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Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy

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Drolet's 1990 Rhumart system, a PEMF device.

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT), also called pulsed magnetic therapy, pulse magnetotherapy, or PEMF, is a reparative technique most commonly used in the field of orthopedics for the treatment of non-union fractures, failed fusions, congenital pseudarthrosis and depression.[1] The FDA has cleared several such stimulation devices.[2][3]

Use

Delayed- and non-union fractures

An old fracture with nonunion of the fracture fragments.

The mechanism of osteogenesis is not clear.[4][5] While PEMF therapy is claimed to offer some benefit in the treatment of fractures, the evidence is inconclusive and is insufficient to inform current clinical practice.[6]

Depression

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is FDA approved since 2011 for use on patients that failed to respond to antidepressants.[7] Weak magnetic stimulation of the brain is often called transcranial pulsed electromagnetic field (tPEMF) therapy.[8] The treatment is usually given once or twice daily for two or more weeks.[8]

Other animals

Studies in rodents have shown behavioural effects of tPEMF that are consistent with antidepressant effects.[9][10][11]

History

Electromagnetic field therapy has been in use since the invention of electricity. It was widely adopted in East and Western Europe but its use was restricted to animals in North America until recently.[12] Veterinarians became the first health professionals to use PEMF therapy, usually to heal broken legs in racehorses.[13]

In 2004, pulsed electromagnetic field system was approved by FDA as an adjunct to cervical fusion surgery in patients at high risk for non-fusion.[13] On 10/13/2015 the FDA reclassified PEMF devices from their existing Class 3 category to a Class 2 status. PEMF devices that have been FDA cleared to make health claims require a doctor's prescription for use. [citation needed]

Although electricity’s potential to aid bone healing was reported as early as 1841, it was not until the mid-1950s that scientists seriously studied the subject. During the 1970s, Bassett and his team introduced a new approach for the treatment of delayed fractures, a technique that employed a very specific biphasic low frequency signal [14][15][16][17] to be applied for non-union/delayed fractures. The use of electrical stimulation in the lumbosacral region was first attempted by Alan Dwyer of Australia. In 1974, he reported successful initiation of graft incorporation in 11 of 12 fusion patients.[18][19]

Wellness devices

The original PEMF devices consisted of a Helmholtz coil which generated a magnetic field. The patient's body was placed inside the magnetic field to deliver treatment. Today, the majority of PEMF wellness devices resemble a typical yoga mat in dimensions but are slightly thicker to house several flat spiral coils to produce an even electromagnetic field. A frequency generator is then used to energize the coils to create a "pulsed" electromagnetic field. Today, there is a wide variety of professional and consumer PEMF devices that are sold and marketed on the internet as FDA registered wellness devices.[20] The majority are manufactured in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and are imported into North America as electric massagers or full body electric yoga mats. They are either placed on a massage table for clinical use or directly on the floor in the home to practice simple yoga postures. The companies that sell and manufacture them as "general wellness products" are not permitted to make medical claims of effectiveness in treating disease.[21]

