Potamotrygon
| Potamotrygon | |
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| Potamotrygon motoro | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Genus: | Potamotrygon Garman, 1877
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| Type species | |
| Trygon hystrix J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841
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Potamotrygon is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family Potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of South America.[1] Freshwater stingrays of this genus are sometimes kept as exotic aquarium fish; though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from this genus. They are best kept with a deep, sandy substrate, in which they bury themselves, often with only the eyes visible. They are not territorial with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are carnivorous bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions.[2] Many species of stingray have been bred in captivity and males can be determined by the presence of claspers as in other Chondrichthyans.
Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails, and are dangerous species to humans.[2] It is said that the natives of South America fear the stingray more than they do the piranha.[3]
Species
There are currently 27 recognized species in this genus:
- Potamotrygon albimaculata M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Itaituba river stingray or Tapajós river stingray)[4]
- Potamotrygon amandae Loboda & M. R. de Carvalho, 2013 (Amanda's river stingray)[5]
- Potamotrygon boesemani R. S. Rosa, M. R. de Carvalho & Wanderley, 2008 (Boeseman's river stingray)[6]
- Potamotrygon brachyura (Günther, 1880) (Short-tailed river stingray)
- Potamotrygon constellata (Vaillant, 1880) (Thorny river stingray)
- Potamotrygon falkneri Castex & Maciel, 1963 (Large-spot river stingray)
- Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855) (Big-tooth river stingray)
- Potamotrygon histrix (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1834) (Porcupine river stingray)
- Potamotrygon humerosa Garman, 1913 (Rough-back river stingray)
- Potamotrygon jabuti M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Pearl river stingray)[4]
- Potamotrygon leopoldi Castex & Castello, 1970 (White-blotched river stingray)
- Potamotrygon limai Fontenelle, J. P. C. B. Silva & M. R. de Carvalho, 2014 (Zé Lima river stingray)[7]
- Potamotrygon magdalenae (A. H. A. Duméril, 1865) (Magdalena river stingray)
- Potamotrygon marinae Deynat, 2006 (Marina's river stingray)
- Potamotrygon motoro (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) (Ocellate river stingray)
- Potamotrygon ocellata (Engelhardt, 1912) (Red-blotched river stingray)
- Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) (Smooth-back river stingray)
- Potamotrygon pantanensis Loboda & M. R. de Carvalho, 2013 (Pantanal river stingray)[5]
- Potamotrygon rex M. R. de Carvalho, 2016 (Great river stingray)[8]
- Potamotrygon schroederi Fernández-Yépez, 1958 (Flower ray or rosette river stingray)
- Potamotrygon schuhmacheri Castex, 1964 (Parana river stingray)
- Potamotrygon scobina Garman, 1913 (Raspy river stingray)
- Potamotrygon signata Garman, 1913 (Parnaiba river stingray)
- Potamotrygon tatianae J. P. C. B. Silva & M. R. de Carvalho, 2011 (Tatiana's river stingray)
- Potamotrygon tigrina M. R. de Carvalho, Sabaj Pérez & Lovejoy, 2011 (Tiger river stingray)[9]
- Potamotrygon wallacei M. R. de Carvalho, R. S. Rosa & M. L. G. Araújo, 2016[10]
- Potamotrygon yepezi Castex & Castello, 1970 (Maracaibo river stingray)
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potamotrygon.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Potamotrygon". FishBase. October 2016 version.
- ^ a b Dawes, J. (2001). Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium. New York: Firefly Books Ltd. ISBN 1-55297-544-4.
- ^ Axelrod, H.R. (1996). Exotic Tropical Fishes. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-87666-543-1.
- ^ a b Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus Potamotrygon endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays. Zootaxa, 4167 (1): 1–63.
- ^ a b Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2013): Systematic revision of the Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 693–737.
- ^ Rosa, R.S., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Wanderley, C.d.A. (2008): Potamotrygon boesemani (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1): 1–8.
- ^ Fontenelle, J.P., Silva, J.P.C.B.d. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2014): Potamotrygon limai, sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 3765 (3): 249–268.
- ^ Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): Potamotrygon rex, a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to Potamotrygon henlei (Castelnau, 1855). Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 537–565.
- ^ Carvalho, M.R.d., Sabaj Pérez, M.H. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2011): Potamotrygon tigrina, a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to Potamotrygon schroederi Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30.
- ^ Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of Potamotrygon. Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.