Local use tax |access-date = February 11, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = February 11, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230211234013/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/finance/local-use-tax/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tax-rates.org/minnesota/minneapolis_sales_tax |title = 2023 Minneapolis, Minnesota Sales Tax |access-date = February 11, 2023 |publisher = Tax-Rates.org – The Federal & State Tax Information Portal |archive-date = February 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230212064129/http://www.tax-rates.org/minnesota/minneapolis_sales_tax |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board|Park and Recreation Board]] is an independent city department with nine elected commissioners who levy their own taxes, subject to city charter limits.<ref name=ParkCharter>{{cite web |url = https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVIPAREBO |date = December 14, 2022 |title = Code of Ordinances: Charter Article VI |work = [[Municode]] |publisher=[[CivicPlus]]|access-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230201212451/https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVIPAREBO |url-status = live }}</ref> The Board of Estimation and Taxation, which oversees city levies, is also an independent department.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVBOESTA |date = December 14, 2022 |title = Code of Ordinances: Charter Article V |publisher = [[CivicPlus]]|work=[[Municode]]|access-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-date = February 1, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230201232610/https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH_ARTVBOESTA |url-status = live }}</ref>

The mayoral reform ballot measure led to four direct reports to the mayor—two officers, the city attorney, and the chief of staff—and the creation of two new offices.<ref name=structure>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/charter-and-code-of-ordinances/government-structure/|title=Government structure|access-date=August 31, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=July 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718124404/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/charter-and-code-of-ordinances/government-structure/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Office of Public Service is led by the city operations officer. The Minneapolis departments of civil rights and public works report to the office which oversees communications and engagement; development, health, and livability; and internal operations. The Office of Community Safety has a single commissioner responsible for overseeing the police and fire departments, 911 dispatch, emergency management, and violence prevention;<ref name=Ibrahim>{{cite news |author = Ibrahim, Mohamed |date = August 23, 2022 |access-date = September 17, 2022 |title = How Cedric Alexander aims to tackle Minneapolis' policing woes |url = https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2022/08/how-cedric-alexander-aims-to-tackle-minneapolis-policing-woes/ |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = September 20, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170631/https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2022/08/how-cedric-alexander-aims-to-tackle-minneapolis-policing-woes/ |url-status = live }}</ref> within this office, four emergency response units serve the city: [[Behavioral Crisis Response]] (BCR), fire, emergency medical services, and police.<ref name=bcr /> Canopy Mental Health & Consulting, also known as Canopy Roots, operates BCR free of charge<ref name=bcr>{{cite web |title=Behavioral Crisis Response Team quick guide |url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/media/-www-content-assets/documents/BCR-Infographic-2.2.22.pdf |publisher=City of Minneapolis |access-date=April 25, 2024 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812104008/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/media/-www-content-assets/documents/BCR-Infographic-2.2.22.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> to respond to crises and some 911 calls that do not require police.<ref>{{Cite web |title = 2021-00736 – Behavioral Crisis Response pilot |url = https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/File/2021-00736 |access-date = September 17, 2022 |publisher = City of Minneapolis|work=Legislative Information Management System |archive-date = September 20, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170615/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/File/2021-00736 |url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Minneapolis Police guarding 3rd Precinct May 2020.jpg|thumb|alt=A half-dozen officers guarding police station|Police guard the third precinct the day before it was burned down during the [[George Floyd protests]].]]

After the [[murder of George Floyd]] in 2020, about 166 police officers left of their own accord either to retirement or to temporary leave—many with [[Post-traumatic stress disorder|PTSD]]<ref>{{cite news |title = As police claims of PTSD soar in Minneapolis, public officials scramble to find solutions |url = https://www.startribune.com/as-police-claims-of-ptsd-soar-in-minneapolis-public-officials-scramble-to-find-solutions/600161709/ |author = Furst, Randy |date = April 2, 2022 |access-date = November 13, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = November 13, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221113170007/https://www.startribune.com/as-police-claims-of-ptsd-soar-in-minneapolis-public-officials-scramble-to-find-solutions/600161709/ |url-status = live }}</ref>—and a crime wave resulted in more than 500 shootings.<ref>{{cite news |title = Divided Minneapolis City Council votes to cut $8 million from police budget |url = https://www.startribune.com/divided-minneapolis-council-keeps-mayor-jacob-freys-target-for-a-larger-police-force/573343121/ |last1 = Navratil |first1 = Liz |date = December 10, 2020 |access-date = December 10, 2020 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date = July 29, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210729225452/https://www.startribune.com/divided-minneapolis-council-keeps-mayor-jacob-freys-target-for-a-larger-police-force/573343121/ |url-status = live }}</ref> A [[Reuters]] investigation found that killings surged when a "hands-off" attitude resulted in fewer officer-initiated encounters.<ref>{{cite news |author = Heath, Brad |title = Special Report: After Floyd's killing, Minneapolis police retreated, data shows |url = https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/after-floyds-killing-minneapolis-police-retreated-data-shows-2021-09-13/ |date = September 13, 2021 |access-date = November 10, 2022 |work = [[Reuters]] |archive-date = November 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221110201149/https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/after-floyds-killing-minneapolis-police-retreated-data-shows-2021-09-13/ |url-status = live }}</ref> After Floyd's murder, chiefs reprimanded a dozen officers for misconduct,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-police-officers-reprimanded-misconduct-aftermath-george-floyd-murder/600356692/|last=Sawyer|first=Liz|date=April 5, 2024|access-date=May 28, 2024|work=[[Star Tribune]]|title=Minneapolis police officers reprimanded for misconduct in aftermath of George Floyd's murder|archive-date=May 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528135911/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-police-officers-reprimanded-misconduct-aftermath-george-floyd-murder/600356692/|url-status=live}}</ref> and as of early 2024, the city had paid out $50{{nbsp}}million for police conduct claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tableau.minneapolismn.gov/views/OfficerConductPayouts/PayoutAmountsbyYear|title=Officer Conduct Payout Amounts by Year|access-date=May 28, 2024|date=February 12, 2024|author=City of Minneapolis|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=June 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624202058/https://tableau.minneapolismn.gov/views/OfficerConductPayouts/PayoutAmountsbyYear?%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024 came approval of an independent monitor of a court-enforceable [[consent decree]], an agreement negotiated with the [[Minnesota Department of Human Rights]] and the [[United States Department of Justice]] to compel reformed policing practices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Independent monitor chosen to oversee Minneapolis police reforms|last=Pross|first=Katrina|date=February 2, 2024|access-date=May 19, 2024|url=https://sahanjournal.com/policing-justice/minneapolis-police-reform-monitor-chosen-consent-decree/|work=[[Sahan Journal]]|archive-date=May 18, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181044/https://sahanjournal.com/policing-justice/minneapolis-police-reform-monitor-chosen-consent-decree/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Violent crime rose three percent across Minneapolis in July 2022 compared with 2021,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/calls-for-accountability-forgiveness-mount-after-minneapolis-council-member-rainvilles-remarks/600189674/ |title = Pressure mounts against Minneapolis City Council's Rainville |last1 = Navratil |first1 = Liz |first2 = Faiza |last2 = Mahamud |date = July 12, 2022 |access-date = July 19, 2022 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |archive-date = July 19, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220719210616/https://www.startribune.com/calls-for-accountability-forgiveness-mount-after-minneapolis-council-member-rainvilles-remarks/600189674/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and in 2020, it rose 21 percent compared to the average of the previous five years.<ref name=JanyFeb2021>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis violent crimes soared in 2020 amid pandemic, protests |author = Jany, Libor |date = February 6, 2021 |access-date = July 19, 2022 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-violent-crimes-soared-in-2020-amid-pandemic-protests/600019989/ |archive-date = July 19, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220719210541/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-violent-crimes-soared-in-2020-amid-pandemic-protests/600019989/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Violent crime was down for 2022 in every category except assaults. Carjackings, gunshots fired, gunshot wounds, and robberies decreased, and homicides were down 20 percent compared to the previous year.<ref>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis violent crime numbers drop significantly in 2022 |author = Kolls, Jay |date = January 3, 2023 |access-date = January 3, 2023 |url = https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/minneapolis-violent-crime-numbers-drop-significantly-in-2022/ |work = [[KSTP-TV]]|publisher=[[Hubbard Broadcasting]]|archive-date = January 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230103033209/https://kstp.com/kstp-news/top-news/minneapolis-violent-crime-numbers-drop-significantly-in-2022/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2015, the city council passed a resolution making [[fossil fuel divestment]] city policy,<ref>{{cite web |url = https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/RCA/6553 |title = Fossil Fuel Divestment Resolution (RCA-2020-00783) |access-date = February 2, 2023 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = February 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235459/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/RCA/6553 |url-status = live }}</ref> joining 17 cities worldwide in the [[Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance]]. Minneapolis's [[climate change|climate plan]] calls for an 80-percent reduction in [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 2050.<ref>{{cite press release |title = The District Among 17 Leading International Cities to Launch Global Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance |work = Department of Energy & Environment|publisher=[[Dc.gov]] |url = https://doee.dc.gov/release/district-among-17-leading-international-cities-launch-global-carbon-neutral-cities-alliance |access-date = February 2, 2023 |date = March 30, 2015 |archive-date = February 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230202235505/https://doee.dc.gov/release/district-among-17-leading-international-cities-launch-global-carbon-neutral-cities-alliance |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2021, the city council voted unanimously to abolish its required minimum number of parking spaces for new construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ending minimum parking requirements was a policy win for the Twin Cities|url=https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/08/31/ending-minimum-parking-requirements-was-a-policy-win-for-the-twin-cities/|last=Yudhishthu|first=Zak|date=August 31, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023|newspaper=[[Minnesota Reformer]]|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108185856/https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/08/31/ending-minimum-parking-requirements-was-a-policy-win-for-the-twin-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> Minneapolis has a separation ordinance that directs local law-enforcement officers not to "take any law enforcement action" for the sole purpose of finding [[undocumented immigrant]]s, nor to ask an individual about his or her immigration status.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.twincities.com/2017/01/25/are-st-paul-minneapolis-sanctuary-cities-trumps-federal-cuts-raise-questions/ |title = Are St. Paul and Minneapolis 'sanctuary cities'? Trump's federal cuts raise questions |last1 = Melo |first1 = Frederick |date = January 27, 2017 |access-date = December 22, 2020 |work = [[St. Paul Pioneer Press]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |archive-date = April 14, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210414150809/https://www.twincities.com/2017/01/25/are-st-paul-minneapolis-sanctuary-cities-trumps-federal-cuts-raise-questions/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

