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Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
Location
CountryCanada
LocationHamilton, Ontario
Coordinates43°16′20″N 79°51′45″W / 43.2722°N 79.8624°W / 43.2722; -79.8624
UN/LOCODECAHAM/CAOSH[1]
Details
Opened1912
Size620 acres (250 ha)
No. of berths32[2][3]
Draft depth8.2 m.[2][3]
Employees~50
President and CEOIan Hamilton
Statistics
Annual cargo tonnage9.9 million metric tons (FY 2017)[4]
Annual revenueCDN$26.4 million (FY 2017)[5]
Net incomeCDN$5.3 million (FY 2017)[5]
Website
www.hopaports.ca

The Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority (HOPA) is a port authority that controls ports in the cities of Hamilton and Oshawa in the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario, Canada. It was created in 2019 when the Hamilton Port Authority and the Oshawa Port Authority were merged by the Government of Canada.[6] The amalgamated port authority replaced the Oshawa Port Authority created in 2012 and the Hamilton Port Authority which succeeded the Hamilton Harbour Commission in 2001.[7] The port of Hamilton, located in Hamilton Harbour, is Ontario's largest and among the busiest ports in Canada. Both ports are located on opposite ends of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area.

One of 17 Canadian port authorities created by the federal government, Hamilton-Oshawa derives its mandate from the Canada Marine Act.[8] A 2010 study by Martin and Associates revealed that cargo transiting the Port of Hamilton is connected to $6 billion in economic activity and 38,000 jobs in the province of Ontario.[9]

History

[edit]
Completed in 1953, Hamilton Port Authority Building is an example of Art Deco architecture in Hamilton.[10] The building is complemented by Art Deco sculptures by Louis Temporale.

On April 1, 1912, an Act of Parliament created the Hamilton Harbour Commissioners (HHC) and on May 1, 1912, the first three Harbour Commissioners, George J. Guy, Hugh S. Wallace and William J. Clark took their oaths of office.

The Port of Hamilton grew throughout the 20th century, in service to Hamilton's two major steel producers, Steel Company of Canada, and Dominion Steel Castings Company, as well as Hamilton's robust manufacturing economy.

The long-awaited completion of the Welland Ship Canal in 1932 brought a tremendous boost in shipping to Hamilton industry. Anticipating the arrival of larger Great Lakes vessels and ocean freighters, the Commissioners had already widened and deepened the canal entrance from Lake Ontario into Hamilton Harbour. In order to accommodate the huge ore and coal ships which now had direct access to Harbour waters, the Steel Company of Canada and the Hamilton By-Product Coke Ovens constructed larger docks. The result: between 1929 and 1934 total tonnage in the harbour doubled from one to two million tonnes annually, making Hamilton the fourth-busiest port in the country, behind Montreal, Vancouver and Toronto.

When the St. Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959, the first ship travelling up the new system berthed in Hamilton. Cargo tonnage after the first year of Seaway operation was higher in Hamilton than at any other Canadian or American Port on the Great Lakes.

A Hamilton Harbour Police Shore Patrol shoulder patch worn by officers

The Hamilton Harbour Police was formed in 1921 to provide policing services for the Hamilton Harbour Commission in Hamilton. It was disbanded in 1986 and its duties were transferred to the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police.

Mandate

[edit]

Under the Canada Marine Act and the port authority's letters patent it is tasked with facilitating the regional economy and managing port lands in an environmentally and financially sustainable way to support the regional and national economy.[8][11]

Facilities

[edit]

Port of Hamilton

[edit]

The Port of Hamilton houses multiple terminal operations providing storage and transloading of dry bulk and liquid bulk commodities, breakbulk and project cargo. The port is served by two stevedores: Federal Marine Terminals and Great Lakes Stevedoring. It is also serviced by two Class-1 North American railways: Canadian National and Canadian Pacific.

