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Post-postmodernism

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Postmodernism
Preceded by Modernism
Postmodernity
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Post-postmodernism is a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture which are emerging from and reacting to postmodernism.

Periodization

Most scholars would agree that modernism began around 1900 and continued on as the dominant cultural force in the intellectual circles of Western culture well into the mid-twentieth century.[1][2] Like all eras, modernism encompasses many competing individual directions and is impossible to define as a discrete unity or totality. However, its chief general characteristics are often thought to include an emphasis on "radical aesthetics, technical experimentation, spatial or rhythmic, rather than chronological form, [and] self-conscious reflexiveness"[3] as well as the search for authenticity in human relations, abstraction in art, and utopian striving. These characteristics are normally lacking in postmodernism or are treated as objects of irony.

Postmodernism arose after World War II as a reaction to the perceived failings of modernism, whose radical artistic projects had come to be associated with totalitarianism[4] or had been assimilated into mainstream culture. The basic features of what we now call postmodernism can be found as early as the 1940s, most notably in the work of Jorge Luis Borges.[5] However, most scholars today would agree that postmodernism began to compete with modernism in the late 1950s and gained ascendancy over it in the 1960s.[6] Since then, postmodernism has been a dominant, though not undisputed, force in art, literature, film, music, drama, architecture, history, and continental philosophy. Salient features of postmodernism are normally thought to include the ironic play with styles, citations and narrative levels,[7] a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a "grand narrative" of Western culture,[8] a preference for the virtual at the expense of the real (or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes)[9] and a "waning of affect"[10] on the part of the subject, who is caught up in the free interplay of virtual, endlessly reproducible signs inducing a state of consciousness similar to schizophrenia.[11]

Since the late 1990s there has been a small but growing feeling both in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion."[12] However, there have been few formal attempts to define and name the era succeeding postmodernism, and none of the proposed designations has yet become part of mainstream usage.

Definitions

Consensus on what constitutes an era can not be easily achieved while that era is still in its early stages. However, a common theme of current attempts to define post-postmodernism is emerging as one where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to transcend postmodern irony. The following definitions, which vary widely in depth, focus, and scope, are listed in the chronological order of their appearance.

Turner's post-postmodernism

In 1995, the landscape architect and urban planner Tom Turner issued a book-length call for a post-postmodern turn in urban planning.[13] Turner criticizes the postmodern credo of "anything goes" and suggests that "the built environment professions are witnessing the gradual dawn of a post-Postmodernism that seeks to temper reason with faith."[14] In particular, Turner argues for the use of timeless organic and geometrical patterns in urban planning. As sources of such patterns he cites, among others, the Taoist-influenced work of the American architect Christopher Alexander, gestalt psychology and the psychoanalyst Carl Jung's concept of archetypes. Regarding terminology, Turner urges us to "embrace post-Postmodernism – and pray for a better name."[15]

Epstein's trans-postmodernism

In his 1999 book on Russian postmodernism the Russian-American Slavist Mikhail Epstein suggested that postmodernism "is ... part of a much larger historical formation," which he calls "postmodernity".[16] Epstein believes that postmodernist aesthetics will eventually become entirely conventional and provide the foundation for a new, non-ironic kind of poetry, which he describes using the prefix "trans-":

In considering the names that might possibly be used to designate the new era following "postmodernism," one finds that the prefix "trans" stands out in a special way. The last third of the 20th century developed under the sign of "post," which signalled the demise of such concepts of modernity as "truth" and "objectivity," "soul" and "subjectivity," "utopia" and "ideality," "primary origin" and "originality," "sincerity" and "sentimentality." All of these concepts are now being reborn in the form of "trans-subjectivity," "trans-idealism," "trans-utopianism," "trans-originality," "trans-lyricism," "trans-sentimentality" etc.[17]

As an example Epstein cites the work of the contemporary Russian poet Timur Kibirov.[18]

Gans' post-millennialism

The term post-millennialism was introduced in 2000 by the American cultural theorist Eric Gans[19] to describe the era after postmodernism in ethical and socio-political terms. Gans associates postmodernism closely with "victimary thinking," which he defines as being based on a non-negotiable ethical opposition between perpetrators and victims arising out of the experience of Auschwitz and Hiroshima. In Gans's view, the ethics of postmodernism is derived from identifying with the peripheral victim and disdaining the utopian center occupied by the perpetrator. Postmodernism in this sense is marked by a victimary politics that is productive in its opposition to modernist utopianism and totalitarianism but unproductive in its resentment of capitalism and liberal democracy, which he sees as the long-term agents of global reconciliation. In contrast to postmodernism, post-millennialism is distinguished by the rejection of victimary thinking and a turn to "non-victimary dialogue"[20] that will "diminish ... the amount of resentment in the world."[21] Gans has developed the notion of post-millennialism further in many of his internet Chronicles of Love and Resentment[22] and the term is allied closely with his theory of generative anthropology and his scenic concept of history.[23]

Kirby's pseudo-modernism or digimodernism

In his 2006 paper The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond, the British scholar Alan Kirby formulated a socio-cultural assessment of post-postmodernism that he calls "pseudo-modernism".[24] Kirby associates pseudo-modernism with the triteness and shallowness resulting from the instantaneous, direct, and superficial participation in culture made possible by the internet, mobile phones, interactive television and similar means: "In pseudo-modernism one phones, clicks, presses, surfs, chooses, moves, downloads."[24]

Pseudo-modernism's "typical intellectual states" are furthermore described as being "ignorance, fanaticism and anxiety" and it is said to produce a "trance-like state" in those participating in it. The net result of this media-induced shallowness and instantaneous participation in trivial events is a "silent autism" superseding "the neurosis of modernism and the narcissism of postmodernism." Kirby sees no aesthetically valuable works coming out of "pseudo-modernism". As examples of its triteness he cites reality TV, interactive news programs, "the drivel found ... on some Wikipedia pages", docu-soaps, and the essayistic cinema of Michael Moore or Morgan Spurlock.[24] In a book published in September 2009 titled Digimodernism: How New Technologies Dismantle the Postmodern and Reconfigure our Culture, Kirby developed further and nuanced his views on culture and textuality in the aftermath of postmodernism.