References

  1. ^ Bassett CA, Schink-Ascani M, Lewis SM (September 1989). "Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Steinberg Ratings of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis". Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center.
  2. ^ Markov, Marko S (2007). "Expanding Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies". Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine. 26 (3): 257–274. doi:10.1080/15368370701580806. PMID 17886012.
  3. ^ Mooney, V (1990). "A randomized double-blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions". Spine. 15 (7): 708–712. doi:10.1097/00007632-199007000-00016. PMID 2218718.
  4. ^ Boopalan, PRJVC; Chittaranjan, Samuel B; Balamurugan, Ramadass; Nandakumar, NS; Sabareeswaran, A; Mohanty, Mira (August 2009). "Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment for fracture healing". Current Orthopaedic Practice. 20 (4): 423–428. doi:10.1097/BCO.0b013e318198e8b2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Is there still a role for pulsed electromagnetic field in the treatment of delayed unions and nonunions". The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery. 10 (1). 2008. doi:10.5580/e74. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Griffin, XL; Costa, ML; Parsons, N; Smith, N (13 April 2011). "Electromagnetic field stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (4): CD008471. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008471.pub2. PMID 21491410.
  7. ^ NeuroStar TMS Therapy system [dead link‍]
  8. ^ a b Martiny K, Lunde M, Bech P.; Lunde; Bech (2010). "Transcranial low voltage pulsed electromagnetic fields in patients with treatment-resistant depression". Society of Biological Psychiatry. 68 (2): 163–9. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.017. PMID 20385376.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Aksoz E, Aksoz T, Bilge SS, Ilkaya F, Celik S, Diren HB (2008). "Antidepressant-like effects of echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging in mice determined using the forced swimming test". Brain Res. 1236: 194–9. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.011. PMID 18755160.
  10. ^ Rokni-Yazdi H, Sotoudeh H, Akhondzadeh S, Sotoudeh E, Asadi H, Shakiba M (2007). "Antidepressant-like effect of magnetic resonance imaging-based stimulation in mice". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 31 (2): 503–9. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.11.021. PMID 17218047.
  11. ^ Carlezon WA Jr; Rohan ML; Mague SD; Meloni EG; Parsegian A; Cayetano K; Tomasiewicz HC; Rouse ED; Cohen BM; Renshaw PF. (2005). "Antidepressant-like effects of cranial stimulation within a low-energy magnetic field in rats". Biol Psychiatry. 57 (6): 571–6. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.011. PMID 15780843.
  12. ^ Ross Roeser; Michael Valente (2007). AUDIOLOGY, 3-Volume Set: Diagnosis, Treatment and Practice Management. 342: Thieme. p. 2000. ISBN 1604066970.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  13. ^ a b "Electrical stimulation of the spine as an adjunct to spinal fusion procedures". Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi. Pulsed electromagnetic field systems with FDA PMA include the EBI Bone Healing System from Electrobiology, Inc., which was first approved in 1979 and indicated for nonunions, failed fusions, and congenital pseudarthroses; and the Cervical-Stim from Orthofix, which was approved in 2004 as an adjunct to cervical fusion surgery in patients at high risk for non-fusion.
  14. ^ Bassett CA, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA; Pawluk; Pilla (1974). "Acceleration of fracture repair by electromagnetic fields. A surgically noninvasive method". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 238: 242–62. Bibcode:1974NYASA.238..242B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb26794.x. PMID 4548330.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Bassett CA, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA; Pawluk; Pilla (1974). "Augmentation of Bone Repair by Inductively Coupled Electromagnetic Fields". Science. 184 (4136): 575–7. Bibcode:1974Sci...184..575B. doi:10.1126/science.184.4136.575. PMID 4821958.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Bassett CA, Pilla AA, Pawluk RJ; Pilla; Pawluk (1977). "A non-operative salvage of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses and non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields. A preliminary report". Clin Orthop. 124 (124): 128–43. doi:10.1097/00003086-197705000-00017. PMID 598067.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Bassett CA, Mitchell SN, Norton L, Pilla A; Mitchell; Norton; Pilla (1978). "Repair of non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields". Acta Orthop Belg. 44 (5): 706–24. PMID 380258.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  18. ^ Mackenzie, Donald, Francis D Veninga; Veninga (2004). "Reversal of delayed union of anterior cervical fusion treated with pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation: case report". Southern Medical Journal. 97 (5): 519–524. doi:10.1097/00007611-200405000-00021. PMID 15180031.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  19. ^ Bose, B (2001). "Outcomes after posterolateral lumbar fusion with instrumentation in patients treated with adjunctive pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation". Advances in Therapy. 18 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1007/BF02850247. PMID 11512529.[unreliable medical source?]
  20. ^ "General Wellness: Policy for Low Risk Devices" (PDF).
  21. ^ "General Wellness: Policy for Low Risk Devices - Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.

Further reading

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