The Port of Hamilton is divided between the west harbour on piers 8 to 15 which house among other facilities a large fuel depot, an agri-food cluster on pier 10[12] and the east harbour on piers 22 to 29 which have multiple agri-food terminals. The port has a grain storage capacity of 100,000 tonnes, a liquid bulk capacity of 200,000 tonnes spread across 125 liquid bulk tanks, 2.5 million square feet of warehouse space, 15 wharves and 8.4 km of St. Lawrence Seaway maximum depth dock walls.[13][14]

Port of Oshawa

[edit]

The Port of Oshawa is serviced by Oshawa Stevedores and has a rail spur to the CN mainline a kilometre or two north of the harbour. The port is divided between a West Wharf and a St. Lawrence Seaway depth East Wharf which handles many of the same commodities Hamilton does.[15]

In comparison to the Port of Hamilton the Port of Oshawa is quite small. The port's storage facilities include 75,000 square feet of warehouse space, a liquid bulk capacity of about 25,000 tonnes and a dry bulk capacity of 60,000 tonnes in 5 domes and a grain silo.[16][15]

Shortly after amalgamation of the two ports, HOPA Ports CEO Ian Hamilton signalled "dredging, building a ring road, reinforcing the dock wall ... [and creating] a second berth so two ships can be unloaded at the same time"[17] are critical short-term investments for long term growth in Oshawa.

Cargo

[edit]

The Port of Hamilton handles a diversified mix of cargoes including:

  • Asphalt
  • Biofuels
  • Bitumen
  • Cement clinker
  • Coal & coke
  • Dry & liquid fertilizer
  • Edible oils
  • Grain, pulses & beans (Corn, wheat, soybeans, canola)
  • Gypsum
  • Iron ore
  • Petroleum
  • Potash
  • Rum
  • Salt
  • Sand & gravel
  • Scrap metal
  • Sugar

In 2006 the Hamilton Port Authority handled 10,282,978 tonnes of steel industry inputs and products which amounted to 79% of the port's tonnage. From 2006 to 2018 the share of tonnage related to the steel industry steadily declined but began stabilizing around 2013 in the 6 to 7 million tonne range. In 2018 the port handled 7,185,596 tonnes of steel industry product which represented 61% of total port tonnage.

During the decline in the steel industry after the Great Recession of 2008 the port diversified and has seen significant growth in the agri-food industry which has necessitated the construction of a number of food processing and storage facilities in the port. From 2006 to 2018 agricultural products passing through the port grew from 492,272 tonnes to 3,512,444 tonnes.[18] Agri-food has grown from 3–4% of port tonnage in 2006 to about 30% of total port traffic in 2018.

As population growth in the Greater Golden Horseshoe continues in the coming decades the port could see significant growth in import led agri-food business for commodities and products Ontario can't or doesn't produce. In June 2019 Sucro Sourcing opened the first sugar refinery built in Canada since 1958[19] on Pier 10 and imports inputs for its refinery.

Tonnage

[edit]

Hamilton Cargo by Type

[edit]

While comparatively small components of the Port of Hamilton's shipping business, the port has seen significant declines in its breakbulk and liquid bulk business from highs in the early 2000s. Partial recovery has occurred in the breakbulk category with relatively consistent annual increases from 2009 to 2018 but liquid bulk tonnage (chemicals, fuels, etc.) in 2018 was 62.5% of what it was in 2006.[20]

Expanding International Market Share

[edit]

Reflecting decline in some domestic industry and the increased importance of international markets, overseas shipping has represented a greater share of Hamilton's shipping business reaching 20 year highs from 2014–2018.

HOPA Ports Annual Cargo Tonnage

[edit]

[21][22][23]

In its first year of amalgamation with HOPA Ports the Port of Oshawa had its best reported year since at least 2007 handling 575,000 tonnes.

