Myrmarachne
Myrmarachne | |
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Myrmarachne sp mimicking an ant | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
Family: | Salticidae |
Subfamily: | Salticinae |
Genus: | Myrmarachne Macleay, 1839[1] |
Type species | |
Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839[1]
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Species | |
See text. | |
Diversity | |
228 species | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Myrmarachne is a genus of jumping spiders which imitate an ant by waving their front legs in the air to simulate antennae. Some species also look strikingly like ants. Spiders in this genus are commonly called antmimicking spiders, although there are many other spiders that mimic ants. Panachraesta used to be a synonym until it was removed and made into its own genus[2]
Description
The cephalothorax is elongated, with long chelicerae projecting forward in males. A waist is present on the cephalothorax, and often also on the opisthosoma. Colors vary from black to yellow, depending on the mimicked ant species. One African species was observed to mimick one species when immature, and another as an adult.[3] The genus Bocus is so similar to Myrmarachne as to be indistinguishable without the help of a microscope.[3]
Distribution
Myrmarachne mainly occurs in the tropics from Africa to Australia, with some species found in the New World. A few species, such as the palearctic M. formicaria, occur in temperate regions. With about 80 described and many undescribed southeast Asian species, it is the most diverse genus of jumping spider in this region.[3]
Name
The genus name is a combination of Ancient Greek myrmex "ant" and arachne "spider".
Species
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Myrmarachne_formosa_female_Hong_Kong_face.jpg/220px-Myrmarachne_formosa_female_Hong_Kong_face.jpg)
As of December 2015[update], the World Spider Catalog accepted the following 228 species:[1]
- Myrmarachne acromegalis Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Thailand, Borneo
- Myrmarachne acutidens Yamasaki & Edwards, 2013 – Indonesia
- Myrmarachne albocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846) – USA
- Myrmarachne albosetosa Wanless, 1978 – South Africa
- Myrmarachne alticephalon Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Sumatra, Borneo
- Myrmarachne alticeps (Thorell, 1890) – Java
- Myrmarachne andrewi Wanless, 1978 – Congo, Angola
- Myrmarachne andringitra Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne angusta (Thorell, 1877) – China to Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne annandalei Simon, 1901 – Malaysia
- Myrmarachne assimilis Banks, 1930 – Borneo, Philippines
- Myrmarachne attenuata (Karsch, 1880) – Philippines
- Myrmarachne attenuata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901) – Singapore
- Myrmarachne augusta (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne aurantiaca Benjamin, 2015 – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne aurea Ceccarelli, 2010 – Northern Territory, Queensland
- Myrmarachne aureonigra Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003 – Malaysia, Singapore
- Myrmarachne bakeri Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne balinese Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 – Bali
- Myrmarachne bamakoi Berland & Millot, 1941 – Mali
- Myrmarachne bicolor (L. Koch, 1879) – Queensland
- Myrmarachne bicurvata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne bicuspidata Yamasaki, 2012 – Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne bidentata Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne biseratensis Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia, Borneo
- Myrmarachne borneensis Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne brasiliensis Mello-Leitão, 1922 – Brazil
- Myrmarachne brevicehlicera Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne brevis Xiao, 2002 – China
- Myrmarachne calcuttaensis Biswas, 1984 – India
- Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – India, Philippines
- Myrmarachne capito (Thorell, 1890) – Java
- Myrmarachne centralis (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Mexico to Panama
- Myrmarachne chapmani Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne chickeringi Galiano, 1969 – Panama
- Myrmarachne christae (Prószyński, 2001) – Borneo
- Myrmarachne circulus Xiao & Wang, 2004 – China
- Myrmarachne clavigera (Thorell, 1877) – Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne cognata (L. Koch, 1879) – New South Wales, Victoria
- Myrmarachne collarti Roewer, 1965 – Congo, Uganda
- Myrmarachne concava Zhu et al., 2005 – China
- Myrmarachne confusa Wanless, 1978 – Angola, São Tomé
- Myrmarachne consobrina Denis, 1955 – Niger
- Myrmarachne constricta (Blackwall, 1877) – Seychelles
- Myrmarachne cornuta Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo
- Myrmarachne corpuzrarosae Barrion, 1981 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne cowani (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne crassembolus Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne cuneata Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia
- Myrmarachne cuprea (Hogg, 1896) – Central Australia
- Myrmarachne cyrtodens Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne debilis (Thorell, 1890) – Java
- Myrmarachne decorata Reimoser, 1927 – Sumatra
- Myrmarachne diegoensis Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne dilatata (Karsch, 1880) – Malawi
- Myrmarachne dirangicus Bastawade, 2002 – India
- Myrmarachne dishani Benjamin, 2015 – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne dubia (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Philippines
- Myrmarachne dundoensis Wanless, 1978 – Angola, Kenya, Botswana
- Myrmarachne edentata Berry, Beatty & Prószyński, 1996 – Caroline Is., Mariana Is.