==Education==
===Primary and secondary===
In 1834, volunteer missionaries [[Gideon Hollister Pond|Gideon and Samuel Pond]]<ref>The brothers titled their book ''Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas''. {{cite web|title=Pond Family Papers|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00717.xml|access-date=June 3, 2023|last=Virtue|first=Ethel B.|archive-date=June 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603210832/http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00717.xml|url-status=live}}</ref> sought permission for their work from the US Indian agency at Fort Snelling.<ref>{{cite web|title=The US Indian Agency (1820–1853)|url=https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency|access-date=October 7, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814051357/https://www.mnhs.org/fortsnelling/learn/native-americans/us-indian-agency|url-status=live}}</ref> They taught new farming techniques and their Christian religion to Chief [[Cloud Man]] and his community on the east shore of Bde Maka Ska.<ref name=religion /> That year, J. D. Stevens and the Ponds built an Indian mission near [[Lake Harriet (Minnesota)|Lake Harriet]], which was the first educational institution in the Minneapolis area.<ref name=religion /> In the treaty of 1837, the US promised payment to the Dakota, but instead gave the monies to the missionaries earmarked for education, and in protest, fewer than ten Dakota students attended.{{sfn|Clemmons|2005|p=181}} After more settlers moved to the area, ten school buildings served nearly 4,000 students by 1874. The district had more than one hundred schools when enrollment peaked at 90,000 students in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.hclib.org/resources/collection_on_the_minneapolis_public_schools|title=Collection on the Minneapolis Public Schools|publisher=[[Hennepin County Library]]|access-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Bakken outreach at Emerson-2007.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Man teaching a full classroom|Dual language science outreach at [[Minneapolis Public Schools#Elementary schools (K–5)|Emerson]], one of nine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://exploremps.org/Schools/Magnet|title=Magnet Schools with innovative programs|access-date=August 18, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Public Schools]]|archive-date=August 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819155518/https://exploremps.org/Schools/Magnet|url-status=live}}</ref> magnet elementary schools]]
[[Minneapolis Public Schools]] has room for 45,000 students and enrolled about 28,500 [[K–12]] students as of 2024,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-announces-some-cuts-coming-to-schools-next-year/600348839|last=Klecker|first=Mara|date=March 6, 2024|title=Minneapolis Public Schools announces some cuts coming to schools next year|work=[[Star Tribune]]|access-date=August 26, 2024|archive-date=September 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192847/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-announces-some-cuts-coming-to-schools-next-year/600348839|url-status=live}}</ref> in more than fifty schools, divided between community and [[magnet school|magnet]].<ref name=Whitler>{{cite news |title = What is the Comprehensive District Design? |url = https://www.southwestvoices.news/posts/what-is-the-cdd-and-how-has-it-impacted-mps-families |author = Whitler, Melissa |date = April 11, 2022 |access-date = February 20, 2023 |work = Southwest Voices |archive-date = February 20, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220202035/https://www.southwestvoices.news/posts/what-is-the-cdd-and-how-has-it-impacted-mps-families |url-status = live }}</ref> As of 2023, enrollment was declining about 1.5 percent per year, and approximately 60 percent of school age children attended district schools.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-predicts-enrollment-decline-budget-shortfall/600149534/ |title = Minneapolis Public Schools predicts enrollment decline, budget shortfall |last = Klecker |first = Mara |date = February 22, 2023 |access-date = February 25, 2023 |work = [[Star Tribune]] |archive-date = June 24, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240624202039/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-public-schools-predicts-enrollment-decline-budget-shortfall/600149534/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Enrollment was declining because charter schools and open enrollment, the reasons for one-fifth of the decline, became more popular, and the number of children living in the city fell since 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/PAR-POLICY-BRIEFING---Public-School-Enrollment-Incentives.pdf|title=Policy Briefing: Declining MPLS Public School (MPS) Enrollment|access-date=September 8, 2024|date=January 1, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=August 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819214735/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/PAR-POLICY-BRIEFING---Public-School-Enrollment-Incentives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Many students enrolled in alternatives such as charter schools, of which the city had 28 as of 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://mncharterschools.org/directory/index.php?strSearchText=&intAuthorizerID=0&intEnrollmentRange=0&intAttribute2059=true&submit=Search&strSearchView=table#results |access-date = August 26, 2024 |publisher = MN Association of Charter Schools |title = Directory: Schools |archive-date = September 9, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192848/https://mncharterschools.org/directory/index.php?strSearchText=&intAuthorizerID=0&intEnrollmentRange=0&intAttribute2059=true&submit=Search&strSearchView=table#results |url-status = live }}</ref> By state law, charter schools are open to all students and are tuition-free.<ref>{{cite web |title = Charter Schools |url = https://education.mn.gov/mde/fam/cs/ |publisher = [[Minnesota Department of Education]] |access-date = February 25, 2023 |archive-date = February 24, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230224150531/https://education.mn.gov/MDE/fam/cs/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2022, about 1200 at-risk students attended district alternative schools that offered them better outcomes than traditional schools.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://alternative.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |title = MPS Alternative and Extended Learning Programs...Where Students Have a Choice with Learner Options |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302164825/https://alternative.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> For the 2022–2023 school year, 368 students were [[homeschooling|homeschooled]] in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/groups/educ/documents/basic/cm9k/mdcw/~edisp/prod070859.xlsx|title=Enrollment Information|access-date=September 8, 2024|date=2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Education]]|archive-date=September 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909192845/https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/groups/educ/documents/basic/cm9k/mdcw/~edisp/prod070859.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>

School district demographics were 41 percent White students, 35 percent Black, 14 percent Hispanic, and 5 percent each were Asian and Native American.<ref name=MPS>{{cite web |url = https://exploremps.org/School/edison_high_school |title = Edison High School |access-date = February 21, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] |archive-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221182320/https://exploremps.org/School/edison_high_school |url-status = live }}</ref> [[English-language learner]]s were about 17 percent<ref name=MPS /> in a district that spoke 100 languages at home.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://multilingual.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |title = Welcome to the Multilingual Department |access-date = February 21, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Public Schools]] |archive-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221182856/https://multilingual.mpls.k12.mn.us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> About 15 percent were [[special education]] students.<ref name=MPS /> As of fall 2023, every public school student in the state receives one free breakfast and one free lunch each school day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PROD081923&RevisionSelectionMethod=latestReleased&Rendition=primary|title=MN Free School Meals Program|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Education]]|archive-date=February 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204152424/https://education.mn.gov/mdeprod/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PROD081923&RevisionSelectionMethod=latestReleased&Rendition=primary|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the district's graduation rate was 77 percent, an improvement of 3 percent over the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minneapolis Public Schools sees graduation rates increase|url=https://mpls.k12.mn.us/minneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html|date=April 25, 2023|access-date=April 28, 2023|publisher=[[Minneapolis Public Schools]]|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425225600/https://mpls.k12.mn.us/minneapolis_public_schools_sees_graduation_rates_increase.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Colleges and universities ===
{{See also|Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system}}

[[Image:Weisman-University of Minnesota-2006-09-04.jpg|thumb|alt=striking geometric metallic building in front of more traditional ones|[[University of Minnesota]] teaching [[Weisman Art Museum|art museum]], teaching [[University of Minnesota Medical Center|hospital]], and [[Coffman Memorial Union|student union]] (left to right)]]

