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Ponton (car)

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Mercedes-Benz 180 "ponton"

Ponton, which in French and German means "pontoon", can also refer to a certain slab-sided style of car bodywork.[1]

Cars in this rounded, slab-sided style were produced by numerous manufacturers in Europe and the U.S.

In the 1960s, according to Jeff Miller, Germans used the term for "all vehicles of standard size, with front engines and rear trunks". He said it was unclear why "this former general expression" came to be used "exclusively by Mercedes-Benz enthusiasts" [2] to designate the 1953-1962 models (see below).

Origin of the body style

1923 Bugatti Typ 32 'Tank'

One of the first known cars with a ponton body is the Bugatti type 32 "Tank" which participated in the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours.

1928 Hanomag 2/10 PS

The first production car of the world with a ponton body was the Hanomag 2/10. The car's body resembled a loaf of bread earning it the sobriquet of "Kommissbrot" - a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army.[3] The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928. The car's designer, Fidelis Böhler, built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed with running boards and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight.[4] The cheap car became a best seller in Germany.[5]

Pinin Farina designed a flowing ponton-style body for the Lancia Aprilia berlinetta aerodynamica coupé that made its debut in 1937, [6] and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet. [7]

BMW 328 Mille Miglia

At the end of the 1930s the BMW 328 had some very modern ponton bodies (in closed and open form) which were some years ahead of their time.

Pinin Farina's 1946 Cisitalia 202

The 1946 Cisitalia 202 coupé, which Farina designed from sketches by Cisitalia’s Giovanni Savonuzzi, was the car that "transformed postwar automobile design" according to New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the car’s "hood, body, fenders, and headlights are integral to the continuously flowing surface, rather than added on. Before the Cisitalia, the prevailing approach followed by automobile designers when defining a volume and shaping the shell of an automobile was to treat each part of the body as a separate, distinct element." [8] Also introduced in 1947, the Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 [9] was another ponton-style Farina design which, together with those by Touring and others on the same chassis, has also been credited with setting the trend for post-war automotive design. [10]

Rounded, flowing forms, with unbroken horizontal lines between the fenders—the style that Paolo Tumminelli calls "Ponton Side Design"—became "the new fashion in Europe", where Alfa-Romeo, Fiat and Rover were among the first to offer it. [11]

An inspiration to American and Japanese manufacturers as well as to Europeans, Farina’s "ponton line" would be copied round the world. [12] One of the first American cars to adopt it was the 1947 Studebaker Champion, designed by Virgil Exner and Roy Cole[13] but sometimes erroneously attributed to Raymond Loewy. [11] Another, the Howard "Dutch" Darrin-designed 1947-1950 Kaiser-Frazer, was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949 Borgward Hansa 1500, Germany's first sedan in the ponton style. [14]

In the Soviet Union the GAZ-M20 Pobeda was introduced in 1946, and in Britain the Standard Vanguard went on sale the following year.

Ford and General Motors followed the trend with their own designs in 1949.[11]

Origin of calling the style "ponton"

In Germany, the term Pontonkarrosserie (pontoon body) was used to describe European cars of the post-World War II period. They included Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Auto Union (inc. DKW) and Borgward (inc. Hansa) models.[15]

It may be that when in the early 1950s Mercedes-Benz integrated their cars' headlight into the fenders and blended the fenders into the body the new shape resembled a pontoon to people accustomed to the free-standing headlights and separate fenders of the previous models.[2]

Another theory is that a journalist likened the sub-frame of the 1953 Mercedes-Benz's novel unitary construction—in which a sub-frame holds the engine, transmission, suspension and steering, and the body is a stressed shell—to a pontoon bridge.[2]

Examples of "ponton" in automotive contexts

The term is now commonly used in reference to Mercedes-Benz models from 1953-1962. For example a book about the marque refers to "the Ponton", the "Ponton saloon", "Ponton 220", "Ponton 220S and SE coupes and cabriolets", and "the Ponton models". [16]

A General Motors document refers to the 1953 Olympia Rekord as "the first Opel with a full-width, or ponton, body shell".[17]

In a reference work on alternative-energy vehicles, electrical-engineering academics used the term as a generic for saloon cars with "three-box design" ;[18] also a 2007 German work on car design and technology mentions a "Rover-Ponton" (ponton-style Rover);[19] and a French book on art and design also used the term in an automotive context in 1996.[20]

In Holland it is sometimes used to distinguish the Volkswagen Type 3 (1961-1974) 2-door notchback sedan from the fastback and wagon versions. [21][22]

The 1948-1950 Packard had a "'Ponton'-style side section with the fenders running through from front to back", according to a blogger[23] who also describes the 1951 Packard Patrician as "one of the first cars that featured the new Ponton-style (sic) with integrated front-fenders (sic) at the same level with the hood and a curved onepiece-windscreen (sic).” [24]

At present, unlike the Mercedes-Benz Pontons, none of the "ponton"-bodied cars shown below take the "ponton" suffix (as per, for example, "Ford Ponton") among anglophones.