- Myrmarachne edentula (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Philippines
- Myrmarachne edwardsi Berry, Beatty & Prószyński, 1996 – Caroline Is.
- Myrmarachne eidmanni Roewer, 1942 – Bioko, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Congo
- Myrmarachne electrica (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne elongata Szombathy, 1915 – Africa to Japan
- Myrmarachne endoi Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne epigealis Yamasaki & Edwards, 2013 – Indonesia
- Myrmarachne erythrocephala (L. Koch, 1879) – Queensland
- Myrmarachne eugenei Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne eumenes (Simon, 1900) – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne evidens Roewer, 1965 – Congo
- Myrmarachne exasperans (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Java, Philippines
- Myrmarachne foenisex Simon, 1910 – West, Central Africa
- Myrmarachne foreli Lessert, 1925 – Angola, Botswana, Malawi, South Africa
- Myrmarachne formica (Doleschall, 1859) – Amboina
- Myrmarachne formicaria (De Geer, 1778) – Palearctic, USA (introduced)
- Myrmarachne formosa (Thorell, 1890) – Sumatra, Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne formosana (Matsumura, 1911) – Taiwan
- Myrmarachne formosana (Saito, 1933) – Taiwan
- Myrmarachne formosicola Strand, 1910 – Taiwan
- Myrmarachne galianoae Cutler, 1981 – Bolivia
- Myrmarachne gedongensis Badcock, 1918 – Malaysia, Borneo
- Myrmarachne giltayi Roewer, 1965 – Congo, Angola, Kenya
- Myrmarachne gisti Fox, 1937 – China, Vietnam
- Myrmarachne glavisi Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 – Bali
- Myrmarachne globosa Wanless, 1978 – Angola to Vietnam
- Myrmarachne grossa Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003 – Malaysia
- Myrmarachne guaranitica Galiano, 1969 – Argentina
- Myrmarachne gurgulla Ceccarelli, 2010 – Queensland
- Myrmarachne hesperia (Simon, 1887) – Bioko, West Africa
- Myrmarachne hidaspis Caporiacco, 1935 – Karakorum
- Myrmarachne himalayensis Narayan, 1915 – India
- Myrmarachne hirsutipalpi Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003 – Malaysia, Singapore, Bali
- Myrmarachne hispidacoxa Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003 – Malaysia
- Myrmarachne hoffmanni Strand, 1913 – China
- Myrmarachne ichneumon (Simon, 1886) – Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar, South Africa
- Myrmarachne imbellis (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne incerta Narayan, 1915 – India
- Myrmarachne inermichelis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
- Myrmarachne inflatipalpis Wanless, 1978 – Botswana, Malawi, South Africa
- Myrmarachne iridescens Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne isolata Clark & Benoit, 1977 – St. Helena
- Myrmarachne jacksoni Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2010 – Bali
- Myrmarachne jacobsoni Reimoser, 1925 – Sumatra
- Myrmarachne jajpurensis Prószyński, 1992 – India
- Myrmarachne japonica (Karsch, 1879) – Russia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
- Myrmarachne jugularis Simon, 1901 – Australia
- Myrmarachne kiboschensis Lessert, 1925 – Botswana to Vietnam
- Myrmarachne kilifi Wanless, 1978 – Kenya, Tanzania
- Myrmarachne kitale Wanless, 1978 – Kenya
- Myrmarachne kochi Reimoser, 1925 – Malaysia, Sumatra, Indonesia
- Myrmarachne kuwagata Yaginuma, 1967 – China, Korea, Japan
- Myrmarachne laeta (Thorell, 1887) – India, Pakistan, Nias Is., China
- Myrmarachne laeta flava Narayan, 1915 – India
- Myrmarachne laeta praelonga (Thorell, 1890) – Myanmar
- Myrmarachne lambirensis Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Java, Borneo
- Myrmarachne latithoracica Yamasaki & Hung, 2012 – Ryukyu Is., Okinawa
- Myrmarachne laurentina Bacelar, 1953 – Mozambique, South Africa
- Myrmarachne lawrencei Roewer, 1965 – Gabon, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia
- Myrmarachne legon Wanless, 1978 – Ghana, Ivory Coast
- Myrmarachne leleupi Wanless, 1978 – South Africa
- Myrmarachne leptognatha (Thorell, 1890) – Java
- Myrmarachne lesserti Lawrence, 1938 – South Africa
- Myrmarachne linguiensis Zhang & Song, 1992 – China
- Myrmarachne longiventris (Simon, 1903) – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne luachimo Wanless, 1978 – Angola
- Myrmarachne luctuosa (L. Koch, 1879) – New South Wales
- Myrmarachne ludhianaensis Sadana & Gupta, 1998 – India
- Myrmarachne lugens (Thorell, 1881) – Moluccas
- Myrmarachne lugubris (Kulczyński, 1895) – Russia, China, Korea
- Myrmarachne lulengana Roewer, 1965 – Ethiopia, Congo, Kenya, Botswana, South Africa
- Myrmarachne lulengensis Roewer, 1965 – Congo
- Myrmarachne lupata (L. Koch, 1879) – Queensland
- Myrmarachne macleayana (Bradley, 1876) – Queensland
- Myrmarachne macrognatha (Thorell, 1894) – Java, Flores
- Myrmarachne magna Saito, 1933 – Taiwan
- Myrmarachne mahasoa Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne malayana Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003 – Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
- Myrmarachne mandibularis (Thorell, 1890) – Java
- Myrmarachne manducator (Westwood, 1841) – India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Sumatra
- Myrmarachne mariaelenae Edwards & Benjamin, 2009 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne markaha Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Borneo, Philippines
- Myrmarachne marshalli Peckham & Peckham, 1903 – Africa
- Myrmarachne maxillosa (C. L. Koch, 1846) – Southeast Asia to Philippines, Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne maxillosa septemdentata Strand, 1907 – China
- Myrmarachne mcgregori Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne megachelae Ganesh Kumar & Mohanasundaram, 1998 – India
- Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839T – Pakistan to Indonesia
- Myrmarachne melanotarsa Wesolowska & Salm, 2002 – Kenya
- Myrmarachne militaris Szombathy, 1913 – West, Central, East Africa
- Myrmarachne mocamboensis Galiano, 1974 – Brazil
- Myrmarachne moesta (Thorell, 1877) – Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne morningside Benjamin, 2015 – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne mussungue Wanless, 1978 – Angola
- Myrmarachne myrmicaeformis (Lucas, 1871) – Algeria
- Myrmarachne naro Wanless, 1978 – Kenya
- Myrmarachne natalica Lessert, 1925 – South Africa
- Myrmarachne nemorensis (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Myanmar
- Myrmarachne nigella Simon, 1901 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne nigeriensis Wanless, 1978 – São Tomé, Ghana, Nigeria, Angola
- Myrmarachne nigra (Thorell, 1877) – Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne nitidissima (Thorell, 1877) – Borneo, Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne nubilis Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne onceana Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne opaca (Karsch, 1880) – Borneo, Philippines
- Myrmarachne palladia Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan
- Myrmarachne paludosa (Simon, 1900) – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne panamensis Galiano, 1969 – Panama, Argentina
- Myrmarachne parallela (Fabricius, 1798) – Nicaragua, Panama
- Myrmarachne patellata Strand, 1907 – China
- Myrmarachne paviei (Simon, 1886) – Thailand
- Myrmarachne peckhami Roewer, 1951 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne pectorosa (Thorell, 1890) – Sumatra
- Myrmarachne pectorosa sternodes (Thorell, 1890) – Sumatra
- Myrmarachne penicillata Mello-Leitão, 1933 – Brazil
- Myrmarachne piercei Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne pinakapalea Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne pinoysorum Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne pisarskii Berry, Beatty & Prószyński, 1996 – Caroline Is.