Headquartered in Minneapolis, the [[University of Minnesota]] Twin Cities campus enrolled more than 54,000 students in 2023–2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Institutional Data and Research (IDR): Enrollments|url=https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-enrollment/enrollments|access-date=July 12, 2024|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=May 30, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530055916/https://idr.umn.edu/reports-by-topic-enrollment/enrollments|url-status=live}}</ref> College rankings in 2024 place the school in the range of 44th<ref name=Shanghai>{{cite web |title = University of Minnesota, Twin Cities |url = https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities |date = 2024 |publisher = [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] |access-date = July 12, 2024 |archive-date = September 30, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210930202405/https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities |url-status = live }}</ref> to 203rd for academics worldwide.<ref name=THE>{{cite web |publisher = [[Times Higher Education]] |url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-minnesota |title = University of Minnesota |access-date = July 12, 2024 |date = 2024 |archive-date = February 19, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230219185750/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/university-minnesota |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=QS>{{cite web |title = University of Minnesota Twin Cities |url = https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-minnesota-twin-cities#p2-programs |access-date = July 12, 2024 |date = 2024 |publisher = QS [[Quacquarelli Symonds]] |archive-date = April 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230412161155/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-minnesota-twin-cities#p2-programs |url-status = live }}</ref>  [[QS World University Rankings|QS]] found a decline in rank over a decade.<ref name=QS /> [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|Shanghai]] found excellence in ecology and library and information science.<ref name=Shanghai /> Among the 2,250 schools ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' compared in its 2024–2025 best global universities rankings, the University of Minnesota tied with [[Emory University]] at 63rd.<ref name=USNews>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-174066|title=University of Minnesota Twin Cities|access-date=July 12, 2024|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423065149/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-174066|url-status=live}}</ref> The school has unusual autonomy that has existed in Minnesota since 1858, when the state constitution included the provision that [[regent]]s are in control, independent of city government.<ref>{{cite news |title = From academics to COVID mandates, why the University of Minnesota gets to do pretty much whatever it wants |url = https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2022/01/from-academics-to-covid-mandates-why-the-university-of-minnesota-gets-to-pretty-much-do-whatever-it-wants/ |last = Callaghan |first = Peter |date = January 25, 2022 |access-date = February 3, 2022 |work = [[MinnPost]] |archive-date = February 3, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220203164921/https://www.minnpost.com/state-government/2022/01/from-academics-to-covid-mandates-why-the-university-of-minnesota-gets-to-pretty-much-do-whatever-it-wants/ |url-status = live}}</ref> Founded in 1851<ref name=QS /> and closed in its first decade for lack of funding, the University of Minnesota was revived under the [[Morrill Land-Grant Acts|Morrill Act of 1862]] using land taken from the Dakota people.<ref name="morillgrant">{{cite news | last=Vue | first=Katelyn | title=Over 150 years ago, tribal land revived the University. Now, American Indian leaders, students and faculty want this history addressed | newspaper=[[Minnesota Daily]] | date=July 7, 2020 | url=https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125170957/https://mndaily.com/255055/news/acmorrillact/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The Treaty of 1837 forced Dakota to make the largest land cession—all of their land east of the Mississippi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|title=The great university land-grab|last=Almeroth-Williams|first=Tom|date=April 6, 2020 |quote=The Treaty of 1837 gave 1,062,334 acres, more than any other land cession, to 33 LGUs|access-date=April 11, 2024|publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]|archive-date=February 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214085809/https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/great-university-land-grab|url-status=live}}</ref> Then the Dakota ceded more of their land in the Treaty of 1851.<ref name="Bhattacharya 2023 l546">{{cite news | last=Bhattacharya | first=Ananya | title=Native Americans are struggling to put a dollar value on how much "land-grab" universities owe them | newspaper=Quartz | date=July 10, 2023 | url=https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | access-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-date=November 25, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125171143/https://qz.com/native-americans-are-struggling-to-put-a-dollar-value-o-1850620896 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

[[Augsburg University]], [[Minneapolis College of Art and Design]], and [[North Central University]] are private four-year colleges; the first two offer master's programs.{{sfn|The Princeton Review|2014|pp=49, 490, 538}} The public two-year [[Minneapolis Community and Technical College]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://minneapolis.edu/about-minneapolis-college |title = About Minneapolis College |date = November 9, 2021 |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Community and Technical College]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303003000/https://minneapolis.edu/about-minneapolis-college |url-status = live }}</ref> and the private [[Dunwoody College of Technology]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://dunwoody.edu/about/about-us/ |title = About Us |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Dunwoody College of Technology]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303004503/https://dunwoody.edu/about/about-us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> provide career training and associate degrees, and the latter offers a bachelor's program. [[Saint Mary's University of Minnesota]] has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs.{{sfn|The Princeton Review|2014|p=655}} Opening a new Minneapolis site in 2024, [[Red Lake Nation College]] is an accredited federally recognized [[Tribal colleges and universities|tribal college]] site that teaches [[Ojibwe]] culture and awards associate degrees.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/red-lake-nation-college-opens-in-minneapolis-offering-higher-education-and-cultural-connection/600371661/|last=Navratil|first=Liz|date=June 6, 2024|access-date=June 7, 2024|title=Red Lake Nation College opens in Minneapolis, offering higher education and cultural connection|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=June 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606231811/https://www.startribune.com/red-lake-nation-college-opens-in-minneapolis-offering-higher-education-and-cultural-connection/600371661/|url-status=live}}</ref> The large, principally [[distance education|online universities]] [[Capella University]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.capella.edu/contact-us/ |title = We're here to help you |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Capella University]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302232512/https://www.capella.edu/contact-us/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and [[Walden University (Minnesota)|Walden University]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.waldenu.edu/contact-us |title = Contact Us |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Walden University]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302232513/https://www.waldenu.edu/contact-us |url-status = live }}</ref> are both headquartered in the city. The public four-year [[Metropolitan State University]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.metrostate.edu/about/locations/minneapolis |title = Minneapolis |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Metropolitan State University]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231920/https://www.metrostate.edu/about/locations/minneapolis |url-status = live }}</ref> and the private four-year [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.stthomas.edu/about/our-campuses/ |title = Our Campuses |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)|University of St. Thomas]] |archive-date = March 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230302231915/https://www.stthomas.edu/about/our-campuses/ |url-status = live }}</ref> are post-secondary institutions based elsewhere that have campuses in Minneapolis. The city has more than twenty-five licensed career schools.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city |title = Licensed Career Schools |access-date = March 2, 2023 |publisher = [[Minnesota Office of Higher Education]] |archive-date = March 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230303000132/https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/sPages/141All.cfm?sort=city |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Media ==
{{main|Media in Minneapolis–Saint Paul}}

