Operation Mushroom

Operation Mushroom
Part of Mau Mau Uprising
Date 1953-56 Location Kenya Result Decisive British victory
Belligerents
British Empire United Kingdom Kenya	Mau Mau
Commanders and leaders
Winston Churchill (1953–1955) Anthony Eden (1955–1956) General George Erskine Evelyn Baring	Dedan Kimathi Musa Mwariama Waruhiu Itote
Units involved
Royal Air Force	Unknown
Casualties and losses
None from enemy action	900+ killed unknown number wounded

Operation Mushroom was the use of airpower by the Royal Air Force against the Mau Mau terrorists during the Mau Mau Uprising in British Kenya from 1953 to 1956.

Development

For an extended period of time, the chief British weapon against the forest fighters was air power. Between June 1953 and October 1955, the RAF provided a significant contribution to the conflict—and, indeed, had to, for the army was preoccupied with providing security in the reserves until January 1955, and it was the only service capable of both psychologically influencing and inflicting considerable casualties on the Mau Mau fighters operating in the dense forests. Lack of timely and accurate intelligence meant bombing was rather haphazard, but almost 900 insurgents had been killed or wounded by air attacks by June 1954, and it did cause forest gangs to disband, lower their morale, and induce their pronounced relocation from the forests to the reserves.

Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, Lancaster bombers were not used during the Emergency, though Lincolns were. The latter flew their first mission on 18 November 1953 and remained in Kenya until 28 July 1955, dropping nearly 6 million bombs. They and other aircraft, such as blimps, were also deployed for reconnaissance, as well as in the propaganda war, conducting large-scale leaflet-drops.

After the Lari massacre, for example, British planes dropped leaflets showing graphic pictures of the Kikuyu women and children who had been hacked to death. Unlike the rather indiscriminate activities of British ground forces, the use of air power was more restrained (though there is disagreement on this point), and air attacks were initially permitted only in the forests. Operation Mushroom extended bombing beyond the forest limits in May 1954, and Churchill consented to its continuation in January 1955.

Aircraft used

• Avro Lincoln - heavy bomber
• De Haviland Vampire - fighter-bomber
• Gloster Meteor - fighter-bomber
• North American Harvard - trainer