- Myrmarachne platypalpa Bradoo, 1980 – India
- Myrmarachne poonaensis Tikader, 1973 – India
- Myrmarachne prava (Karsch, 1880) – India, Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne prognatha (Thorell, 1887) – Myanmar
- Myrmarachne pumilio (Karsch, 1880) – Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam
- Myrmarachne pygmaea (Thorell, 1894) – Singapore
- Myrmarachne radiata (Thorell, 1894) – Java
- Myrmarachne ramunni Narayan, 1915 – India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne ransoni Wanless, 1978 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne rhopalota (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
- Myrmarachne richardsi Wanless, 1978 – Ghana
- Myrmarachne robusta (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – India, Myanmar
- Myrmarachne roeweri Reimoser, 1934 – India
- Myrmarachne rubra Ceccarelli, 2010 – Queensland
- Myrmarachne rufescens (Thorell, 1877) – Sulawesi
- Myrmarachne rufisquei Berland & Millot, 1941 – Senegal
- Myrmarachne russellsmithi Wanless, 1978 – Nigeria
- Myrmarachne sabahna Yamasaki & Ahmad, 2013 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne satarensis Narayan, 1915 – India
- Myrmarachne schenkeli Peng & Li, 2002 – Hong Kong
- Myrmarachne seriatis Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne shelfordi Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
- Myrmarachne simoni (L. Koch, 1879) – Queensland
- Myrmarachne simonis (Herman, 1879) – Hungary, Croatia, Romania
- Myrmarachne simplexella Roewer, 1951 – Madagascar
- Myrmarachne smaragdina Ceccarelli, 2010 – Northern Territory, Queensland
- Myrmarachne solitaria Peckham & Peckham, 1903 – South Africa, Lesotho
- Myrmarachne spissa (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Sri Lanka
- Myrmarachne striatipes (L. Koch, 1879) – Queensland, New South Wales
- Myrmarachne sumana Galiano, 1974 – Brazil
- Myrmarachne tagalica Banks, 1930 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne tamsuiensis Yamasaki, 2013 – Taiwan
- Myrmarachne tayabasana Chamberlin, 1925 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne thaii Zabka, 1985 – Vietnam
- Myrmarachne transversa (Mukerjee, 1930) – India
- Myrmarachne tristis (Simon, 1882) – Libya to India
- Myrmarachne turriformis Badcock, 1918 – Laos, Malaysia
- Myrmarachne uelensis Wanless, 1978 – Congo
- Myrmarachne uniseriata Narayan, 1915 – India
- Myrmarachne uvira Wanless, 1978 – Ghana, Nigeria, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Ethiopia
- Myrmarachne vanessae Wanless, 1978 – Ivory Coast, Tanzania
- Myrmarachne vehemens Fox, 1937 – China
- Myrmarachne vestita (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
- Myrmarachne volatilis (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) – Madagascar, China, Vietnam
- Myrmarachne vulgarisa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
- Myrmarachne wanlessi Edmunds & Prószyński, 2003 – Malaysia
- Myrmarachne yamanei Yamasaki, 2012 – Sulawesi
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d "Gen. Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2015-11-13
- ^ Prószyński, J. (2016). Delimitation and description of 19 new genera, a subgenus and a species of Salticidae (Araneae) of the world. Ecologica Montenegrina 7: 4-32.
- ^ a b c Murphy & Murphy 2000: 304
References
- Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John (2000). An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Nature Society.
Further reading
- Nelson, X.J., Jackson, R.R., Edwards, G.B. & Barrion, A.T. (2006) "Living with the enemy: jumping spiders that mimic weaver ants". The Journal of Arachnology 33: 813–819. PDF (M. assimilis)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)