As of March 2024, Minnesota Newspaper Association members who publish in Minneapolis include ''Insight News'', ''[[Finance & Commerce]]'', ''Longfellow Nokomis Messenger'', ''[[American City Business Journals#List of publications|Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]'', ''[[Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder]]'', ''[[Minnesota Women's Press]]'', ''North News'', ''Northeaster'', ''Southwest Connector'', ''[[Star Tribune]]'', and ''St. Paul – Midway Como Frogtown Monitor''.<ref name=MNA>{{cite web|url=https://mna.org/assets/2024/03/MNADirectoryMar2024.pdf|title=Minnesota Newspaper Directory|date=March 2024|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=Minnesota Newspaper Association|archive-date=March 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315022205/https://mna.org/assets/2024/03/MNADirectoryMar2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[La Prensa de Minnesota]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Hutchinson gets an endorsement and some scheduled criticism|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/10/16/hutchinson-gets-an-endorsement-and-some-scheduled-criticism|access-date=March 20, 2024|last=Scheck|first=Tom|date=October 16, 2006|work=[[MPR News]]|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320202943/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2006/10/16/hutchinson-gets-an-endorsement-and-some-scheduled-criticism|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Vida y Sabor]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Listening and Learning through Crises|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/outreach/lltc-engagement-summary_final.pdf|access-date=March 20, 2024|date=Summer 2020|publisher=[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]]|archive-date=December 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219115239/https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/outreach/lltc-engagement-summary_final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The American Jewish World]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2014/07/after-four-failures-rabbi-samuel-deinard-found-success-american-jewish-world/|title=After four failures, Rabbi Samuel Deinard found success with 'American Jewish World'|last=Weber|first=Laura|date=July 1, 2014|access-date=March 22, 2024|work=[[MinnPost]]}}</ref> are published in the city.{{sfn|Cornell|2016|p=298}} Other papers are ''Southwest Voices'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis neighborhood news site Southwest Voices adding outlet covering downtown|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2023/06/22/southwest-voices-downtown-minneapolis.html|first=Mark|last=Reilly|date=June 22, 2023|access-date=March 20, 2024|work=[[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]|publisher=[[American City Business Journals]]|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713222134/https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2023/06/22/southwest-voices-downtown-minneapolis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Streets.mn,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/9/12/is-this-new-high-school-really-an-upgrade|title=Is this new high school really an upgrade?|last=Steele|first=Matt|date=September 15, 2016|access-date=March 20, 2024|work=[[Strong Towns]]|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320144533/https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2016/9/12/is-this-new-high-school-really-an-upgrade|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bring Me The News]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Why the Pohlads bought BringMeTheNews — and what they're going to do with it|url=https://www.minnpost.com/media/2015/08/why-pohlads-bought-bringmethenews-and-what-theyre-going-do-it/|last=Lambert|first=Brian|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2024|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202181904/https://www.minnpost.com/media/2015/08/why-pohlads-bought-bringmethenews-and-what-theyre-going-do-it/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Racket (Minnesota)|Racket]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/racket-a-new-alternative-news-site-from-former-citypages-editors-launches-this-month|title=Racket, a new alternative news site from former City Pages editors, launches this month|date=August 2, 2021|last=McLaughlin|first=Shaymus|work=[[Bring Me The News]]|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-date=November 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119112958/https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/racket-a-new-alternative-news-site-from-former-citypages-editors-launches-this-month|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[MinnPost]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/organization/?102979/MinnPost|title=MinnPost|publisher=[[C-SPAN]]|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-date=March 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321195000/https://www.c-span.org/organization/?102979/MinnPost|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Minnesota Daily]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=After 120+ Years, the Minnesota Daily Quietly Killed Its Print Edition|url=https://racketmn.com/after-120-years-the-minnesota-daily-quietly-killed-its-print-edition|publisher=[[Racket (Minnesota)|Racket]]|date=October 19, 2022|last=Boller|first=Jay|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606085733/https://racketmn.com/after-120-years-the-minnesota-daily-quietly-killed-its-print-edition|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Media Tales'' called Minnesota a "plentiful" source of national [[trade magazine]]s; companies in Minneapolis publish ''Foodservice News'' and ''[[Franchise Times]]''.{{sfn|Keller|O'Meara|2007|p=86}} Some other magazines published in the city are ''American Craft'';<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[American Craft Council]]|title=Magazine|url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/membership/magazine|access-date=April 29, 2023|archive-date=April 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429184027/https://www.craftcouncil.org/membership/magazine|url-status=live}}</ref> business publications ''Enterprise Minnesota''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.brainerddispatch.com/news/minnesota-manufacturing-growth-year-projected|date=June 19, 2017|title=Minnesota manufacturing: Growth year projected|work=[[Brainerd Dispatch]]|access-date=March 20, 2024|archive-date=March 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331103916/https://www.brainerddispatch.com/news/minnesota-manufacturing-growth-year-projected|url-status=live}}</ref>  and ''Twin Cities Business'';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citymag.org/biz_mags/twin-cities-business/|title=Twin Cities Business|publisher=[[City and Regional Magazine Association]]|access-date=March 20, 2024|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154141/https://citymag.org/biz_mags/twin-cities-business/|url-status=live}}</ref> the literary journal ''[[Rain Taxi]]'';<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Community of Literary Magazines and Presses]]|title=Rain Taxi|url=https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/rain-taxi/|access-date=March 21, 2024|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207074212/https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/rain-taxi/|url-status=live}}</ref> university student publications ''Great River Review'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Great River Review|url=https://poets.org/listing/great-river-review|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=[[Academy of American Poets]]|archive-date=March 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320155346/https://poets.org/listing/great-river-review|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Minnesota Journal of International Law]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085|title=University of Minnesota Law School Overview|access-date=March 22, 2024|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=December 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215121401/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-minnesota-twin-cities-03085|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Minnesota Law Review]]'';<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/lb689094|title=Minnesota law review [electronic resource]|publisher=[[University of Colorado]]|access-date=March 22, 2024|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152528/https://libcat.colorado.edu/Record/lb689094|url-status=live}}</ref> and professional magazines ''Architecture Minnesota'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Archictecture Minnesota: Weisman Art Museum by Frank Gehry|url=https://www.minnpost.com/minnclips/2012/01/archictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry/|access-date=March 20, 2024|work=[[MinnPost]]|archive-date=December 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205015951/https://www.minnpost.com/minnclips/2012/01/archictecture-minnesota-weisman-art-museum-frank-gehry/|url-status=live}}</ref>  ''[[Minnesota State Bar Association#Projects and publications|Bench & Bar]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://primo.lib.umn.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UMN_INST:TWINCITIES&docid=alma9930685810001701&context=L|title=Bench & bar of Minnesota|access-date=March 22, 2024|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|archive-date=March 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152546/https://primo.lib.umn.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=01UMN_INST:TWINCITIES&docid=alma9930685810001701&context=L|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Minnesota Medical Association#Publications|Minnesota Medicine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research shows raising the tobacco sale age would keep Minnesota kids from starting.|url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/tobacco/21/index.html|access-date=March 20, 2024|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Health]]|archive-date=October 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002075347/https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/tobacco/21/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen]] found the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area to be the 15th-largest [[Media market|designated market area]] which is down from 14th in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nab.org/documents/resources/2022-2023DMARANKS.xlsx |format = Excel |title = Comparisons of 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 Market Ranks |access-date = February 21, 2023 |publisher = [[National Association of Broadcasters]] |archive-date = February 24, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230224114653/https://www.nab.org/documents/resources/2022-2023DMARANKS.xlsx |url-status = live }}</ref> Of the 89 FM and 57 AM stations that can be heard in the city, 17 FM stations and 11 AM stations are licensed in Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=55401|title=ZIP Code: 55401, Location: MINNEAPOLIS MN|access-date=October 22, 2024|publisher=REC Networks|work=FCCdata.org}}</ref> The Twin Cities have 1,742,530 TV homes.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Media Market Map |url = https://www.mediamarketmap.com/minneapolis-st-paul-designated-market-media-map/ |title = Minneapolis-St. Paul DMA Map In 2023 |date = May 25, 2021 |access-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-date = February 21, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230221235600/https://www.mediamarketmap.com/minneapolis-st-paul-designated-market-media-map/ |url-status = live }}</ref> ''[[TV Guide]]'' lists 151 TV channels for Minneapolis.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.tvguide.com/listings/zip/55401-minneapolis-mn/ |title = Minneapolis, MN – TV Schedule |access-date = February 21, 2023 |work = [[TV Guide]] |publisher = [[Fandom]] |archive-date = February 22, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230222000110/https://www.tvguide.com/listings/zip/55401-minneapolis-mn/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in Minnesota|Metro (Minnesota)|Trails in Minneapolis}}

[[File:Stadium_Village_station.jpg|thumb|alt=Yellow and blue light rail train at a stop|A Green Line train traveling from the [[Stadium Village station]] ]]
[[File:Trip Agents-Metro Transit-Minneapolis.jpeg|thumb|alt=Three agents converse on light rail|[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] trip agents on the Blue Line in 2024]]
For all trips by all members of a household in 2019, [[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]] data showed that the most common means of transportation was driving alone (40 percent), the least common was bicycling (3 percent), and others were carpooling (28 percent), walking (16 percent), and public transit (13 percent). The city's goal is that by 2030, 60 percent of trips are taken without a car, or 35 percent by walking and biking and 25 percent by transit. The city aims to reduce vehicle miles traveled by 1.8 percent per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://go.minneapolismn.gov/download_file/view/721/360|title=City of Minneapolis Transportation Action Plan|access-date=August 27, 2024|date=December 4, 2020|pages=37–38|publisher=City of Minneapolis}}</ref>

A division of the Metropolitan Council, [[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]] operates public transportation in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/about-Metro-transit|title=About Metro Transit|access-date=April 18, 2023|publisher=[[Metro Transit (Minnesota)|Metro Transit]]|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170436/https://www.metrotransit.org/about-Metro-transit|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, the system has two [[light rail]] lines, five [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) lines, and one [[commuter rail]] line.<ref name=transitfacts /> A fleet of 736 buses serves 10,745 bus stops.<ref name=transitfacts>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/blog/2023_factbook_letter_new_final_final.pdf|title=Metro Transit Facts|date=2023|access-date=July 8, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]]}}</ref> As of 2021, riders of Metro Transit system-wide were 55 percent persons of color.<ref name=transitfacts /> The system provided nearly 45 million rides in 2023, a sixteen-percent increase over the previous year.<ref name=Rantala>{{cite news|title=Metro Transit ridership grows in 2023, but officials say they need help to continue the trend|first=Jason|last=Rantala|date=March 3, 2024|access-date=July 10, 2024|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/metro-transit-ridership-grows-in-2023-but-officials-say-they-need-help-to-continue-the-trend/|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Broadcasting]]}}</ref> In 2023, bus service had returned to 90 percent of its ridership before the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=Rantala />   
 
The [[Metro Blue Line (Minnesota)|Metro Blue Line]] light rail line connects the [[Mall of America]] and [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]] to downtown,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mspairport.com/directions/ground-transportation/light-rail-transit|title=Light Rail Transit|access-date=July 10, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Airports Commission]]}}</ref> and the [[Green Line (Minnesota)|Green Line]] travels from downtown through the University of Minnesota campus to downtown [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metrocouncil.org/Transportation/Projects/Light-Rail-Projects/Central-Corridor.aspx|title=The METRO Green Line|access-date=July 10, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]]}}</ref> A [[Bottineau LRT|Blue Line extension]] to the northwest suburbs is scheduled to be built and completed by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Blue Line Extension|url=https://metrocouncil.org/Transportation/Projects/Light-Rail-Projects/METRO-Blue-Line-Extension/About.aspx|access-date=July 10, 2024|publisher=[[Metropolitan Council (Minnesota)|Metropolitan Council]]}}</ref> A [[Southwest LRT|Green Line extension]] is planned to connect downtown with the southwestern suburbs.{{efn|As of early 2024, the extension was nine years behind schedule and US$1.5 billion over budget.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/04/06/as-green-line-project-languishes-some-lawmakers-want-future-light-rail-in-state-hands|title=As Green Line extension languishes, some lawmakers want future light rail in state hands|first1=Cathy|last1=Wurzer|first2=Gracie|last2=Stockton|date=April 6, 2024|work=[[MPR News]]}}</ref>}} BRT lines are 25 percent faster than regular bus lines because riders pay before boarding, stops are limited, and sometimes they employ signal prioritization.<ref name=Brey>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis Wants to Be the 'Bus Rapid Transit Capital of North America' |url = https://www.governing.com/community/minneapolis-wants-to-be-the-bus-rapid-transit-capital-of-north-america |author = Brey, Jared |date = December 9, 2022 |access-date = December 10, 2022 |work = [[Governing (magazine)|Governing]] |publisher = [[e.Republic]] |archive-date = December 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221209194733/https://www.governing.com/community/minneapolis-wants-to-be-the-bus-rapid-transit-capital-of-north-america |url-status = live }}</ref> The newest BRT line, the D Line, runs along one of Minnesota's most used bus lines, the {{convert|18|mi|km||adj=on}} route{{nbsp}}5, where a quarter of households do not have access to a car.<ref name="Brey" /> The {{Convert|40|mile|abbr=out|adj=on}} [[Northstar Line|Northstar Commuter rail]] runs from [[Big Lake, Minnesota]], to downtown Minneapolis. Commuter rides decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and as of 2023, service cut back to four from twelve daily trips.<ref>{{cite news|title=Met Council study finds no easy answers to ridership woes on Northstar commuter rail|last=Moore|first=Janet|date=March 14, 2023|access-date=April 18, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|url=https://www.startribune.com/met-council-study-finds-no-easy-answers-to-ridership-woes-on-northstar-commuter-rail/600258844/|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418180046/https://www.startribune.com/met-council-study-finds-no-easy-answers-to-ridership-woes-on-northstar-commuter-rail/600258844/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bicycling-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg|thumb|alt=Cyclist waiting at a stoplight in the snow.|A cyclist in winter]]
Hundreds of homeless people nightly sought shelter on Green Line trains until overnight service was cut back in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Moore |first1 = Janet |title = 'Transit is not a shelter': Green Line curtails all-night service |url = https://www.startribune.com/green-line-service-cutback-may-displace-homeless-riders/552734412/ |access-date = January 16, 2021 |work =[[Star Tribune]]|date = August 19, 2019 |archive-date = August 15, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184833/https://www.startribune.com/green-line-service-cutback-may-displace-homeless-riders/552734412/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Short more than a hundred police officers, in 2022, the Metro Council hired community groups to help police light rail stations; these non-profits can guide passengers to mental health services and shelters.<ref name=MooreLRT>{{cite news|title=Crime jumped 32% on Metro Transit trains, buses in 2023|last=Moore|first=Janet|date=February 5, 2024|access-date=February 7, 2024|url=https://www.startribune.com/crime-jumped-25-on-metro-transit-trains-buses-in-2023/600341173/|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=February 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206183740/https://www.startribune.com/crime-jumped-25-on-metro-transit-trains-buses-in-2023/600341173/|url-status=live}}</ref> In partnership with a private security company in 2024, Metro Transit improved security and safety with 24 trip agents who ride the light rail lines each day and work with transit police and community officers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/metro-transit-light-rail-train-trip-agents/|title=Metro Transit "TRIP Agents" to start riding light rail trains in bid to boost safety|last1=Swanson|first1=Stephen|last2=Mitchell|first2=Kirsten|date=February 22, 2024|access-date=August 12, 2024|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

