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{{Recycling}}
{{Recycling}}
'''Paper recycling''' is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are 3 categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.<ref name="debunking">{{Cite web|title=Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper|url=http://recyclingpoint.com.sg/Articles/feb1992myth_of_recycledpaper.htm|publisher=Recycling Point Dot Com|accessdate=2007-02-04 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061006094659/http://www.recyclingpoint.com.sg/Articles/feb1992myth_of_recycledpaper.htm |archivedate = October 6, 2006}}</ref> ''Mill broke'' is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a [[paper mill]]. ''Pre-consumer waste'' is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. ''Post-consumer'' waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old [[telephone directory|telephone directories]], and residential mixed paper (RMP).<ref>''Debunking the Myths . .''</ref> Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce [[molded pulp]] packaging. The industrial process of removing [[printing ink]] from paperfibers of recycled paper to make [[deinked pulp]] is called [[deinking]], an invention of the German jurist [[Justus Claproth]].
'''Paper recycling''' is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are 3 categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.<ref name="debunking">{{Cite web|title=Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper|url=http://recyclingpoint.com.sg/Articles/feb1992myth_of_recycledpaper.htm|publisher=Recycling Point Dot Com|accessdate=2007-02-04 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061006094659/http://www.recyclingpoint.com.sg/Articles/feb1992myth_of_recycledpaper.htm |archivedate = October 6, 2006}}</ref> ''Mill broke'' is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a [[paper mill]]. ''Pre-consumer waste'' is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. ''Post-consumer'' waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old [[telephone directory|telephone directories]], and residential mixed paper (RMP).<ref>''Debunking the Myths . .''</ref> Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce [[molded pulp]] packaging. The industrial process of removing [[printing ink]] from paperfibers of recycled paper to make [[deinked pulp]] is called [[deinking]], an invention of the German jurist [[Justus Claproth]].

==Rationale for recycling==
Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal impacts).<ref>Hershkowitz, A. (2002). ''Bronx ecology.'' Washington DC: Island Press. p. 62</ref>

Today, 90% of paper pulp is made of wood. Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees,<ref name="chase">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecology.com/features/paperchase/index.html|title=Paper Chase|accessdate=2007-09-21|last=Martin|first=Sam|year=2004|publisher=Ecology Communications, Inc.}}</ref> and represents 1.2% of the world's total economic output.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad493e/ad493e03.htm|title=Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forestry Sector to National Economies|accessdate=2007-09-21|year=2004|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}</ref> Recycling one ton of [[newsprint]] saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of wood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpressinitiative.org/documents/recycledfiberfactsheet-EPN.pdf|title=Environmental Paper Network|accessdate=2011-10-23|year=2007|publisher=Green Press Initiative}}</ref> This is because [[Kraft process|kraft pulping]] requires twice as much wood since it removes [[lignin]] to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much paper can be made from how many trees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiritone.com/~brucem/savetree.htm|title=How Many Recycled Newspapers Does It Take to Save A Tree?|accessdate=2007-09-22|last=Marcot|first=Bruce G.|year=1992|publisher=The Ecology Plexus}}</ref> Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.<ref name="chase"/> Most pulp mill operators practice [[reforestation]] to ensure a continuing supply of trees.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} The [[Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification]] (PEFC) and the [[Forest Stewardship Council|Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)]] certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.fsccanada.org/certification.htm|title=Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf!|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> It has been estimated that recycling half the world’s paper would avoid the harvesting of 20 million acres (81,000&nbsp;km²) of forestland.<ref>EarthWorks Group. 1990. “The Recycler’s Handbook”. Berkeley, CA: The EarthWorks Press</ref>

