Net neutrality in the Netherlands
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On June 4, 2012,[1] the Netherlands became the first country in Europe and the second in the world, after Chile,[2] to enact a network neutrality law.[3] The main net neutrality provision of this law requires that "Providers of public electronic communication networks used to provide Internet access services as well as providers of Internet access services will not hinder or slow down services or applications on the Internet".[4]
History
[edit]The 2009 EU Telecoms Package left much leeway for member states to implement their own net neutrality directives. The first proposal by the Minister of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation was submitted to the House of Representatives on November 3, 2010.[5]
In April 2011, Dutch telecommunications company KPN announced that it would start to block services such as VoIP and instant messaging unless customers paid a fee.[6] Later that week, Vodafone said it was already blocking those services.[7] During an investors meeting in May, KPN admitted to using deep packet inspection.[8] These events accelerated the implementation of net neutrality, as a house majority was against the blocking of specific Internet services.[9]
On June 22, 2011, the house voted for the amendment of the Telecommunications Act with net neutrality regulations.[10] The Labour Party mistakenly voted for an amendment supported by the Christian parties SGP, CU and CDA that would allow filtering by ISPs for ideological reasons.[11] A rectification was later plugged into an unrelated amendment.[12]
The amendment was passed by the Senate in 2012, and with the publication of the amendment[1] and the rectification[13] in the official journal of the Netherlands on June 4 and June 5, respectively, network neutrality became the law.
Overview
[edit]Article 7.4a of the Telecommunications Act[4] prohibits the hindrance or slowing down of services or applications on the Internet by ISPs and network owners. Deviation from this rule is only allowed:
- to reduce congestion, while treating similar traffic equally;
- to preserve the integrity and security of the network and service of the provider or the equipment of the end-user;
- If the breach of integrity or security is caused by the equipment of the end-user, the provider has to notify the end-user first and give them sufficient time to rectify the situation.
- to block the transmission of unwanted communications (e.g. spam) to an end-user, only if the end-user has given consent beforehand; or
- to comply with the law or a warrant.
Also, it is prohibited for ISPs to charge end-users differently for the use of different types of Internet services or applications. Finally, future executive orders can institute minimum quality requirements to prevent the deterioration, hindrance, or slowing down of network communications.
Criticism and impact
[edit] | This article needs to be updated. (January 2017) |
The director of the former Independent Post and Telecommunications Authority (Dutch: Onafhankelijke Post en Telecommunicatie Autoriteit "OPTA"), now part of the Consumer and Markets Authority, has criticized the current implementation of net neutrality by the Netherlands.[14] He questions whether the consumer actually benefits from the regulations, since it has become very hard for providers to offer a variety of services because of the restrictions posed on providers. He favors transparency and competition instead of strict regulation.
Neelie Kroes, a Dutch politician and the former European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, also supported consumer choice: "If consumers want to obtain discounts because they only plan to use limited online services, why stand in their way?"[15] She recognized a need for greater transparency in what services providers do and do not provide, and what limitations there are: "consumers also need to know if they are getting Champagne or lesser sparkling wine. If it is not full Internet, it shouldn't be marketed as such; perhaps it shouldn't be marketed as 'Internet' at all, at least not without any upfront qualification." She also criticized uncoordinated country-by-country legislation, because it slows down the creation of a "Digital Single Market".
The Dutch approach to net neutrality received large attention in Brazil and served as an important reference during the negotiations of the Marco Civil da Internet, the country's Internet Civil Rights Law, approved by the Chamber of Deputies' in March, 2014.[16]
On April 3, 2014, upon strong support of Commissioner Kroes, the European Parliament voted in favor of maintaining net neutrality throughout European networks. [17] The basic framework of net neutrality in the European Union (EU) is laid down by Article 3 of EU Regulation 2015/2120.[18]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Wet van 10 mei 2012 tot wijziging van de Telecommunicatiewet ter implementatie van de herziene telecommunicatierichtlijnen" [Act of 10 May 2012 for the amendment of the Telecomminications Act for the implementation of the revised telecommunications directives]. Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (in Dutch). 2012 (235). 4 June 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "Net neutrality enshrined in Dutch law". The Guardian (London). Associated Press. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ "The Netherlands Passes Net Neutrality Legislation". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ a b "wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Telecommunicatiewet - BWBR0009950" [wetten.nl - Laws and policies - Telecommunications Act - BWBR0009950] (in Dutch). Article 7.4a. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "Wijziging van de Telecommunicatiewet ter implementatie van de herziene telecommunicatierichtlijnen" [Amendment of the Telecomminications Act for the implementation of the revised telecommunications directives]. Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. 2010-2011 (in Dutch). 32549 (2). 3 November 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ "KPN gaat mobiele diensten blokkeren" [KPN is going to block mobile services]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 21 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Ook Vodafone blokkeert diensten" [Vodafone is also blocking services]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 23 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "KPN Admits To Using Deep Packet Inspection". The Wall Street Journal Tech Europe Blog. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Kamermeerderheid tegen blokkeren mobiele diensten" [House majority against blocking mobile services]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 26 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Historische dag voor internetvrijheid - de eindscore" [Historic day for Internet freedom - the final score] (in Dutch). Bits of Freedom. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "PvdA per abuis voor internetfilter" [Labor party votes for Internet filter by mistake]. NOS (in Dutch). 21 June 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "Sterk voor netneutraliteit" [Large majority for net neutrality] (in Dutch). ISP Today. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "Verzamelwet Verkeer en Waterstaat 2010" [2010 Collected Acts of Transport, Public Works and Water Management]. Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (in Dutch). 2012 (231). Article XIVA. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ "OPTA ziet niets in Nederlandse netneutraliteit" [OPTA doesn't like Dutch net neutrality law] (in Dutch). Webwereld. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ Kroes, Neelie (29 May 2012). "Next steps on Net Neutrality - making sure you get champagne service if that's what you're paying for". Retrieved 5 March 2014.
- ^ "Brazil's 'Marco Civil' Internet Civil Rights Law Finally Passes, With Key Protections Largely Intact". Techdirt. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ "Parliament votes to end roaming fees by 2016, protect 'net neutrality'". Reuters. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- ^ European Parliament and the Council of the European Union (25 November 2015). "Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services and Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 on roaming on public mobile communications networks within the Union". Retrieved 16 February 2016.