In 2007, the [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge|Interstate 35W bridge]] over the Mississippi, which was overloaded with {{Convert|300|ST|kg}} of repair materials, collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 145. The [[I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge|bridge was rebuilt]] in 14 months.<ref>{{cite news |title = 10 Years After Bridge Collapse, America Is Still Crumbling |url = https://www.npr.org/2017/08/01/540669701/10-years-after-bridge-collapse-america-is-still-crumbling |date = August 1, 2017 |author = Schaper, David |access-date = January 18, 2021 |work = [[NPR]] |archive-date = August 23, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210823233552/https://www.npr.org/2017/08/01/540669701/10-years-after-bridge-collapse-america-is-still-crumbling |url-status = live }}</ref>

Evie Carshare, owned by Minneapolis and Saint Paul since 2022, is a fleet of 145 electric cars available for one-way trips in a {{convert|35|sqmi|sqkm|adj=on}} area of the Twin Cities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://hourcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2022-HOURCAR-Evie-Impact-Report-Online-FINAL.pdf|title=Impact Report|date=2022|access-date=November 18, 2023|publisher=HOURCAR|archive-date=December 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202140712/http://hourcar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2022-HOURCAR-Evie-Impact-Report-Online-FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In warm weather, [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]] and Veo have shared electric bikes and scooters for rent at sixty mobility hubs located on transit lines; riders may end their trip anywhere in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/may/bikes-scooters/|title=Shared bike and scooter season returns to Minneapolis|access-date=July 26, 2024|date=May 16, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=May 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524082843/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/news/2024/may/bikes-scooters/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Minneapolis has {{convert|16|mi|km}} of on-street protected bikeways, {{convert|98|mi|km}} of bike lanes, and {{convert|101|mi|km}} of off-street bikeways and trails.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.minneapolismn.gov/getting-around/bicycling/ |title = Minneapolis bicycling facts |access-date = December 12, 2022 |publisher = City of Minneapolis |archive-date = December 12, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221212220742/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/getting-around/bicycling/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Off-street facilities include the [[Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway]], [[Midtown Greenway]], [[Little Earth Trail]], [[Hiawatha LRT Trail]], [[Kenilworth Trail]], and [[Cedar Lake Trail]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Trails & Parkways |url = https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/trails__parkways/ |access-date = December 14, 2020 |publisher = [[Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board]] |archive-date = August 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816132636/https://www.minneapolisparks.org/parks__destinations/trails__parkways/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Minneapolis Skyway System]], {{convert|9.5|mi|km}} of enclosed pedestrian bridges called [[skyway]]s, links 80 city blocks downtown with access to second-floor restaurants, retailers, government, sports facilities, doctor's offices, and other businesses that are open on weekdays.<ref>{{cite web |publisher = Meet Minneapolis |title = Your Guide to the Minneapolis Skyway System |url = https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/minneapolis-skyway-guide/ |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = August 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210801114806/https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/minneapolis-skyway-guide/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Fifteen commercial passenger airlines serve [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport]] (MSP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mspairport.com/flights-and-airlines|access-date=April 22, 2023|title=Flights & Airlines|publisher=[[Metropolitan Airports Commission]]|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422150550/https://www.mspairport.com/flights-and-airlines|url-status=live}}</ref> MSP is the headquarters of [[Sun Country Airlines]].<ref name=MSP>{{cite news |title = Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport on track for third annual passenger record in a row |url = https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2019/12/12/minneapolis-st-paul-international-airport-on-track.html |work = [[Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal]]|publisher=[[American City Business Journals]] |author = Thomas, Dylan |date = December 12, 2019 |access-date = January 18, 2021 |archive-date = June 4, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210604210509/https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2019/12/12/minneapolis-st-paul-international-airport-on-track.html |url-status = live }}</ref> After it merged with [[Northwest Airlines]] in 2009, [[Delta Air Lines]] flew 80 percent of the airport's traffic,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/delta-airlines/|title=Delta Air Lines|access-date=April 22, 2023|publisher=Meet Minneapolis|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422145648/https://www.minneapolis.org/map-transportation/delta-airlines/|url-status=live}}</ref> and MSP was Delta's second-largest US hub.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delta's new station chief works to build back MSP hub after pandemic|url=https://www.startribune.com/deltas-new-station-chief-works-to-build-back-msp-hub-after-pandemic/600069969/|last=Painter|first=Kristen Leigh|date=June 19, 2021|access-date=April 22, 2023|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=April 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422150523/https://www.startribune.com/deltas-new-station-chief-works-to-build-back-msp-hub-after-pandemic/600069969/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Services and utilities ===
[[File:Minneapolis DID Ambassador.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|alt=Woman in uniform on Marquette Av downtown|Downtown Improvement District ambassador]]