  • 1944 GAZ-25 Pobeda prototype
    1944 GAZ-25 Pobeda prototype
  • Farina-designed 1947 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300 SC
    Farina-designed 1947 Alfa Romeo 6C 2300 SC
  • 1950-1958 Lancia Aurelia B20
    1950-1958 Lancia Aurelia B20
  • 1950 Ford (GB) Consul
    1950 Ford (GB) Consul
  • 1950 Ford (USA) Club Coupe
    1950 Ford (USA) Club Coupe
  • 1950 Studebaker Champion
    1950 Studebaker Champion
  • 1951 Standard Vanguard
    1951 Standard Vanguard
  • 1952 Rover 75
    1952 Rover 75
  • 1952 Borgward Hansa 1800
    1952 Borgward Hansa 1800
  • 1961-1974 Volkswagen Type 3, sometimes called "ponton" in Holland
    1961-1974 Volkswagen Type 3, sometimes called "ponton" in Holland

See also

References

  1. ^ Haajanen, Lennart W.; Ludvigsen, Karl; Nyden, Bertil (2002). Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles. McFarland & Co. p. 109. ISBN 9780786412761.
  2. ^ a b c Miller, Jeff. "Why are they called Pontons?" "Mercedes-Benz Pontons (1952-1962)" www.mbzponton.org July 13, 2001. Retrieved on August 07 2008.
  3. ^ Böhler Einbauteile GmbH - Company History, undated, official company page, retrieved on January 17, 2009.
  4. ^ Georgano, Nick N (2000). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 667. ISBN 9781579582937.
  5. ^ De La Rive Box, Rob (1998). The Complete Encyclopedia of Vintage Cars 1886-1940. Rebo International. p. 147. ISBN 978-9036615174.
  6. ^ "Lancia Aprilia Coupé Introduced 1937", Pininfarina website. Retrieved on August 10 2008.
  7. ^ "Fotos: Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet", www.infocoches.com. Retrieved on August 10 2008.
  8. ^ "Cisitalia. '202' GT Car. 1946." Museum Of Modern Art’ exhibit description. Retrieved on August 10 2008.
  9. ^ "Alfa Romeo 6C 2500", undated article by the editors of Consumer Guide, retrieved on August 10 2008.
  10. ^ Braden, Pat. "1947 6C 2500 SS", Sports Car Market magazine, May 2001.
  11. ^ a b c Tumminelli, Paolo (2006), Car Design By, teNeues Publishing Company, p. 30, ISBN 9783823845614
  12. ^ Jour mondial d l’urbanisme (1963). Architecture: formes et fonction. A Krafft, p.87.
  13. ^ "1950-1951 Studebaker" by the auto editors of Consumer Guide. Undated article retrieved on August 8, 2008.
  14. ^ Eckermann, Erik, and Albrecht, Peter L. (2001). World History of the Automobile, pp. 163-164. SAE International. ISBN 076800800X./
  15. ^ Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 248. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7.
  16. ^ Slade, Tim. Original Mercedes-Benz Coupes, Cabriolets and V8 Sedans, 1960-1972, Motor Books 2004, pp.17, 19, 23, 24, 24, 26. ISBN 0760319529. Retrieved on August 14 2008.
  17. ^ General Motors, “Opel History: An overview of company milestones,” undated document for download, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
  18. ^ Ehsani, Mehrdad; Gao, Yimin; Gay, Sebastien E.; Emadi, Ali (2004). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780849331541.
  19. ^ Braess, Hans-Hermann; Seiffert, Ulrich (2007). Automobildesign und Technik: Formgebung, Funktionalität, Technik. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. pp. 20 and 228. ISBN 978-3-8348-0177-7.
  20. ^ Ed. Barré-Despond, Arlette (1996). Dictionnaire international des arts appliqués et du design. Editions du Regard. p.18. ISBN 9782841050246.
  21. ^ The Volkswagen name page (in Dutch), undated, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
  22. ^ De Volkswagen Type 3: Ponton, TL, Variant. (in Dutch), undated, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
  23. ^ Ralphee. “1948-1950 Packard Super Eight Sedan,” Cuban Car Lovers Blog, July 12, 2008, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
  24. ^ Ralphee. “1951 Packard Patrician,” Cuban Car Lovers Blog, June 19, 2006, retrieved on August 7, 2008.
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