Open communion

Open communion is the practice of Christian churches that allow individuals other than members of that church to receive Holy Communion (also called the Eucharist or the Lord's Supper). Many but not all churches that practice open communion require that the person receiving communion be a baptized Christian, and other requirements may apply as well.

Open communion is the opposite of closed communion, where the sacrament is reserved for members of the particular church or others with which it is in a relationship of full communion or fellowship, or has otherwise recognized for that purpose. Closed communion may refer to either a particular denomination or an individual congregation serving Communion only to its own members.

In the United Methodist Church, open communion is referred to as the Open Table.

Affirmation

Generally, churches that offer open communion to other Christians do not require an explicit affirmation of Christianity from the communicant before distributing the elements; the act of receiving is an implicit affirmation. Some churches make an announcement before communion begins such as "We invite all who have professed a faith in Christ to join us at the table."

Open communion is generally practiced in churches where the elements are passed through the congregation (also called self-communication). However, it is also practiced in some churches that have a communion procession, where the congregation comes forward to receive communion in front of the altar; such is the case in the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church, most Anglican churches, and some Lutheran churches.

Supporting belief

Those practising open communion generally believe that the invitation to receive communion is an invitation to Christ's table, and that it is not the province of human beings to interfere between an individual and Christ. Some traditions maintain that there are certain circumstances under which individuals should not present themselves for (and should voluntarily refrain from receiving) communion. However, if those individuals were to present themselves for communion, they would not be denied. In other traditions, the concept of being "unfit to receive" is unknown, and the actual refusal to distribute the elements to an individual would be considered scandalous.

Practitioners

Most Protestant Christian churches practice open communion, although many require that the communicant be a baptized Christian. Open communion subject to baptism is an official policy of churches in the Anglican Communion. Other churches allowing open communion (with or without the baptism requirement) include the Church of the Nazarene, the Evangelical Free Church, the Church of God, Community Churches, the Presbyterian Church (USA), the Presbyterian Church in America,^[1] the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, the United Church of Canada, United Church of Christ, United Methodist Church, the Free Methodist Church, African Methodist Episcopal Church,^[2] Foursquare Gospel Church, Association of Vineyard Churches,^[3] Metropolitan Community Church, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Assemblies of God, the Reformed Church in America, Seventh-day Adventists, Seventh Day Baptists,^[4] and most churches in the Southern Baptist Convention.^[5] All bodies in the Liberal Catholic Movement practice open communion as a matter of policy. The official policy of the Episcopal Church is to only invite baptized persons to receive communion. However, many parishes do not insist on this and practice open communion. Among Gnostic churches, both the Ecclesia Gnostica and the Apostolic Johannite Church practice open communion. The Plymouth Brethren were founded on the basis of an open communion with any baptized Christian: today, following John Nelson Darby, Exclusive Brethren practise closed communion, and Open Brethren practise open communion on the basis of "receiving to the Lord's table those whom He has received, time being allowed for confidence to be established in our minds that those who we receive are the Lord's."^[6] Most churches in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America practice their own form of open communion, offering the Eucharist to adults without receiving catechetical instruction, provided they are baptized and believe in the Real Presence.^[7] The Churches of Christ, Christian churches and churches of Christ, and the Calvary Chapel^[8] and as well as other nondenominational churches also practice open communion.

The Church of England and Church of Sweden are open communion churches.

Notable exceptions include the Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, Reformed Seventh Day Adventists, and some Reformed or Calvinist denominations. All these typically practice some form of closed communion.

Assemblies of God, Baptist and other churches that practice congregational polity, due to their autonomous nature, may (depending on the individual congregation) practice open or closed communion.

Other groups that practice open communion are the Moravian Church^[9] Wesleyans,^[10] and the Christian and Missionary Alliance.^[11] Within the Latter Day Saint movement, the Community of Christ practices open communion. The LDS Church, on the other hand, views its corresponding ceremony (known as the Sacrament) as having meaning only for church members (though without actually forbidding others from participating).

In the Anglican Communion, as well as in many other traditional Christian denominations, those who are not baptized may come forward in the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, in lieu of Holy Communion.^[12] Within the Nontrinitan groups, the Church of God General Conference practices open communion.^[13]

Position of the Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church does not practise open communion.^[14] In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to baptized Catholics.^[15] In lieu of Holy Communion, some parishes permit a non-Catholic to come forward in the line, with his arms crossed over his chest, and receive a blessing from the priest.^[16]^[17] However, Canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church and the parallel canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted, or even commended, for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities.