===Energy===
Energy consumption is reduced by recycling,{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} although there is debate concerning the actual energy savings realized. The [[Energy Information Administration]] claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled versus paper made with unrecycled pulp,<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/paperandglass.html#SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass|title=SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass|publisher=Energy Information Administration|month=September|year=2006|accessdate=2007-10-20}}</ref> while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64% reduction.<ref name="BIR2">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.bir.org/aboutrecycling/index.asp|title=Information about Recycling|publisher=Bureau of International Recycling|accessdate=2007-10-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927175746/http://www.bir.org/aboutrecycling/index.asp |archivedate = September 27, 2007}}</ref> Some calculations show that recycling one ton of newspaper saves about {{convert|4000|kWh|GJ|lk=on|abbr=on}} of electricity, although this may be too high (see comments below on unrecycled pulp). This is enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost six months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bringrecycling.org/benefits.html|title=Recycle - Save Energy|publisher=South Carolina Electric & Gas Company|year=1991|accessdate=2007-10-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070911155218/http://www.bringrecycling.org/benefits.html |archivedate = September 11, 2007}}</ref> Recycling paper to make pulp actually consumes more fossil fuels than making new pulp via the [[kraft process]]; these mills generate all of their energy from burning waste wood (bark, roots) and byproduct lignin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.biotech.wisc.edu/jeffries/bioprocessing/pulping.html|title=Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production|accessdate=2007-10-21|last=Jeffries|first=Tom|date=27 March 1997|publisher=University of Wisconsin Biotech Center}}</ref> Pulp mills producing new mechanical pulp use large amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10 gigajoules per [[tonne]] of pulp (2500&nbsp;kW·h per [[short ton]]).<ref name="bier">{{Cite book
|last=Biermann|first=Christopher J.|title=Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking|year=1993|publisher=Academic Press, Inc.|location=San Diego|isbn=0-12-097360-X}}</ref> Recycling mills purchase most of their energy from local power companies, and since recycling mills tend to be in urban areas, it is likely that the electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels.

===Landfill use===
About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) by weight is paper and paper products.<ref name="epa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/pubs/ex-sum05.pdf|title=Executive Summary: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures|accessdate=2007-10-23|year=200|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|format=PDF |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070912025805/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/pubs/ex-sum05.pdf |archivedate = September 12, 2007}}</ref>

===Water and air pollution===
The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency‎]] (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/onthego/info/index.htm|title=Recycle on the Go: Basic Information|publisher =US Environmental Protection Agency|date=18 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> [[Pulp mill]]s can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing [[bleaching of wood pulp|bleached]] pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp and thus reduces the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but [[hydrogen peroxide]] and [[sodium hydrosulfite]] are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pneac.org/sheets/all/paper.cfm|title=Facts About Paper|accessdate=2007-10-30|last=MacFadden|first=Todd|coauthors=Michael P. Vogel|month=June|year=1996|publisher=Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center, Montana State University}}</ref> However, recycling mills may have polluting by-products, such as sludge. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill results in sludge weighing 22% of the weight of wastepaper recycled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/paperandglass.html|title=Recycling Paper and Glass|month=September|year=2006|publisher=US Department of Energy|accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref>


==Recycling facts and figures==
==Recycling facts and figures==

Revision as of 11:38, 24 November 2011

Waste paper collected for recycling in Italy.

Paper recycling is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are 3 categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Pre-consumer waste is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old telephone directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP).[2] Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce molded pulp packaging. The industrial process of removing printing ink from paperfibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.

Recycling facts and figures

In the mid-19th century, there was an increased demand for books and writing material. Up to that time, paper manufacturers had used discarded linen rags for paper, but supply could not keep up with the increased demand. Books were bought at auctions for the purpose of recycling fiber content into new paper, at least in the United Kingdom, by the beginning of the 19th century.[3]

Internationally, about half of all recovered paper comes from converting losses (pre-consumer recycling), such as shavings and unsold periodicals; approximately one third comes from household or post-consumer waste.[4]

Some statistics on paper consumption:

  • The average per capita paper use worldwide was 110 pounds (50 kg).[5]
  • It is estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper. [Source: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Discussion Paper (IIED, London, September 1996)]
  • Recycling 1 short ton (0.91 t) of paper saves 17 mature trees, 7 thousand US gallons (26 m3) of water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m3) of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil (84 US gal or 320 L), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity — enough energy to power the average American home for six months.[6]
  • Although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing, communications has now been replaced by packaging as the single largest category of paper use at 41% of all paper used.[7]
  • 115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal computers.[8] The average web user prints 28 pages daily.[9]
  • Most corrugated fiberboard boxes have over 25% recycled fibers[citation needed]. Some are 100% recycled fiber.