Cruise ships

[edit]

A number of cruise ships have visited Hamilton over the last decade. From 2010 to at least 2012 Blount Small Ship Adventures made multiple visits annually on their cruise between New York City and Toronto with the MV Grand Mariner.[24][25] In 2020 the Great Lakes Cruising Company is running a cruise between Chicago and Hamilton on the MV Victory I.[26]

Port of Hamilton in Great Lakes, Canadian and North American Maritime Shipping Industry

[edit]

The Port of Hamilton is the primary commercial port in the Golden Horseshoe. In 2017 the Golden Horseshoe's other federally governed commercial ports handled less than 3 million tonnes combined as the Port of Toronto handled 2,172,750 tonnes[27] of cargo while the Port of Oshawa handled 408,567 tonnes.[28] By tonnage Hamilton and Oshawa combined are about 6 times the size of the Port of Toronto. Hamilton is also the busiest port in Ontario and the 7th busiest port on the Great Lakes.[29][30][31] In 2017 Hamilton was also the 7th busiest Canadian port authority behind Vancouver, Montreal, Saint John, Quebec City, Prince Rupert and Sept-Iles.[28]

Like many major Great Lakes ports Hamilton is a bulk and breakbulk port. It imports/exports large project cargo components such as windmill blades and handles salt, agri-food commodities, fertilizers, fuels and assorted inputs and finished product for the steel industry. In comparison to the Port of Thunder Bay, Ontario's second busiest port, Hamilton is much more reliant on the steel industry than Thunder Bay which relies on agricultural commodities from the Prairies. In 2018 approximately 60% of Hamilton's tonnage was steel industry inputs and products and 85% of Thunder Bay's tonnage was Prairie grains.

As a freshwater, regional port still largely dominated by one industry, Hamilton does not rank with major North American ports such as Houston, Long Beach–Los Angeles, Vancouver, New York–New Jersey, the southern Mississippi River ports and even major inland ports like the Twin Ports in Duluth. In 2017 it had a similar volume to the smallest of the top 50 busiest ports in the United States.[31]

Busiest Great Lakes ports

[edit]
Port Tonnage Year Prov/State
1. Duluth-Superior 30,277,995 2017 Minnesota-Wisconsin
2. Chicago 16,423,651 2017 Illinois
3. Two Harbors 15,431,524 2017 Minnesota
4. Detroit 13,266,629 2017 Michigan
5. Cleveland 13,147,350 2017 Ohio
6. Indiana-Burns Harbor 12,216,800 2017 Indiana
7. Hamilton 11,628,318 2018 Ontario
8. Toledo 9,619,723 2017 Ohio
9. Mount Vernon 9,118,896 2017 Indiana
10. Thunder Bay 8,734,931 2018 Ontario

Hamilton and Short Sea Container Shipping

[edit]

Beginning in the early 2000s the Port of Hamilton began investigating the viability of a variety of shipping routes[32] to allow the port to expand into regular, containerized short sea shipping between producers and consumers in the Golden Horseshoe and the Port of Montreal and Port of Halifax. The port sees short sea shipping as a way to capture a share of the growth in regional road and rail shipping to and from eastern Canadian container ports. In 2015 27%[33] of the Port of Montreal's expanding container shipping volume came from or was destined for Ontario with much of the trade volume shipped by transport truck down Highway 401. With increased Canada–Europe trade as a result of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, the development of larger container vessels and expansion of deep sea ports in the Maritimes "interlined" shipping to/from Halifax, Port of Saint John, and, if developed, Port of Sydney, Nova Scotia, and inland Great Lakes ports including Hamilton could become viable.[34][35][36]

Small container ship (~5500 TEUs) in Halifax Harbour which exceeds St. Lawrence Seawaymax limits

There is a significant public interest in increasing the role of short sea shipping in regional logistics. The public interest includes (1) reducing greenhouse gas emissions, (2) lessening traffic congestion on Highway 401 particularly between Montreal and Toronto and (3) maximizing capacity utilization of existing infrastructure, the St. Lawrence Seaway, which is currently only operating at about 50% capacity.[37] In a report submitted in February 2019 to the Canadian Parliament entitled "Establishing a Canadian Transportation and Logistics Strategy" recommendations included increasing usage of the seaway to reduce transportation bottlenecks.[38]

