Nakasendō
The Nakasendō (中山道), also called the Kisokaidō (木曾街道) [1], was one of the five routes (major roads) of the Edo period, and one of the two that connected Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto in Japan. There were 69 stations between Edo and Kyoto, crossing through Musashi, Kōzuke, Shinano, Mino and Ōmi provinces.[2] In addition to Tokyo and Kyoto, the Nakasendō runs through the modern-day prefectures of Saitama, Gunma, Nagano, Gifu and Shiga, with a total distance of approximately 534 km (332 mi).[3]
Unlike the coastal Tōkaidō, the Nakasendō traveled inland, hence its name, which can be translated as "road through the central mountains" (as opposed to the Tōkaidō, which roughly meant "road near the eastern sea"). Because it was such a well-developed road, many famous persons, including the haiku master Matsuo Bashō, traveled the road. Many people, including women, preferred traveling along the Nakasendō because it did not require travelers to ford any rivers.[3][4]
Pre-Nakasendō
Ritsuryō
Around the beginning of the seventh century, during the beginning of Ritsuryō, the area that would eventually make up the Nakasendō was developed to connect Kinai (modern day Kansai region), which held the former capital of Japan, with the provinces of the Tōsandō (part of the gokishichidō) that lie to the east.
Sengoku period
During the Sengoku period, which lasted from the 15th to 17th centuries, the Tōsandō was controlled by the Takeda (Kai Province), Ogasawara (Shinano Province), Kanamori (Hida Province) and Oda (Mino Province) clans. In order to connect the Tōsandō with the Tōkaidō (and Takeda's troops with Oda's), a road system was developed. This route is generally followed by the modern day national highways numbered 52, 151, 153, and 22.
Creation of the Nakasendō
In the early years of the Edo period, many political, legal, cultural and intellectual changes took place. Among them was the rejuvenation of Japan's thousand-year-old highway system. Five roads were formally nominated as official routes for the use of the shogun and the other daimyo and to provide the Tokugawa shogunate with the communications network that it needed to stabilize and rule the country.[4] One of these five roads was the Nakasendō, which stretched from Edo, from where the shogun wielded the real power, through the central mountain ranges of Honshū and on to Kyoto.
Until the establishment of these formal trade routes, many shorter routes had existed, connecting towns over various distances. One such route was the Kisoji, which had all eleven post towns become part of the Nakasendō (from Niekawa-juku to Magome-juku).[5] Prior to the Edo period, the route had been called both Sandō (山道) and Tōsandō (東山道). During the Edo Period, the name was changed to Nakasendō, though it was written as both 中山道 and 中仙道, but the Tokugawa Shogunate established 中山道 as the official name in 1716.
The Nakasendō today
Though there has been much modern development along the Nakasendō, a few stretches remain in its original form, while others have been restored in more recent decades. The most well-known section lies in the Kiso Valley, between Tsumago-juku in Nagano Prefecture and Magome-juku in Gifu Prefecture. The area was first made famous by the early 20th-century writer Shimazaki Tōson, who chronicled the effects of the Meiji Restoration on the valley in his landmark novel Yoake Mae ("Before the Dawn"). This eight-kilometer section of the Nakasendō can still be travelled along comfortably by foot, and both Tsumago-juku and Magome-juku have preserved and restored the traditional architecture.
The walk between the historical post towns requires two to three hours to walk, with forests, restored paving and fine views of waterfalls along the way.
Although much of the Nakasendō no longer exists in its historic form, its route is now roughly followed by modern roads. In order, they are:
- Route 17: Tokyo to Takasaki (Gunma Prefecture)
- Route 18: Takasaki to Karuizawa (Nagano Prefecture)
- Route 142: Saku to Shimosuwa (Nagano Prefecture)
- Route 20: Shimosuwa to Shiojiri (Nagano Prefecture)
- Route 19: Shiojiri to Ena (Gifu Prefecture)
- Route 21: Mitake (Gifu Prefecture) to Maibara (Shiga Prefecture)
- Route 8: Maibara to Kusatsu (Shiga Prefecture)
- Route 1: Kusatsu to Kyoto
There are also modern railroads that follow the Nakasendō's path and they are the Takasaki Line, Shinetsu Main Line, Chūō Main Line, Taita Line and Tōkaidō Main Line.
See also
References
- ^ Richard Lane, Images from the Floating World (1978) Chartwell, Secaucus ISBN 0-89009-761-5; pg. 285
- ^ Nakasendou Jouhou. Template:Ja icon NEC Corporation. Accessed August 18, 2007.
- ^ a b Yama to Keikoku Publishing (2006). Nakasendō o Aruku (Revised ed.). Osaka: Yama to Keikoku Publishing. ISBN 4-635-60037-8.
- ^ a b Japan Atlas: Nakasendo. WebJapan. Accessed August 2, 2007.
- ^ Kisoji Shukuba-machi Series. Template:Ja icon Higashi Nihon Denshin Denwa. Accessed July 24, 2007.