Paper recycling by region

European Union

Paper recovery in Europe has a long history and has grown into a mature organization. The European papermakers and converters work together to meet the requirements of the European Commission and national governments. Their aim is the reduction of the environmental impact of waste during manufacturing, converting/printing, collecting, sorting and recycling processes to ensure the optimal and environmentally sound recycling of used paper and board products. In 2004 the paper recycling rate in Europe was 54.6% or 45.5 million short tons (41.3 Mt).[10] The recycling rate in Europe reached 64.5% in 2007, which confirms that the industry is on the path to meeting its voluntary target of 66% by 2010.[11]

Japan

Municipal collections of paper for recycling are in place. However, according to the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of recycled paper used.[citation needed]

United States of America

Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. The history of paper recycling has several dates of importance:

  • 1690: The first paper mill to use recycled linen was established by the Rittenhouse family.[12]
  • 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in New York City, where they collected rags, newspaper, and trash with a pushcart.
  • 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than was buried in landfills.[13]

Today, over half of the material used to make paper is recovered waste.[14] Paper products are the largest component of municipal solid waste, making up more than 40% of the composition of landfills.[15][16] In 2006, a record 53.4% of the paper used in the US (or 53.5 million tons) was recovered for recycling.[17] This is up from a 1990 recovery rate of 33.5%.[17] The US paper industry has set a goal to recover 55 percent of all the paper used in the US by 2012. Paper packaging recovery, specific to paper products used by the packaging industry, was responsible for about 77% of packaging materials recycled with more than 24 million pounds recovered in 2005.[18]

By 1998, some 9,000 curbside programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off centers had sprouted up across the US for recycles collection. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.[19]

In 2008, the global financial crisis resulted in the price of old newspapers to drop in the US from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.[20]

Mexico

In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Debunking the Myths of Recycled Paper". Recycling Point Dot Com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
  2. ^ Debunking the Myths . .
  3. ^ Howsam, Leslie (1991). Cheap Bibles: Nineteenth Century Publishing and the British and Foreign Bible Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 10: 0521522129. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  4. ^ "Recovered Paper". Bureau of International Recycling. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2007.
  5. ^ "Paper consumption data". Retrieved 12 November 2007.
  6. ^ "Wastes – Resource Conservation - Common Wastes & Materials - Paper Recycling". US EPA
  7. ^ North American Factbook PPI, 1995 (Figures are for 1993)
  8. ^ Worldwatch Institute
  9. ^ Gartner group and HP
  10. ^ "ERPC Facts and Figures". European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC). Retrieved 27 September 2006.
  11. ^ "European Declaration on Paper Recycling 2006–2010. Monitoring Report 2007" (PDF). European Recovered Paper Council. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  12. ^ "Papermaking Moves to the United States". Robert C. Williams Paper Museum, Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  13. ^ "Recycling in the Paper Industry". Robert C. Williams Paper Museum, Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  14. ^ "Paper University - All About Paper". Retrieved 20 May 2007.
  15. ^ "Municipal Solid Waste - FAQ". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
  16. ^ Baird, Colin (2004) Environmental Chemistry (3rd ed.) p. 512. W. H. Freeman ISBN 0-7167-4877-0; Recycling in Ohio[dead link]
  17. ^ a b "2006 Recovered Paper Annual Statistics". Paper Industry Association Council. Retrieved 10 December 2007. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Data on Paper Recovery
  19. ^ "Municipal Solid Waste - Recycling". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2006.
  20. ^ Page, Candace, Waste district raises recycling fees, Burlington Free Press, 12 November 2008

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/recycle.htm[dead link]

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