Thus it permits Eastern Christians who are not in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church (Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and Assyrian Church of the East) to receive Communion from Roman Catholic ministers, if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed, and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that the Holy See judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments.^[18]

For other baptized Christians (Anglicans and Protestants) the conditions are more severe. Only in danger of death or if, in the judgement of the local bishop, there is a grave and pressing need, may members of these Churches who cannot approach a minister of their own Church be admitted to receive the Eucharist, if they spontaneously ask for it, demonstrate that they have the catholic faith in the Eucharist, and are properly disposed.^[19]

Catholic priests have sometimes violated these rules, giving Holy Communion to non-Catholics,^[20] sometimes unknowingly.^[21] Notably, Pope John Paul II gave Holy Communion to Brother Roger, a Reformed pastor and founder of the Taizé Community, several times; in addition Cardinal Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) also gave Brother Roger the Eucharist.^[22]^[23]^[24] Moreover, after Brother Roger's death, at the Mass celebrated for him in France, "communion wafers were given to the faithful indiscriminately, regardless of denomination".^[25]

The Catholic Church does not allow its own faithful to receive Communion from ministers of another Church, apart from in extreme cases, such as danger of death, and only if it recognizes the validity of the sacraments of that Church. Other conditions are that it be physically or morally impossible for the Catholic to approach a Catholic minister, that it be a case of real need or spiritual benefit, and that the danger of error or indifferentism be avoided.^[26]

Position of the Lutheran Church

The Lutheran Church has a variety of practices, depending on denominational polity. Some branches of Lutheranism, such as the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, do not practice open communion; they exclude non-members and require catechetical instructions for all people, even members from other Lutheran churches, before receiving the Eucharist.^[27] This generally stems from an understanding that sharing communion is a sign of Christian unity; where that unity is not present, neither should Eucharistic sharing be present.

Other parts of the Lutheran Church, including the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, and many members of the Lutheran World Federation, practice open communion and welcome all Baptized Christians, regardless of their denominational affiliation, training, or specific beliefs, to the table. In fact, the ELCA has specific communion sharing agreements with a number of other Christian denominations, encouraging the sharing of the sacrament across belief system boundaries.^[28] The understanding that lies behind this practice is that Communion is both a foretaste of eschatological Christian unity as well as an effective means of fostering that unity.

The Evangelical Church in Germany, which is a federation of Lutheran and Reformed churches, has an open communion.^[29]

References

^ PCA Report of the Ad Interim Committee on Fencing the Lord's Table
^ "St. Peter's AME Church". Stpetersame.com. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ "The Vineyard Church | Houston, Tx". Houstonvineyard.org. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ Communion | Seventh Day Baptist Church
^ http://www.baptiststandard.com
^ Website of Brook Street Chapel, Tottenham
^ At what age do ELCA congregations allow members their first Communion?. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
^ "Calvary Chapel Fort Lauderdale | Our Beliefs: Statement of Faith". Calvaryftl.org. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ "The Sacrament of Holy Communion". Moravian.org. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ "The Wesleyan View of Communion". Kenschenck.com. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ "FAQs". Living Rock Church. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ The Episcopal Handbook. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2012. Pastoral blessings are often available for children or adults who are not communing. Simply cross your arms over your chest if you wish to receive a blessing.
^ http://www.cggc.org/about/what-we-believe/about-the-lords-supper/
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 842 §1 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 675 §2
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §1 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §1
^ Flader, John (16 June 2010). Questions and Answers on the Catholic Faith. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Mass & Communion Etiquette. Holy Family Catholic Church. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §3 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §3
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §4 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §4
^ Packman, Andrew. "Table Manners: Unexpected Grace at Communion". The Christian Century. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
^ Can a non-Catholic receive Communion?
^ Ivereigh, Austen (26 August 2008). "Brother Roger of Taize -- Catholic, Protestant, what?". America Magazine. Retrieved 24 July 2015. Brother Roger also received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church. In this sense, there was nothing secret or hidden in the attitude of the Catholic Church, neither at Taizé or in Rome. During the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Ratzinger only repeated what had already been done before him in Saint Peter's Basilica, at the time of the late Pope.
^ The Catholic World Report, Volume 15. Ignatius Press. 2005. During the funeral for Pope John Paul II, Brother Roger himself received Communion directly from then-Cardinal Ratzinger.
^ John L. Allen Jr. (11 August 2010). "Another tribute for Taizé from the Vatican". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 24 July 2015. Brother Roger received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council, and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church.
^ Tagliabue, John (24 August 2005). "At His Funeral, Brother Roger Has an Ecumenical Dream Fulfilled". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §2 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §2
^ http://www.lcms.org/faqs/doctrine#partake
^ http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/Our-Three-Expressions/Churchwide-Organization/Office-of-the-Presiding-Bishop/Ecumenical-and-Inter-Religious-Relations/Full-Communion-Partners.aspx
^ "Übertritt in die Evangelische Kirche" [Going over to the Evangelical Church]. Evangelical Church in Germany. Retrieved 10 November 2014.