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Operation Tiderace

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Operation Tiderace
Part of World War II

General Seishirō Itagaki signing the terms for the reoccupation of Singapore on board the heavy cruiser HMS Sussex. 4 September 1945
Date4–12 September 1945
Location
Singapore
Result

Unopposed Allied victory

Belligerents

 Empire of Japan

 United Kingdom
 British India
 Australia
 French Navy[1]
Commanders and leaders
Empire of Japan Seishirō Itagaki (POW)
Empire of Japan Shigeru Fukudome (POW)		 United Kingdom Lord Mountbatten
United Kingdom Robert Mansergh
Strength
77,000 infantry[2]
2 heavy cruisers
1 destroyer
2 submarines		 60,000 infantry
7 escort carriers
2 battleships
1 heavy cruiser
2 light cruisers
15 destroyers
3 Royal Fleet Auxiliary
3 hospital ships
14 merchant vessels
43 landing ship, infantry[3]
Casualties and losses
300 suicides
76,700 captured		 1 battleship damaged

Operation Tiderace was the codename of the British plan to retake Singapore following the Japanese surrender in 1945.[4] The liberation force was led by Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of South East Asia Command. Tiderace was initiated in coordination with Operation Zipper, which involved the liberation of Malaya.

Background

With the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and an American planned invasion of Japan, South East Asia Command were also drawing up plans to invade Malaya, codenamed Operation Zipper. With over 100,000 Allied infantry,[5] the plan was to capture Port Swettenham and Port Dickson, and would involve an airstrike of more than 500 aircraft of the Royal Air Force. The assault was scheduled for 9 September 1945, but was forestalled following the Surrender of Japan.[6] Once the lodgement was secure, the Allies would have initiated Operation Mailfist, during which ground forces were to advance south through Malaya and liberate Singapore.[7] It was expected that Operation Mailfist would begin in December 1945 and conclude in March 1946.[8]

Operation Tiderace was planned soon after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Emergency planning was put in preparation for the rapid occupation of Singapore at an early date should Japan agree to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration of 26 July.[9]

While Operation Zipper was executed ahead of schedule, it did so on a much smaller scale, having quickly transferred a proportion of its original strength to Operation Tiderace. The convoy consisted of about 90 ships,[3] which included two battleships, HMS Nelson and the French battleship Richelieu.[10] The heavy cruiser HMS Sussex served as the flagship.[11] HMAS Hawkesbury was the sole Australian warship during the Japanese surrender, escorting the repatriation transport Duntroon.[12]

There were a total of seven escort carriers: HMS Ameer, HMS Attacker, HMS Emperor, HMS Empress, HMS Hunter, HMS Khedive and HMS Stalker.[13]

The Japanese naval fleet in Singapore consisted of the destroyer Kamikaze[14] and two cruisers, Myōkō and Takao, both of which had been so badly damaged before that they were being used as floating anti-aircraft batteries. Two ex-German U-boats, I-501 and I-502 were also in Singapore.[15] Both were moored at Singapore Naval Base.[16] Air strength in both Malaya and Sumatra was estimated to be a little more than 170 aircraft.[17]

Return to Singapore

Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten signs the acceptance of surrender for Great Britain. 12 September 1945

Operation Tiderace commenced when Mountbatten ordered Allied troops to set sail from Trincomalee and Rangoon on 31 August for Singapore. The fleet was not armed with offensive weapons as Mountbatten had good reason to believe that the Japanese in Malaya and Singapore would surrender without a fight: on 20 August General Itagaki Seishiro, the commander in Singapore, had signalled Mountbatten that he would abide by his emperor's decision and was ready to receive instructions for the Japanese surrender of Singapore.[18]

Japan's defeat in World War II had caught the Japanese Command in Singapore by surprise. Many were unwilling to surrender and had vowed to fight to the death. Itagaki had initially balked at the order to surrender and instead ordered the 25th Army (the component of the 7th Area Army defending Singapore) to resist when the Allies arrived.[18] There was even a secret plan to massacre all Allied PoWs on the island.[18] However, three days after the emperor's announcement on 15 August, Itagaki flew from Singapore to Saigon to confer with his leader Field Marshal Count Terauchi, Commander of the Japanese Southern Army and all forces in South-east Asia. Terauchi prevailed over Itagaki who then sent his signal to Mountbatten. Newspapers in Singapore were finally allowed to carry the text of the emperor's speech, confirming what many already knew from listening to All India Radio broadcasts from Delhi on forbidden shortwave radios.[18]

The Allies arrived in Malaya on 28 August with a small portion of the fleet sent to Penang as part of Operation Zipper. When Penang surrendered without resistance, the fleet sailed for Singapore on 2 September, passing the Raffles Lighthouse at the Southern entrance to the Straits of Malacca.[19] The fleet arrived in Singapore on 4 September 1945, meeting no opposition.[18] However, the French battleship Richelieu struck a magnetic mine at 0744 on 9 September while passing down the Straits of Malacca. She eventually limped into Singapore at 1200 on 11 September.[20]

