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Iskandar (Qara Qoyunlu)

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Qara Iskander
Coin bearing Qara Iskander's name
Sultan of Kara Koyunlu
First reign1421 - 1429
Coronation2 July 1421
PredecessorQara Yusuf
SuccessorAbu Said
Second reign1431 - 1436
PredecessorAbu Said
SuccessorJahan Shah
Died1436
Alinja Tower
Burial
Ahi Sadaddin Tower, Vinyanguh district, Tabriz
DynastyKara Koyunlu
FatherQara Yusuf
ReligionShiite

Qara Iskander (Persian: قرا اسکندر) ruled the Kara Koyunlu or Black Sheep Turcoman tribe from 1420 to 1436. His struggles with the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh show that he was a brave leader, but he was not able to continue developing what he inherited from his father Qara Yusuf and his reign saw the decline and attenuation of the Kara Koyunlu.

During Qara Yusuf's reign

Details about his early years is not known, including where and when he was born. He was third son of Qara Yusuf and a full brother of Ispend.[1] He was appointed to be a wali of Kirkuk and his first appearance was in 1416, where he defeated Qara Osman when he was besieging Erzincan.[2]

Succession

Qara Yusuf’s death in 1420 left his sons Ispend bin Yusuf, Iskander, Jahan Shah and Abu Said fighting over the succession. The Sa’dlu tribe, one of the main sub-tribes of the Kara Koyunlu, declared Ispend who was in Chokhur-e Sa'd province at that time as the their new chief.[3] Abu Sa’id had to flee and Jahan Shah went to Baghdad. Iskander on the other hand was supported by his brother Shah Muhammad who was governing Baghdad at that time.[4] Soon Iskandar was crowned on 2 July 1421 with Kara Koyunlu amirs Amir Qara and Qadam Pasha in Alinja Tower.[4] Soon Ispend also swore fealty to him and they joined together to fight the Ak Koyunlu who were invading from the west, and defeated them.

Timurid invasions

The Timurid Shah Rukh took advantage of the weakened state of the Kara Koyunlu to invade their land, crossing the Aras River and battling the forces of Iskander and Ispend at Yakhsi (28 July 1421 - 1 August 1421). Timurid forces were almost defeated when Amir Shahmalik cut heads of two slain soldiers and tricked both into thinking his brother was killed.[4] Iskander's forces retreated to Kirkuk.

Meanwhile Shahrukh briefly occupied Azerbaijan and Armenia but then withdrew once more to Khorasan, appointing Qara Osman's son Jalaladdin Ali beg as his viceroy.[5] At this point, Ispend quickly re-occupied Nakhchivan and Tabriz.[6] However Iskander followed him and fought with him, taking the city and establishing himself as sole ruler of the Kara Koyunlu.

End of first reign

Having secured his rule in Azerbaijan, he quickly made punitive expeditions against local rulers. Firstly defeating and killing Kurdish emir Malik Muhammad and his 20.000 strong army in Hakkari.[7] Hearing this regional rulers - namely Malik Sharaf-al Din of Akhlat, Qara Osman and some Kurdhish chiefs made an alliance and marched on Ardabil unsuccessfully. Sharaf-al Din was executed on spot. In 1425 brothers of Khalilullah I - Keygobad, Ishaq and Hashim - revolted in Shirvan, shah requested help from Qara Iskander. He used this opportunity to lay waste and raid Shirvan, also in response of Khalilullah's support to Shahrukh back in 1421.[8] Later he made another punitive expedition on Khwaja Yusuf, a governor of Soltaniyeh appointed by Shahrukh in 1428.

When news reached Shahrukh, sent Emir Aliya Kukaltash in 1428 to region. He himself commanded 100.000 strong army in 1429 and arrived in Salmas. Qara Iskander's half brother Abu Said withdrew in midst of battle and submitted to Shahrukh on 18 September 1429. This serious blow to Iskander forced Kara Koyunlu to retreat back to Diyar Bakr.[4] Shahrukh occupied Tabriz and installed Abu Said as ruling prince of Kara Koyunlu.

Second reign

Qara Iskander hastily marched on Abu Said in 1431 and killed him, installing himself again as a sole ruler. He appointed his son Yar Ali to govern Van.[9] Who was a cruel ruler, heavily taxing Armenians. After numerous complaints and his recall to palace, afraid Yar Ali fled to Shirvan, where he was captured and was turned over to Timurids. His first destination was Herat and then Samarqand. Furious Iskander made another punitive expedition on Khalilullah I and subsequently devastated Shirvan. Khalilullah appealed to Shahrukh in turn and asked for assistance, himself travelling to Rey with his daughter.

Answering the pleads, Shahrukh once more invaded Kara Koyunlu and forced Qara Iskander to flee. He was ambushed by Qara Osman en route, who was aided by Muhammad Juki Mirza (son of Shah Rukh) in Adilcevaz.[9] Battle was a disaster for Aq Qoyunlu, in which Osman was killed. He further fled to Murad II, who appointed him as a governor of Tokat, however he declined an gathered his forces to go back to Tabriz.[10]

In 1436 Shah Rukh once more installed a Timurid governor in Tabriz, this time Qara Iskander’s brother Jahan Shah. Iskander marched on Tabriz but was defeated by Jahan Shah at Sufiyan to the north of the city, having been betrayed by some of his emirs - one of them being his nephew Shah Ali (son of Shah Muhammad). He then fled and took refuge in the castle of Alinja. Jahan Shah besieged the castle and during the siege Iskander used a last chance to ally with Mamluks. However he was murdered by his own son Shah Kubad before they reached for help.

Family

Sons:

Daughters:

References

  1. ^ Muḥaddis̲, Mīr Hāshim (1982). Tārīkh-i Qizilbāshān [History of Qizilbashes] (in Persian). Tehrān : Bihnām. p. 16.
  2. ^ E., Woods, John (1999). The Aqquyunlu : clan, confederation, empire (Rev. and expanded ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 57. ISBN 0585129568. OCLC 44966081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Sümer 1984, pp.109-116
  4. ^ a b c d e Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (01): 62. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00106342. ISSN 0041-977X.
  5. ^ 1428., Abū Bakr Ṭihrānī, active (2001). Kitab-i Diyarbekriyye. Öztürk, Mürsel. (1st ed.). Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı. p. 63. ISBN 9751727650. OCLC 49665724. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Sümer 1984, pp.123
  7. ^ Sharafnama I, pp. 91
  8. ^ Minorsky, Vladimir; Munajjim Bāshī, Aḥmad ibn Luṭf Allāh (1958). A history of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th centuries = فصول من تاريخ الباب و شروان. Cambridge: Heffer. p. 173.
  9. ^ a b Metsopʻetsʻi, Tʻovma (1987). Tʼovma Metsobetsʼi's History of Tamerlane and his successors. Translated by Bedrosian, Robert. Sources of the Armenian Tradition. OCLC 17261212.
  10. ^ 1536-1599., Sadeddin, Hoca, (1992). Tacü't-tevarih. Parmaksızoğlu, İsmet, 1924- (1st ed.). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı. pp. 348–350. ISBN 9751710952. OCLC 30547802. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Sümer 1984, pp.143
  12. ^ a b c d Minorsky, V. (1954). "Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 16 (2): 271–297.

Sources

  • Sümer, Faruk (1984). Kara Koyunlular (in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu

See also

Preceded by Kara Koyunlu Beys
1420–36 		Succeeded by
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