As of 2019, regular short sea container shipping between Hamilton and eastern Canadian, deep water ports has not been realized. However, most major ports in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system continue to advance the idea of short sea shipping generally, through initiatives such as the Highway H2O [39] marketing campaign, as most Great Lakes ports see potential for an increased, less commodity/industry specific role in regional logistics for marine traffic. Increasingly, government is also seeing the role increased regional maritime shipping can play in offsetting pressure on other infrastructure such as Highway 401 by allowing underutilized infrastructure such as the seaway to capture a greater share of the modal split between major, inter-provincial population centres.[40]

Controversies

[edit]

Ports operated by federal port authorities – as strategic infrastructure – are tasked with facilitating regional economic growth while being financially self-sufficient. Municipalities on the other hand are responsible for local economic growth and are directly accountable to local communities. As a result, it is not uncommon for port authority's to come into conflict with municipal political leadership whose interests are more local in nature. This is demonstrated in the Port of Oshawa's 2012 Land Use Plan where the authority states "the City Official Plan will be considered, however, where there is a discrepancy between [the port authority] Land Use Plan and the City's Official Plan this Plan shall apply."[41] In other words, municipal planning principles and goals are simply a consideration for federal ports.

Merger of Hamilton and Oshawa Port Authorities

[edit]

When the merger was announced there were of variety of views regarding amalgamation. According to Canadian Minister of Transportation, Marc Garneau, through a release from his office the merger will:

"Strengthen economic opportunity in the region and will enable a coordinated approach to port development and contribute to broadening multimodal transportation options in the Greater Toronto Area."[42]

However, a variety of municipal and provincial politicians from Hamilton and Oshawa expressed concern over the implications of the merger. Ontario's Minister of Environment, Jeff Yurek, stated "there is simply no evidence to give reason to believe [the port merger] can possibly meet [the federal government's] stated goals of strengthening Ontario's supply chain and improving port efficiencies and planning in the region."[43] Oshawa Mayor Dan Carter expressed concern around the influence of the Port of Hamilton in a merged port authority given its relative size and distance from Oshawa. According to Carter, "I think that it's important that it's not just Hamilton that has all the voice. I think it's important both of them have an equal voice at the table if we're going to have a healthy relationship."[44] By contrast Hamilton Mayor Fred Eisenberger said "the combination of the two port authorities would allow the new entity to boost growth and improve southern Ontario's access to global markets."[45]

Port Authority and Municipal Jurisdiction

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There have also been jurisdiction and capacity issues around the port. In 2013 a controversy was triggered when no organization in Hamilton was available to fight a highly visible marine fire.[46] According to CBC News, neither Hamilton Fire Services or Hamilton Police Service thought they had a mandate to fight marine fires. The port authority had once operated a tugboat with some firefighting ability, but the vessel was no longer operational.

Land Acquisition

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The port authority manages 620 acres of waterfront industrial property in Hamilton; however, it is running out of land to advance its financial and economic mandate.[47] In October 2013 former President of the Hamilton Port Authority Bruce Wood publicly mused that if US Steel (Stelco) was going to close its last steel mill in Hamilton it was an opportunity for the port authority to buy the 328 hectares (810 acres) Stelco occupies and repurpose it to create new jobs on the brownfields.[48]

HOPA's vision of land use in support of facilitating trade and the regional economy while being financially sustainable has clashed with the visions of some residents and municipal politicians. Mayor Fred Eisenberger made it known he wants potential brownfield sites in the harbour to be used "for advanced manufacturing and job producing production"[49] indicating some skepticism of the labour intensity and value of port jobs to the city. This is evidenced by the fact Dofasco has around 5,000 employees[50] on 800 acres of land[51] where port authority tenants employ about 2,100[52] on 620 acres of land. In spite of some opposition from Hamilton's Mayor, Bruce Wood's successor Ian Hamilton has also been vocal in signalling that the port authority will be pursuing surplus steel lands should they be sold by US Steel successor Bedrock Industries[53] in opposition to the Mayor's desire to purchase the lands to give the city control over what would otherwise be federal lands.