[[Xcel Energy]] supplies electricity,<ref name=CEP>{{cite web|title=About the Partnership|url=https://mplscleanenergypartnership.org/about/|access-date=April 19, 2023|publisher=Minneapolis Clean Energy Partnership|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419195348/https://mplscleanenergypartnership.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[CenterPoint Energy]] provides gas.<ref name=CEP /> The water supply is managed by four [[drainage basin|watershed]] districts that correspond with the Mississippi and three streams that are river tributaries.<ref>{{cite report|date=December 14, 2021|pages=3-11, 3-25|title=Water Resources Management Plan|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|publisher=City of Minneapolis|access-date=April 6, 2023|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224257/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/Water-Resources-Management-Plan-Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city has nineteen [[fire station]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/fire/fire-station-locations/|title=Fire station locations|access-date=July 20, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=July 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720152748/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/fire/fire-station-locations/|url-status=live}}</ref> Requests for non-emergency information or service requests can be made through Minneapolis [[3-1-1|311]]. The call center operates in English, Spanish, Hmong, and Somali, and offers 220 language options.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stories.opengov.com/y0fJMflmU/published/undefined|title=311|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=OpenGov|access-date=September 6, 2023|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906180902/https://stories.opengov.com/y0fJMflmU/published/undefined|url-status=live}}</ref> Email, TTY, text, voice, and a mobile app can access the center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minneapolismn.gov/contact-us/|title=Contact 311|access-date=September 6, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=September 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906181135/https://www.minneapolismn.gov/contact-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Minneapolis department of public works is responsible for services including snow plowing, solid waste removal, traffic and parking, water treatment, transportation planning and maintenance, and fleet services for the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/public-works/info/|title=What we do|access-date=August 20, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=August 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820143820/https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/public-works/info/|url-status=live}}</ref> Among its engineering functions, the department was increasing the capacity of a {{convert|4200|ft|m|adj=on}} [[storm drain|storm water tunnel]] system {{convert|80|ft|m|adj=off}} under Washington to Chicago avenues and had completed 97 percent of the excavation phase and 41 percent of the lining phase as of August 2023.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3698229|publisher=City of Minneapolis|via=Granicus|access-date=August 20, 2023|title=Minneapolis Central City Tunnel: Project overview|date=August 7, 2023|archive-date=August 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820143820/https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MPLS/bulletins/3698229|url-status=live}}</ref> Designed for downtown's concrete landscape, the system will drain runoff into the Mississippi in case of a [[100-year flood|100-year storm]].<ref name=Vue>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/a-peek-down-into-the-new-tunnels-below-minneapolis/600196305/|last=Vue|first=Katelyn|date=August 6, 2022|access-date=August 20, 2023|title=Underground army tunnels under downtown to expand Minneapolis stormwater system|work=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=August 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820151954/https://www.startribune.com/a-peek-down-into-the-new-tunnels-below-minneapolis/600196305/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Downtown Improvement District ambassadors, who are identified by their blue-and-green-yellow fluorescent jackets, daily patrol a 120-block area of downtown to greet and assist visitors, remove trash, monitor property, and call police when they are needed. The ambassador program is a [[public-private partnership]] that is paid for by a special downtown tax district.<ref>{{Cite news |last = St. Anthony |first = Neal |date = May 2, 2020 |title = 'Ambassadors' ready downtown for gradual return of workers with long list of projects |work = [[Star Tribune]] |url = https://www.startribune.com/mpls-downtown-ambassadors-prepare-for-gradual-return-of-workers-visitors/570101112/ |access-date = February 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201129011120/https://www.startribune.com/mpls-downtown-ambassadors-prepare-for-gradual-return-of-workers-visitors/570101112/ |archive-date = November 29, 2020 |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Health care ===
{{See also|COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota|COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota#Economy}}
[[File:051907-003-HCMC.jpg|thumb|alt=Four-story building seen from across the street|[[Hennepin County Medical Center]] has the state's busiest emergency room.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.startribune.com/inside-hcmc-minnesotas-busiest-er-the-trauma-of-dealing-with-trauma-never-stops/600304582/|title=Inside Minnesota's busiest ER, the trauma of dealing with trauma never stops|last=Forgrave|first=Reid|date=September 15, 2023|access-date=September 15, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=September 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917222235/https://www.startribune.com/inside-hcmc-minnesotas-busiest-er-the-trauma-of-dealing-with-trauma-never-stops/600304582/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Hennepin County Medical Center, a public [[teaching hospital]] and [[Level I trauma center]],<ref name=HH>{{cite web|title=Hennepin Healthcare|url=https://mn.gov/projsrch/hennepin-healthcare.html|publisher=State of Minnesota|work=Minnesota Project Search|access-date=April 19, 2023|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419181104/https://mn.gov/projsrch/hennepin-healthcare.html|url-status=live}}</ref> opened in 1887 as City Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |title = The History of Emergency Medicine at Hennepin |url = https://hennepinem.com/emergency-department/history/ |publisher = [[Hennepin County Medical Center]] |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203223034/https://hennepinem.com/emergency-department/history/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The city is also served by [[Abbott Northwestern Hospital]], [[Children's Minnesota]], and University of Minnesota and veterans medical centers.<ref>{{cite web |title = Individual Hospital Statistics for Minnesota |url = https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_MN.html |publisher =American Hospital Directory, Inc.|date = September 26, 2022 |access-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-date = February 3, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230203203527/https://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_MN.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Cardiac surgery]] was developed at the University of Minnesota's [[M_Health_Fairview_University_of_Minnesota_Masonic_Children's_Hospital#History|Variety Club Heart Hospital]].{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 59}} Surgeon [[F. John Lewis]] repaired a child's [[congenital heart defect]] successfully in 1952.{{sfn|Goss|2005|p=S2210}} By 1957, more than 200 patients—most of whom were children—had survived open-heart surgery.{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 61}} Working with surgeon [[C. Walton Lillehei]], [[Medtronic]] began to build portable and implantable [[cardiac pacemaker]]s about this time.{{sfn|Jeffrey|2001|loc=p. 65}}

In 2022, opioid overdoses killed 231 persons in Minneapolis.<ref name=cityopioids>{{cite web|url=https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/government/departments/health/current-concerns/opioids/|title=Opioids|access-date=July 10, 2024|publisher=City of Minneapolis: Minneapolis Health Department}}</ref> For the state in 2021, Black persons were three times and Native American persons were ten times more likely to die from an opioid overdose than White persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/opioids/opioid-dashboard|title=Drug Overdose Dashboard|access-date=October 6, 2023|publisher=[[Minnesota Department of Health]]|archive-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161615/https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/opioids/opioid-dashboard|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|A ''[[Sahan Journal]]'' investigation covering the state from 2019 to 2023 found that "Native Americans were at least 15 times", Somali Minnesotans were twice as likely, and "Latino Minnesotans were 1.5 times" as likely to die from opioid overdoses than White persons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sahanjournal.com/health/minnesota-opioid-fentanyl-overdose-deaths-race/|work=[[Sahan Journal]]|first2=Cynthia|last2=Tu|first1=Sheila|last1=Mulrooney Eldred|title=Overlooked: Who suffers the most from the opioid epidemic in Minnesota?|date=July 2024|access-date=July 10, 2024}}</ref>}} The 2024 city budget added funds for the Turning Point treatment center, which provides care specifically for African Americans.<ref name=budget2004 /> The [[Red Lake Band of Chippewa]] is building a culturally sensitive treatment center for opioid and fentanyl addiction. Minneapolis transferred two city-owned properties to the Red Lake Nation for the facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=Minneapolis announces plans to transfer land to Red Lake Nation|url=https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-announces-plans-to-transfer-land-to-red-lake-nation/600306579/|last=Jackson|first=Zoë|date=September 21, 2023|access-date=October 5, 2023|newspaper=[[Star Tribune]]|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211553/https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-announces-plans-to-transfer-land-to-red-lake-nation/600306579/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/MarkedAgenda/Council/4164|title=Marked Agenda: Minneapolis City Council Agenda, Regular Meeting|date=October 5, 2023|access-date=October 5, 2023|publisher=City of Minneapolis|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211554/https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/MarkedAgenda/Council/4164|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Mashkiki Waakaa'igan Pharmacy—funded by the [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]]—dispenses free prescription drugs and culturally sensitive care to members of any federally recognized tribes living in Hennepin and Ramsey counties, regardless of insurance status.<ref name=KFF>{{cite news|title=Tribal Pharmacy Dispenses Free Meds and Fills Gaps for Native Americans in the City|url=https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/tribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis/|last1=Huggins|first1=Katherine|last2=Mueller|first2=Julia|date=May 24, 2022|access-date=May 13, 2023|work=[[KFF Health News]]|publisher=[[Kaiser Family Foundation|KFF]]|archive-date=May 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513135728/https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/tribal-pharmacy-native-americans-minneapolis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Minneapolis}}

==Sister cities==
Minneapolis's [[Sister city|sister cities]] are:<ref>{{cite web |title = Sister Cities |url = https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/ |publisher = City of Minneapolis |access-date = June 14, 2020 |archive-date = May 4, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210504142604/https://www.minneapolis.org/about-us/sister-cities/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|SOM}} [[Bosaso]], Somalia (2014)
*{{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Cuernavaca]], Mexico (2008)
*{{flagdeco|KEN}} [[Eldoret]], Kenya (2000)
*{{flagdeco|CHN}} [[Harbin]], China (1992)
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]], Japan (1980)
*{{flagdeco|FIN}} [[Kuopio]], Finland (1972)
*{{flagdeco|IRQ}} [[Najaf]], Iraq (2009)
*{{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Novosibirsk]], Russia (1988)
*{{flagdeco|CHI}} [[Santiago]], Chile (1961)
*{{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Tours]], France (1991)
*{{flagdeco|SWE}} [[Uppsala Municipality|Uppsala]], Sweden (2000)
*{{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Winnipeg]], Canada (1973)
{{div col end}}