Vermeulen and van den Akker's metamodernism

In 2010 the cultural theorists Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker introduced the term metamodernism[25] as an intervention in the post-postmodernism debate. In their article "Notes on Metamodernism" they assert that the 2000s are characterized by the emergence of a sensibility that oscillates between, and must be situated beyond, modern positions and postmodern strategies. As examples of the metamodern sensibility Vermeulen and van den Akker cite the "informed naivety", "pragmatic idealism" and "moderate fanaticism" of the various cultural responses to, among others, climate change, the financial crisis, and (geo)political instability.

The prefix 'meta' here refers not to some reflective stance or repeated rumination, but to Plato's metaxy, which intends a movement between opposite poles as well as beyond.[26]

Mehdi Ghasemi's hyperhybridism and heterolinationalism

In 2020 and 2022, the literary scholar Mehdi Ghasemi introduced the terms hyperhybridism and heterolinationalism[27] in the Journal of Contemporary Aesthetics. In his article, "Post-postmodernism and the Emergence of Heterolinational Literatures," he joined the running debates on post-postmodernism through introducing "hyperhybridism and heterolinationalism" as another successors to postmodernism and drawing upon some paradigms of hyperhybrid and heterolinational literatures, including postacademia, postnationalism and polyliterature, polyvocalism and plurilingualism, self-publishing, social media and multimediality as well as transtextuality and fanfiction.

See also

References

  1. ^ Childs, Peter (2008). Modernism. New York: Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-415-41544-6. [modernism] is [...] primarily located in the years 1890-1930 [...]
  2. ^ Armstrong, Tim (2005). Modernism: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7456-2983-4. [modernism] can be defined as a series of international artistic movements in the period 1900–40 [...].
  3. ^ Childs, Peter (2008). Modernism. New York: Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-415-41544-6.
  4. ^ Cf. Groys, Boris: The Total Art of Stalinism, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
  5. ^ Barth, John (August 1967). "The Literature of Exhaustion". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 29–34.
  6. ^ Cf., for example, Huyssen, Andreas: After the Great Divide. Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986, p. 188.
  7. ^ See Hutcheon, Linda: A Poetics of Postmodernism. History, Theory, Fiction. New York: Routledge, 1988, pp. 3–21; McHale, Brian: Postmodern Fiction, London: Methuen, 1987.
  8. ^ See Lyotard, Jean-François, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press 1984
  9. ^ Baudrillard, Jean (1988). "Simulacra and Simulations". Jean Baudrillard. Selected Writings. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 166–184.
  10. ^ Jameson, Fredric: Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press 1991, p. 16
  11. ^ Jameson, Fredric (1991). Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 26–27.
  12. ^ Potter, Garry; Lopez, Jose, eds. (2001). After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism. London: The Athlone Press. p. 4.
  13. ^ City as Landscape: A Post Post-modern View of Design and Planning, (Taylor & Francis: London 1995).
  14. ^ City as Landscape: A Post Post-modern View of Design and Planning, (Taylor & Francis: London 1995), p. 9.
  15. ^ City as Landscape: A Post Post-modern View of Design and Planning, (Taylor & Francis: London 1995), p. 10; see also a summary of the book at [1]
  16. ^ Epstein, Mikhail; Genis, Alexander; Vladiv-Glover, Slobodanka. Russian Postmodernism. New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture. Berghahn Books: New York, 1999, p. 467.
  17. ^ "Epstein (specific) – the Place of Postmodernism in Postmodernity". Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
  18. ^ Epstein, Mikhail; Genis, Alexander; Vladiv-Glover, Slobodanka. Russian Postmodernism. New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture. Berghahn Books: New York, 1999, pp. 457–460
  19. ^ Gans, Eric (June 3, 2000). "The Post-Millennial Age". Anthropoetics. 209. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  20. ^ Gans, Eric (March 31, 2001). "Victimary Thinking Forever?". Anthropoetics. 230. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  21. ^ Gans, Eric (June 9, 2001). "Moral Heroism". Anthropoetics. 237. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  22. ^ Gans, Eric. "Chronicles of Love and Resentment". Anthropoetics. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original on January 2, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  23. ^ For more on both see Gans, Eric: Originary Thinking: Elements of Generative Anthropology. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press 1993.
  24. ^ a b c Kirby, Alan (November–December 2006). "The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond". Philosophy Now (58). Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  25. ^ Vermeulen, Timotheus; van den Akker, Robin (2010). "Notes on metamodernism". Journal of Aesthetics and Culture. 2: 5677. doi:10.3402/jac.v2i0.5677. S2CID 164789817.
  26. ^ "What meta means and does not mean". Metamodernism.com. 4 April 2011.
  27. ^ "Post-postmodernism and the Emergence of Heterolinational Literatures". Retrieved September 14, 2022.
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