In Oshawa, HOPA Ports has also been competing with the municipality for land. On November 15, 2019, the port authority began the purchase of a site adjacent to its property which once housed a fuel depot operated by Petrocor. The City of Oshawa then issued a notice of expropriation for the site in December 2019 as the port authority was working through a purchase. Unlike in Hamilton the question isn't simply the type or number of jobs or the implications of federal ownership. Rather, the City of Oshawa and many local politicians do not want any port employment uses to the west or north of port property so as to preserve property for recreational uses.[54]

Land Use

[edit]

Hamilton Harbour has a long history of being a centre of heavy industrial activity dating back over a century. The byproduct of this industrial activity, through eras with lower environmental standards, has been significant pollution perhaps most clearly demonstrated by Randle Reef which is listed as an area of environmental concern by the International Joint Commission.[55] As a result of some of the negative byproducts the city's industrial history and a desire to cleanup the local environment and reputation there was significant opposition to a port leaseholder's proposal to build a waste gasification facility on Pier 15.[56][57]

In Oshawa, similar conflict occurred between HOPA's predecessor – the Oshawa Port Authority – and local residents and municipal politicians. In Oshawa's case an ethanol company, FarmTech, had agreed with the port authority to build an ethanol facility on port lands. However, after failing to allow the facility to move forward due to significant local opposition, the port authority had to pick up the cheque for a 4 million dollar arbitration award that was awarded against them. The result called into question the short-term financial viability of the port as they were found to have almost 6 million dollars in total liabilities.[58]

There has also been long-standing local opposition to the port, or at least its economic development mandate, due to its proximity to neighbouring Second Marsh and position between two conservation areas. The City of Oshawa and the port have been in a long running battle, ostensibly, over the extension of Harbour Road and the maintenance of a property buffer on port lands between port industrial/logistics uses and Second Marsh.[59][60]

Land Access

[edit]

As a result of the prime, waterfront real estate federal ports occupy there is high local demand for access whether to port property or adjacent properties which can be affected by port activity.

In Hamilton local Councillors and environmental organizations have sought public access to Sherman Inlet. The Hamilton Port Authority had initially agreed to grant public access in 2007 but for security reasons later changed their position.[61]

In Oshawa the local community has had long-standing access to the West Wharf pier. However, in 2017, a tugboat positioning a freighter on the West Wharf had to release its fixed line which hit the pier, ripped of the railing and could have seriously injured or killed people who were on the pier at the time.[62] After an initial period of closure due to public safety and liability concerns the pier was fully reopened to the public in 2018.[63]

In order to address the issue of community waterfront access HOPA is currently in the midst of a public engagement process for Fisherman's Wharf in Hamilton. The port is engaging the public to develop plans to reconceive Fisherman's Wharf.

Environmental Remediation Initiatives

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Randle Reef

[edit]

Randle Reef is an area in Hamilton Harbour adjacent to piers 14 and 15 which is approximately 60 hectares in size or about the size of 120 football fields.[64] It consists of large amounts of coal tar which has high concentrations of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The reef is a product of over a century of heavy industrial activity as well as lax environmental regulation and enforcement which allowed heavy industry to dump industrial waste directly into the harbour. The total "mass" of coal tar in Hamilton Harbour exceeds Sydney Tar Ponds by about 200,000 tonnes.[65]

In order to address pollution in Hamilton Harbour caused by Randle Reef HOPA Ports has teamed up with government partners, primarily the Government of Canada, the Province of Ontario and the City of Hamilton, to build a $140 million Engineered Containment Facility. The containment facility is designed to capture the industrial waste for a period of 200 years. Scheduled to be completed in 2022 the 7 hectare containment facility will be converted to port uses and could lead to Hamilton Harbour being removed as an Area of Concern by the International Joint Commission.