== See also ==

{{Portal|Cities|Geography|Minnesota|North America|United States}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota]]
* [[USS Minneapolis (disambiguation)|USS ''Minneapolis'']], 4 ships (including 2 as ''Minneapolis–Saint Paul'')
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last = Anderson |first = Gary Clayton |title = Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History |publisher = [[University of Oklahoma Press]] |date = 2019 |isbn = 978-0-8061-6434-2 }}
* {{cite book|first1=John O.|last1=Anfinson|first2=Thomas|last2=Madigan|first3=Drew M.|last3=Forsberg|first4=Patrick|last4=Nunnally|title=River of history: a historic resources study|url = https://www.nps.gov/miss/learn/historyculture/river-of-hisory-chapter-6.htm |chapter=St. Anthony Falls: Timber, Flour and Electricity |publisher = St. Paul District, [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Corps of Engineers]]|date=2003|access-date=April 21, 2023 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last = Atwater |editor1-first = Isaac |editor-link=Isaac Atwater|title = History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota |publisher = Munsell & Company |date = 1893 |oclc = 22047580 |volume = 1 |url = https://archive.org/details/historycityminn00atwagoog |ref = none }}
:* {{cite book|last1=Baldwin|first1=Rufus J.|chapter=Early Settlement|title=History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota|pages=29–48|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historycityminn00atwagoog/page/29/mode/2up|date=1893|ref={{harvid|Baldwin|1893a}}}} 
* {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTpnyr2Z0moC |last1 = Barlow |first1 = Philip |last2 = Silk |first2 = Mark |title = Religion and Public Life in the Midwest: America's Common Denominator? |publisher = [[Rowman Altamira]] |date = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-7591-0631-4 }}
* {{cite book |first = Theodore Christian |last = Blegen|title = Minnesota: A History of the State |date = 1975|orig-date=1963 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-0754-9}}
* {{cite book|title=[[The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson#Book_Three:_Master_of_the_Senate_(2002)|Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson]]|volume=3|last=Caro|first=Robert A.|author-link=Robert Caro|date=2002|publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-394-52836-6}}
* {{cite book|author-link=David Mark Chalmers |title = Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan |publisher = [[Duke University Press]] |last = Chalmers |first = David Mark |date = 1987 |isbn = 978-0-8223-0772-3 |url = https://archive.org/details/hoodedamericanis00chal |url-access = registration |access-date = March 5, 2023 }}
* {{cite book|title=Heyday: 35 Years of Music in Minneapolis|first2=Danny (text)|last2=Sigelman|last1=Corrigan|first1=Daniel (photos)|year=2018|isbn=978-1-68134-123-1|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Moon. Minneapolis & St. Paul|last=Cornell|first=Tricia|date=2016|publisher=[[Avalon Travel]]|isbn=978-1-63121-272-7|edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Davis |first1 = Julie L. |title = Survival Schools: The American Indian Movement and Community Education in the Twin Cities |date = 2013 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]]  |isbn = 978-0-8166-7429-9 }}
*{{cite book|last=DeCarlo|first=Peter|title=Fort Snelling at Bdote: A Brief History, Newly Annotated|date=2020|isbn=978-1-68134-171-2|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Minnesota|last=Folwell|first=William Watts|author-link=William Watts Folwell|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|volume=2|date=1921|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw|oclc=12778263}}
* {{cite book |last1 = Fremling |first1 = Calvin R. |title = Immortal River: The Upper Mississippi in Ancient and Modern Times |date = 2005 |publisher = [[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn = 978-0-299-20294-1}}
*{{cite book|title=Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy|last=Garrettson|first=Charles Lloyd|date=1993|isbn=978-1-4128-2559-7|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]}}
* {{cite book |title = The American City: What Works, What Doesn't |edition = 3rd |last = Garvin|first=Alexander |author-link = Alexander Garvin |date = 2013 |publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn = 978-0-07-180162-1 }}
* {{cite book |title = An Introduction to Economic History |last = Gras |first = Norman Scott Brien |date = 1922 |publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] |isbn = 978-0-598-78089-8 }}
* {{cite book |last = Gray |first = James |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |date = 1954 |lccn = 54-10286 |title = Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills }}
* {{cite book|chapter=Fifty-five Theaters in the Twin Cities Metro|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|date=September 15, 2015|title=Offstage Voices: Life in Twin Cities Theater|last=Guilfoyle|first=Peg|isbn=978-0-87351-971-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-last = Holmquist |editor-first = June D. |title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |date = 1981 |isbn = 0-87351-231-6 |ref= none}}
:* {{cite book |last = Taylor |first = David Vassar |chapter = The Blacks|pages = 73–91|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups}}
:* {{cite book |last = Vecoli |first = Rudolph J. |author-link=Rudolph J. Vecoli|chapter = The Italians|pages = 449–471|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups}}
:* {{cite book |last = Saloutos |first = Theodore |author-link=Theodore Saloutos|chapter = The Greeks|pages = 472–488|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups}}
:* {{cite book |last = Mason |first = Sarah R. |chapter = The Chinese|pages = 531–545|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups|ref={{harvid|Mason|1981a}}}}
:* {{cite book |last = Mason |first = Sarah R. |chapter = The Filipinos|pages = 546–557|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups|ref={{harvid|Mason|1981b}}}}
:* {{cite book |last = Albert |first = Michael |chapter = The Japanese|pages = 558–571|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups}}
:* {{cite book |last = Mason |first = Sarah R. |chapter = The Koreans|pages = 572–579|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups|ref={{harvid|Mason|1981c}}}}
:* {{cite book |last = Mason |first = Sarah R. |chapter = The Indochinese|pages = 580–592|date=1981|title = They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the States Ethnic Groups|ref={{harvid|Mason|1981d}}}}
* {{cite book |last = Jeffrey |first = Kirk |title = Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care |publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date = 2001 |isbn = 978-0-8018-6579-4 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Falls of St. Anthony: The Waterfall That Built Minneapolis|last=Kane|first=Lucile M.|date=1987|orig-date=1966|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|isbn=978-0-87351-205-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Minnesota Logging Railroads|last=King|first=Frank Alexander|date=2003|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-0-8166-4084-3|url=https://archive.org/details/minnesotalogging0000king}}
* {{cite book |title = Braiding Sweetgrass for Young Adults: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants |last1=Kimmerer|first1= Robin Wall |last2=Smith|first2=Monique Gray |author1-link=Robin Wall Kimmerer|publisher = [[Zest Books]] |date = 2022 |isbn = 978-1-7284-5899-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Media Tales: Stories of Minnesota TV, Radio, Publications, and Personalities|last2=O'Meara|first2=Sheri|last1=Keller|first1=Martin|isbn = 978-0-9787956-2-7|publisher=D Media|date=2007}}
* {{cite book |title = The White Pine Industry in Minnesota, A History |last = Larson |first = Agnes Mathilda|author-link=Agnes Larson |isbn = 978-0-8166-5149-8 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |orig-date = 1972 |date = 2007 }}
* {{cite book |title = Minnesota: A History |last = Lass |first = William E. |date = 2000 |edition = 2nd |isbn = 978-0-393-31971-2 |publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] }}
* {{cite book|author=League of Women Voters|author-link=League of Women Voters|date=December 2002|title=Immigration in Minnesota: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=The League of Women Voters Education Fund|isbn=978-1-877889-33-2}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jerome|last1=Liebling|author1-link=Jerome Liebling|first2=Donal MacLachlan|last2=Morrison|title=The Face of Minneapolis|publisher=[[Dillon Press]]|date=1966|oclc=904082681}}
*{{cite book|title=The Language of Hunter-Gatherers|isbn=978-1-107-00368-2|date=2020|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|editor1-first=Patrick|editor1-last=McConvell|editor2-first=Richard A.|editor2-last=Rhodes|editor3-first=Tom|editor3-last=Güldemann}}
* {{cite book|author=((The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission))|date=1976|title=Minneapolis Frontiers, Firsts & Futures: A Bicentennial Commemorative Guide to the History of the City of Minneapolis|publisher=The Minneapolis '76 Bicentennial Commission|oclc=3804178}}
*{{cite book|title=Selling the Mill City: A Postcard Book|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|year=2003|last=Minnesota Historical Society|author-link=Minnesota Historical Society|isbn=978-0-87351-460-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Millett |first = Larry |author-link = Larry Millett |title = AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul |date = 2007 |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |isbn = 978-0-87351-540-5 }}
* {{cite book |title = Digital State: The Story of Minnesota's Computing Industry |last = Misa |first = Thomas J. |date = 2013 |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-8836-4 |doi = 10.5749/minnesota/9780816683314.001.0001 }}
* {{cite book |last = Cleveland |first = H. W. S.|author-link=Horace Cleveland |contributor1-last=Nadenicek|contributor2-last=Neckar|contributor1-first=Daniel J.|contributor2-first=Lance M.|contribution=Introduction|title = Landscape Architecture, as Applied to the Wants of the West; with an Essay on Forest Planting on the Great Plains |date = April 2002|orig-date=1873 |publisher = [[University of Massachusetts Press]] in association with Library of American Landscape History |isbn = 978-1-55849-330-8 }}
* {{cite book |last = Nathanson |first = Iric |title = Minneapolis in the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |isbn = 978-0-87351-725-6 |date = 2010 |url = https://archive.org/details/minneapolisintwe0000nath/ |url-access = registration}}
* {{cite book|title=The Eye for Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise|last=Price|first=Robert M.|author-link=Robert M. Price (business executive)|date=November 11, 2005|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-10877-4}}
* {{cite book |title = The Complete Book of Colleges |year = 2014 |author = The Princeton Review|author-link=The Princeton Review |publisher = [[Random House]] |isbn = 978-0-8041-2520-8 }}
* {{cite book|title = A Dakota-English dictionary |last1 = Riggs|first1=Stephen Return |editor-last=Dorsey|editor-first=James Owen|author-link1=Stephen Return Riggs |editor-link=James Owen Dorsey|publisher = [[Borealis Books]] |orig-date = 1st pub. [[United States Government Publishing Office|US Government Publishing Office]], 1890 |date = 1992|isbn=978-0-87351-282-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Risjord | first=Norman K. | author-link=Norman K. Risjord|title=A Popular History of Minnesota | publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-87351-532-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof0000risj }}
* {{cite book|title=City of Parks: The Story of Minneapolis Parks|last=Smith|first=David C.|date=2008|publisher=Foundation for Minneapolis Parks|isbn=978-0-615-19535-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Spangler|first=Earl|title=The Negro In Minnesota|publisher=T. S. Denison|date=1961|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b538878&seq=7|oclc=644156212}}
* {{cite book|title=City of Lakes: An illustrated history of Minneapolis|last=Stipanovich|first=Joseph|publisher=Windsor Publications|isbn=978-0-89781-048-7|date=1982}}
* {{cite book|title=African Americans in Minnesota|last=Taylor|first=David Vassar|date=2002|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|isbn=978-0-87351-653-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Ojibwe in Minnesota|last=Treuer|first=Anton|author-link=Anton Treuer|date=2010|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|isbn=978-0-87351-768-3}}
* {{cite book|title=American City: A Rank-and-file History|first=Charles Rumford|last=Walker|author-link=Charles Rumford Walker|publisher=	[[Farrar & Rinehart]]|date=1937|oclc=480952}}
* {{Cite book |title = Minneapolis: An Urban Biography |last = Weber |first = Tom |publisher = [[Minnesota Historical Society Press]] |date = 2022 |isbn = 978-1-68134-260-3 |edition = Updated }}
*{{cite book|title=[[Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota]]|last1=Westerman|first1=Gwen|author1-link=Gwen Westerman|last2=White|first2=Bruce|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society Press]]|date=2012|isbn=978-0-87351-869-7}}
* {{cite book |title = An English-Dakota Dictionary. |publisher = [[Borealis Books]]  |orig-date =1st pub. [[American Tract Society]] 1902 |last = Williamson|first=John P. (compiler)|author-link= John Poage Williamson|isbn=978-0-87351-283-1|date=1992}}
* {{cite book |title = North Country: The Making of Minnesota |last = Wingerd |first = Mary Lethert |publisher = [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn = 978-0-8166-4868-9 |date = 2010 }}
* {{cite book|title=Regional Theatre: The Revolutionary Stage|last=Zeigler|first=Joseph Wesley|date=1973|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-1-4529-1142-7}}
{{refend}}

