Río de la Plata
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The Río de la Plata (Spanish: "Silver River")—always rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth, and occasionally rendered [La] Plata River in other English-speaking countries— is the estuary formed by the combination of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River. It is a funnel-shaped indentation on the southeastern coastline of South America, extending 290 kilometres (180 mi) from the rivers' confluence to the Atlantic Ocean.
The widest estuary in the world, the Río de la Plata grows from 48 kilometres (30 mi) wide where the rivers meet to 220 kilometres (137 mi) wide to the southeast where it opens on the Atlantic Ocean. It forms part of the border between Argentina and Uruguay, with the major ports and capital cities of Buenos Aires in the southwest and Montevideo in the northeast.
The basin drained by the main tributaries of the Río de la Plata (the Uruguay and Paraná, and the important Paraná tributary, the Paraguay River) covers approximately one fifth of South America, including area in southeastern Bolivia, southern and central Brazil, the entire nation of Paraguay, most of Uruguay and northern Argentina. An estimated 57 million cubic metres (2 billion cubic feet) of silt is carried into the estuary each year, where the muddy waters are stirred up by winds and the tides. The shipping route from the Atlantic to Buenos Aires is kept open by constant dredging.
History
The river's first sighting by a European was in 1516, when Spanish seaman Juan Díaz de Solís discovered it during his search for a passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. He and a group of his men disembarked in what is today the Uruguayan Department of Colonia and were attacked by the natives (probably Guaraní although for a long time the fact was adjudicated to the Charrúas). Only one of them survived, a 14-year-old cabin boy named Francisco del Puerto, allegedly because the natives' culture prevented them from killing elderly people, women and children.
Years later, from a ship commanded by Sebastián Caboto, "a huge native making signals and yelling from the coast" was seen; when some of the crew disembarked, they found Francisco del Puerto, brought up as a Charrúa warrior. He went back with the Spaniards and, after some time, returned to Uruguay, leaving no further trace of his whereabouts.
The area was visited by Francis Drake's fleet in early 1578, in the early stages of his circumnavigation. The first European colony was the city of Buenos Aires, founded by Pedro de Mendoza on 2 February 1536, abandoned and founded again by Juan de Garay on 11 June 1580.
The Battle of the River Plate, an early World War II naval engagement between the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee and British ships, started several miles off the coast of the estuary. The German ship retired up the estuary and put into port. A few days later, rather than fight outgunned, she was scuttled in the estuary.
Etymology
The English name "River Plate" is not, in fact, a mistranslation, as "plate" was used extensively as a noun for "silver" or "gold" from the 12th century onwards, especially in Early Modern English[1] and the estuary has been known as the River Plate or Plate River in English since at least the time of Francis Drake.[2] A modern translation of the Spanish Río de la Plata is "Silver River", referring not to color but to the riches of the fabled Sierra de la Plata thought to lie upstream.
The English version of the name served as an inspiration for one of Argentina's premier association football clubs, Club Atlético River Plate.
Fauna
The Río de la Plata is a habitat for the rare La Plata Dolphin, sea turtles (Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, and Dermochelys coriacea), and many species of fish.
See also
- British invasions of the Río de la Plata
- Governorate of the Río de la Plata
- Rioplatense Spanish
- Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
- Rio de la Plata Earthquake 1888
- Geography of Uruguay#Topography and hydrography
Footnotes
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, online version.
- ^ Sir Francis Drake’s Famous Voyage Round the World; A Narrative by Francis Pretty, one of Drake's Gentlemen at Arms
References
- Rela, Walter. España en el Río de la Plata: Descubrimiento y Poblamientos (1516-1588). Montevideo: Club Español. 2001. ISBN 9974-39-317-5.
- Primary sources, with commentary.
- Simionato, Claudia G., Vera, Carolina S., Siegismund, Frank (2005). "Surface Wind Variability on Seasonal and Interannual Scales Over Río de la Plata Area" Journal of Coastal Research. 21 (4): 770-783. Abstract online
- Piola, A. R., R. P. Matano, E. D. Palma, and E. D. Campos (2005): "The influence of the Plata River discharge on the western South Atlantic shelf". Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 32, L01603, doi:10.1029/2004GL021638.
External links
- Hydrological report published by the OAS
- Treaty between Uruguay and Argentina concerning the Rio de la Plata and the Corresponding Maritime Boundary (19 November 1973)
- Aquatic Habitat Modifications in La Plata River Basin, Patagonia and Associated Marine Areas
- Water and Land Management on the Uruguayan Coast of the Río de la Plata
- RioPla.com Río de la Plata on-line information (WAP, RSS and WWW): tides, weather, wind. Charts for Garmin GPS.
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library