Sherman Inlet

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Sherman Inlet is a wetland located between pier 14 and pier 15. In the early 2000s it was infilled but in 2017 Hamilton Port Authority began a process of rehabilitating the inlet which is one of the few remaining inlets which dominated Hamilton Harbour prior to 20th century harbour infill.[61] Efforts have included shoreline reconstruction[66] and the introduction of bee hives to help pollinate the area.[67]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "UNLOCODE (CA) – CANADA". www.unece.org. UNECE. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Port of Hamilton, Canada". www.findaport.com. Shipping Guides Limited. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Port of Oshawa, Canada". www.findaport.com. Shipping Guides Limited. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Cargo Statistics". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b Financial Statements, Hamilton Port 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements, p.5
  6. ^ "Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority celebrates its fourth anniversary". HOPA Ports. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  7. ^ "History | HOPA Ports". Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
  8. ^ a b "Backgrounder on Canada's port system". Transport Canada. 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  9. ^ News Article, “The Port of Hamilton: A Proud History”, August 2012
  10. ^ The http://historicalhamilton.com/north-end/hamilton-port-authority-building/
  11. ^ "Hamilton Port Authority". 20 March 2017.
  12. ^ "Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority to lead $16M Agri-Food Expansion at Pier 10 – HOPA Ports". Hopaports.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  13. ^ HPA land use plan
  14. ^ HPA Cargo capacity brochure
  15. ^ a b "Oshawa Port Authority Land Use Plan" (PDF). portofoshawa.ca. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  16. ^ "What's Going on Here? Port of Oshawa grain silo".
  17. ^ "Infrastructure next step as Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority looks to future". Durham Radio News. 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  18. ^ "Cargo Tonnage | HOPA Ports". Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  19. ^ "Sucro Sourcing Announces New Sugar Refinery in Hamilton, Canada".
  20. ^ HOPA Ports (2019-01-01). "Tonnage Stats by Cargo Type" (PDF). HOPA Ports. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  21. ^ Canadian Shipper (2020-01-28). "HOPA wraps up first year as amalgamated port authority". canadianshipper.com. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  22. ^ Port of Oshawa (2018-12-18). "2007–2017 10 Year comparison cargo statistics" (PDF). Port of Oshawa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  23. ^ HOPA Ports (2019-01-01). "Tonnage Stats by Cargo Type" (PDF). HOPA Ports. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  24. ^ "Cruise ship docks in Hamilton | HamiltonNews.com". August 2012.
  25. ^ "Cruise ship makes a pit stop in Hamilton | TheSpec.com". The Hamilton Spectator. 8 July 2011.
  26. ^ "Great Lakes Cruise Company | Masterpieces of the Great Lakes | Great Lakes Cruise Company". Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  27. ^ "Services We Provide". PortsToronto. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  28. ^ a b Canadian Sailings (2018-02-25). "Record performances highlight generally positive 2017 for Canadian ports – Canadian Sailings". Canadiansailings.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  29. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2019-11-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ Port of Thunder Bay. "Cargo Statistics". Port of Thunder Bay. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  31. ^ a b "Global Trade Magazine's Top 50 Power Ports – The Great Lakes Seaway Partnership". Greatlakesseaway.org. 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  32. ^ None (2014-08-01). "Hamilton sees Halifax as key to intermodal cargo service". Today's Trucking. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  33. ^ Port of Montreal (2015-01-01). "Leader in the Container Trade" (PDF). Port of Montreal. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  34. ^ Harry Valentine (2017-11-29). "An evolving trend in the Europe North America container trade". Maritime Executive. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  35. ^ Harry Valentine (2015-04-13). "Container trains for Great Lakes shipping". Maritime Executive. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  36. ^ Harry Valentine (2018-10-06). "Improved prospects for container ships on the St. Lawrence Seaway". Maritime Executive. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  37. ^ Peter Hendra (2019-04-30). "St. Lawrence Seaway at 60: The shipping business pulled by many currents over the decades". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  38. ^ None (2019-02-22). "Federal committee recommends increased use of St. Lawrence Seaway". St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  39. ^ "Home". Hwyh2o.com. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  40. ^ https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news-story/9188552-federal-committee-recommends-increased-use-of-st-lawrnce-seaway/ [dead link]