=== Journal articles ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|first1=Mark|last1=Bly|first2=Joel|last2=Schechter|title=The Guthrie: An Interview with Alvin Epstein and Michael Feingold|journal=Theater|date=November 1, 1979|volume=10|issue=3|pages=33–39|doi=10.1215/00440167-10-3-33|issn=1527-196X}}
* {{cite journal|last=Clemmons|first=L.M.|date=2005|title='We Will Talk of Nothing Else': Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837|journal=Great Plains Quarterly|volume=25|issue=3|pages=173–185|jstor=23533608|issn=0275-7664}}
* {{cite journal|last=Craig|first= William J.|date=2023|title=35W Impact on South Minneapolis|journal=Hennepin History|volume=82|issue=2|pages=9–11|issn=1062-1067}}
* {{cite journal |title = Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf |last1 = Danbom |first1 = David B. |author-link = David B. Danbom |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |pages = 270–285 |volume = 58 |issue = 5–6 |date = 2003 |jstor = 20188363 |archive-date = November 1, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101194025/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf |url-status = live |issn=0026-5497}}
* {{cite journal |title = 'Playground of the People'? Mapping Racial Covenants in Twentieth-Century Minneapolis |last1 = Delegard |first1 = Kirsten |last2 = Ehrman-Solberg |first2 = Kevin |date =Spring 2017 |issue = 6 |journal = Open Rivers: Rethinking the Mississippi |pages = 72–79 |doi = 10.24926/2471190X.2820 |doi-access = free  | issn = 2471-190X }}
* {{cite journal|title=Lillehei, Lewis, and Wangensteen: the right mix for giant achievements in cardiac surgery|last=Goss|first=Vincent L.|date=June 2005|volume=79|issue=6|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.02.078|pmid=15919253|pages=S2210-3|journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]]|issn=0003-4975}}
* {{cite journal |title = One Flag, One School, One Language: Minnesota's Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s |last1 = Hatle |first1 = Elizabeth Dorsey |first2 = Nancy M. |last2 = Vaillancourt |date = Winter 2009–2010 |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf|issn=0026-5497 |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |jstor = 40543955 |volume = 61 |issue = 8 |pages = 360–371 |access-date = July 5, 2018 |archive-date = June 24, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210624004230/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i08p360-371.pdf |url-status = live }}
* {{cite web|author=Hispanic Advocacy and Community Empowerment through Research (HACER)|date=June 1998|title=Realidades Latinas: Una Comunidad Vibrante Emerge en el Sur de Minneapolis|publisher=HACER|hdl=11299/3628|via=[[University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy]]|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/3628|access-date=March 27, 2023|ref={{harvid|HACER|1998}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kuftinec|first1=Sonja Arsham|title=Breaks in the Common Good: Dramaturging MayDay within the Heart of the Beast|journal=Review: The Journal of Dramaturgy|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/223117718.pdf|pages=3–11|date=2019|issn=2157-1007|volume=25|issue=1}}
* {{cite journal |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/59/v59i06p237-248.pdf |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |title = Coping with a 'Public Menace': Eugenic Sterilization in Minnesota |author-link = Molly Ladd-Taylor |last = Ladd-Taylor |first = Molly |date =Summer 2005 |pages = 237–248 |access-date = March 5, 2023 |jstor = 20188483 |volume = 59 |issue = 6 |archive-date = August 10, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210810235324/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/59/v59i06p237-248.pdf |url-status = live |issn=0026-5497}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Maruggi|first1=Matthew|first2=Annette|last2=Gerten|title=Location as Vocation: An Urban College's Engagement with Their Somali Neighbors|journal=PRISM: A Journal of Regional Engagement|volume=2|issue=2|date=2013|pages=143–156|url=https://encompass.eku.edu/prism/vol2/iss2/4/|issn=2160-892X}}
* {{cite magazine |last = Mitchell |first = Tania D. |author-link=Tania D. Mitchell|date = Spring 2022 |title = In the Wake of Multiple Pandemics |magazine = Liberal Education |publisher = American Association of Colleges and Universities |url = https://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/articles/in-the-wake-of-multiple-pandemics |access-date = March 12, 2023 |pages = 42–47 |volume = 108 |issue = 2|issn=2693-518X }}
* {{cite journal|last=Myers|first=Samuel L.|author-link=Samuel Myers Jr.|title=Analysis of Racial Profiling as Policy Analysis|journal=[[Journal of Policy Analysis and Management]]|volume=21|issue=2|date=2002|pages=287–300|doi=10.1002/pam.10030 |jstor=3325638|s2cid=154452510|issn=	0276-8739 }}
* {{cite journal |last1 = Peel |first1 = M. C. |last2 = Finlayson |first2 = B. L. |last3 = McMahon |first3 = T. A. |title = Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification |journal = [[Hydrology and Earth System Sciences]] |date = October 2007 |volume = 11 |issue = 5 |pages = 1633–1644 |doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |doi-access = free |bibcode = 2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606}}
* {{cite journal |last = Reichard |first = Gary W. |date =Summer 1998 |title = Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |volume = 56 |issue = 2 |pages = 50–67 |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/56/v56i02p050-067.pdf |access-date = March 10, 2023 |jstor = 20188091 |archive-date = October 9, 2022 |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/56/v56i02p050-067.pdf |url-status = live|issn=0026-5497 }}
*{{cite journal|title=Rethinking the Effect of the Abrogation of the Dakota Treaties and the Authority for the Removal of the Dakota People from their Homeland|last=Vogel|first=Howard J.|date=2013|volume=39|issue=2|journal=[[William Mitchell Law Review]]|url=http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr/vol39/iss2/5|issn=0270-272X|pages=538–581}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Vollmar|first=Alice M.|title=Medical Mechanic|magazine=[[World & I]]|date=2003|volume=18|issue=12|page=146|issn=0887-9346}}
* {{cite journal |doi = 10.1080/24694452.2022.2155606 |title = Making the City of Lakes: Whiteness, Nature, and Urban Development in Minneapolis |last1 = Walker |first1 = Rebecca H. |last2 = Ramer |first2 = Hannah |last3 = Derickson |first3 = Kate D. |last4 = Keeler |first4 = Bonnie L. |date = 2023 |journal = [[Annals of the American Association of Geographers]] |volume = 113 |issue = 7 |pages = 1615–1629 |bibcode = 2023AAAG..113.1615W |s2cid = 256754104|issn=	2469-4452 }}
* {{cite journal |date =Spring 1991 |title = 'Gentiles Preferred': Minneapolis Jews and Employment 1920–1950 |url = http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf |journal = [[Minnesota History (journal)|Minnesota History]] |last1 = Weber |first1 = Laura E. |access-date = March 5, 2023 |jstor = 20179243 |volume = 52 |issue = 5 |pages = 166–182 |archive-date = October 19, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019112330/http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf|issn=0026-5497  }}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide]]|title=Presentation Strategies in the American Gilded Age: One Case Study|url=http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn04/67-autumn04/autumn04article/294-presentation-strategies-in-the-american-gilded-age-one-case-study|date=Autumn 2004|access-date=April 14, 2023|last=Whitmore|first=Janet|issn=1543-1002|volume=3|issue=2|pages=113–130}}
* {{cite journal |title = Geologic History of Minnesota Rivers |last1 = Wright |first1 = H. E. Jr. |url = http://www.swwdmn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Geologic-History-of-MN-Rivers.pdf |date = 1990 |journal = Minnesota Geological Survey Educational Series |via = South Washington Watershed District |access-date = November 16, 2020 |volume = 7 |pages = iii–20 |archive-date = April 20, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210420105306/https://www.swwdmn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Geologic-History-of-MN-Rivers.pdf |url-status = live|issn=
0544-3083 }}
{{refend}}
{{clear}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|about=yes|onlinebooksabout=yes|viaf=141350341}}
* {{cite book|title=Settler Colonial City: Racism and Inequity In Postwar Minneapolis|last=Hugill|first=David|date=2021|isbn=978-1-5179-0479-1|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waziyatawin|author-link1=Waziyatawin|title=What Does Justice Look Like?: The Struggle for Liberation in Dakota Homeland|publisher=Living Justice Press|date=2008|edition=1st|isbn=978-0-9721886-5-4}}
* {{cite news |url = http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2015/02/24/about-miracle |date = February 24, 2015 |last1 = Lindeke |first1 = Bill |title = About that 'Miracle' |work = [[Twin Cities Daily Planet]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074946/http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2015/02/24/about-miracle |archive-date = February 25, 2015 }}
* {{cite magazine|title=Why Minneapolis Was the Breaking Point|last=Lowery|first=Wesley|author-link=Wesley Lowery|date=June 10, 2020|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|publisher = Atlantic Monthly Group|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/wesley-lowery-george-floyd-minneapolis-black-lives/612391/}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.minneapolismn.gov/}}
* [http://video.tpt.org/video/2261911419 "Minneapolis Past"] — ''documentary produced by [[Twin Cities Public Television]]''.
{{Sister bar|Minneapolis|wikt=Minneapolis|c=Minneapolis|voy=Minneapolis|d=Q36091}}
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