General Itagaki, accompanied by Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome and his aides, were brought aboard HMS Sussex in Keppel Harbour to discuss the surrender. They were received by Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Christison and Major-General Robert Mansergh. A tense encounter began when a Japanese officer reportedly remarked, "You are two hours late," only to be met with the reply, "We don't keep Tokyo time here."[19] By 1800, the Japanese had surrendered their forces on the island. An estimated 77,000 Japanese troops from Singapore were captured, plus another 26,000 from Malaya.[18]

The formal surrender was finalised on 12 September at Singapore City Hall.[18] Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia Command, came to Singapore to receive the formal surrender of Japanese forces in South East Asia from General Itagaki Seishiro on behalf of Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi, commander of the Japanese Southern Army Group who had suffered a stroke earlier in the year.[19] A British Military Administration was formed to govern the island until March 1946. Itagaki departed for Japan shortly afterwards to face his trial and execution as a war criminal.[19]

Japanese reaction to the surrender

Itagaki had met his generals and senior staff at his HQ at the former Raffles College in Bukit Timah and told his men that they would have to obey the surrender instructions and keep the peace. That night, more than 300 officers and men killed themselves by falling onto their swords in the Raffles Hotel after a farewell sake party, and later, an entire Japanese platoon killed themselves using grenades.[18]

About 200 Japanese soldiers decided to join the communist guerrillas whom they were fighting just days before in a bid to continue the fight against the British. But they soon returned to their units when they found out that the MPAJA, which was funded by the Malayan Communist Party, did not plan to fight the returning British.[18]

Nonetheless, some stayed hidden in the jungles with the communists, and when Chin Peng and remnants of the Malayan Communist Party ended their struggle in 1989, two former Japanese soldiers emerged from the jungle with the communists and surrendered.[18]

  • Ships of the occupation convoy en route to Singapore, August 1945
    Ships of the occupation convoy en route to Singapore, August 1945
  • HMS Sussex docked in Singapore on 12 September 1945
    HMS Sussex docked in Singapore on 12 September 1945
  • Cheering schoolchildren welcome the return of the British Army on 5 September 1945
    Cheering schoolchildren welcome the return of the British Army on 5 September 1945
  • A soldier from the 5th Indian Division stands guard over Japanese prisoners
    A soldier from the 5th Indian Division stands guard over Japanese prisoners
  • Mountbatten gives a public address in Singapore during the surrender ceremony
    Mountbatten gives a public address in Singapore during the surrender ceremony
  • Abandoned Japanese Ki-45 Toryu fighters captured at Kallang Airfield
    Abandoned Japanese Ki-45 Toryu fighters captured at Kallang Airfield
  • Surrendered Japanese cruiser Myōkō moored at Seletar alongside submarines I-501 and I-502
    Surrendered Japanese cruiser Myōkō moored at Seletar alongside submarines I-501 and I-502
  • Instrument of Surrender signed by Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten for the Allies and General Itagaki for the Japanese
    Instrument of Surrender signed by Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten for the Allies and General Itagaki for the Japanese
  • Chinese community holding preliminary celebrations through the city streets, with liberation banners
    Chinese community holding preliminary celebrations through the city streets, with liberation banners
  • Union Jack is hoisted during the formal surrender of all Japanese southern armies
    Union Jack is hoisted during the formal surrender of all Japanese southern armies
  • Japanese POWs are taken to work where they were made to clear up the city
    Japanese POWs are taken to work where they were made to clear up the city
  • Three of the indicted Japanese war criminals are led to their cells underneath the Supreme Court in Singapore
    Three of the indicted Japanese war criminals are led to their cells underneath the Supreme Court in Singapore

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Sarnet & Le Vaillant, p. 330
  2. ^ "H.M.S. Rotherham (H09)". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  3. ^ a b H.M.S. Attacker, royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk
  4. ^ Park, p. 2156, para 360.
  5. ^ Park, p. 2155, para 349.
  6. ^ Park, p. 2155, para 351.
  7. ^ Chant (2013)
  8. ^ Warren, p. 297
  9. ^ Park, pp. 2155–2156, para 358.
  10. ^ "H.M.S. Cleopatra". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  11. ^ "H.M.S. Sussex". Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  12. ^ HMAS Hawkesbury (I), Royal Australian Navy
  13. ^ H.M.S. Hunter, royalnavyresearcharchive.org.uk
  14. ^ IJN Kamikaze: Tabular Record of Movement, Long Lancers, retrieved 12 June 2011
  15. ^ HIJMS Submarine I-501: Tabular Record of Movement, Bob Hackett & Sander Kingsepp, retrieved 9 December 2009
  16. ^ HIJMS Submarine I-502: Tabular Record of Movement, Bob Hackett & Sander Kingsepp, retrieved 9 December 2009
  17. ^ Park, p. 2156, para 371.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The real Japanese surrender" (PDF). The Sunday Times. 4 September 2005. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  19. ^ a b c d Forgotten wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
  20. ^ Sarnet & Le Vaillant, pp. 331–334
Bibliography
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