  41. ^ "Oshawa Port Authority Land Use Plan" (PDF). Oshawa Port Authority. 2013-01-23. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2020-02-15.
  42. ^ Transport Canada (2019-06-05). "Minister Garneau Announces the Amalgamated Hamilton Oshawa Port Authority". PR Newswire. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
  43. ^ Reka Szekely (2019-05-04). "MPP raises concerns over Hamilton and Oshawa port authority merger". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  44. ^ Reka Szekely (2019-05-04). "MPP raises concerns over Hamilton and Oshawa port authority merger". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  45. ^ Samantha Craggs (2019-05-02). "Merger of Hamilton and Oshawa port authorities would be good for local jobs, mayor says". CBC News. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  46. ^ Cory Ruf (2013-09-26). "Is Hamilton prepared to handle a big boat fire?". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2014-01-01. Neither the Hamilton Fire Department nor the Hamilton Port Authority have active vessels that are equipped to fight fires on the water. And the Canadian Coast Guard couldn't say on Thursday what resources its two science ships that list Burlington as their home port have to respond to boat fires in the bay.
  47. ^ Steve Arnold (2013-12-28). "Industrial parks reaching capacity: Action needed now to avert future land crunch". Hamilton Spectator. Archived from the original on 2014-01-21. By the numbers, Hamilton's inventory of land for new employers consists of 9,831 acres of ground in nine business parks as well as 600 acres controlled by the Hamilton Port Authority.
  48. ^ "Hamilton Port Authority keen on U.S. Steel land potential". Metro News Hamilton. 2013-11-01. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2014-01-01. "We find ourselves running out of land for new investment; if the U.S. Steel property became available, we could put it to productive use, generating jobs and economic growth for the city," Bruce Wood, port authority president and CEO, told The Spectator in an emailed statement.
  49. ^ Mark McNeil (2018-06-21). "City and port authority both want surplus Stelco lands". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  50. ^ "ArcelorMittal Dofasco".
  51. ^ "Our History :: ArcelorMittal Dofasco".
  52. ^ Samantha Craggs (2019-02-05). "Merger of Hamilton and Oshawa port authorities would be good for local jobs, mayor says". CBC News. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  53. ^ Natalie Paddon (2017-12-14). "Port authority dreams up plans for Stelco lands". St. Catharines Standard. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  54. ^ David Flaherty (2020-01-28). "Battle for Petrocor lands". Oshawa Express. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  55. ^ "Great Lakes Areas of Concern | International Joint Commission". 27 July 2018.
  56. ^ Samantha Craggs (2017-03-23). "Not heard from in a year; has Port Fuels abandoned harbour incinerator project?". CBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  57. ^ Kelly Bennet (2017-06-23). "Port authority cuts ties with Port Fuels, proposed gasification plant is dead". CBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  58. ^ Reka Szekely (2017-08-22). "Port of Oshawa to pay ethanol company FarmTech $4 million after failed project". Oshawa Express. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  59. ^ David Flaherty (2019-02-22). "City, harbour at standstill on Harbour Road". Oshawa Express. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  60. ^ Reka Szekely (2019-02-19). "Oshawa council puts Harbour Road extension land deal on hold". DurhamRegion.com. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  61. ^ a b Matthew Van Donegen (2017-07-11). "Sherman Inlet will be restored, but public access plans scrapped". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  62. ^ Reza Szekely (April 26, 2018). "Oshawa pier may close to public after incident with tugboat". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  63. ^ Reza Szekely (2018-09-04). "Oshawa pier officially open for fishing". DurhamRegion.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved February 13, 2020. Alt URL
  64. ^ Samantha Craggs (2017-07-21). "Phase 2 Contract for Randle Reef Cleanup has been Awarded: Environment Minister". CBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  65. ^ Mark McNeil (2014-02-26). "Capturing the blob at Randle Reef". Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  66. ^ HOPA Ports (2018-01-01). "Sherman Inlet Shoreline Restored". HOPA Ports. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  67. ^ Chantel Grillo (2018-06-20). "Hamilton Port Authority teams up with local beekeeping company publisher". CHCH News. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
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