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Roche moutonnée

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Rôche moutonnée near Myot Hill, Scotland

In glaciology, a rôche moutonnée (or sheepback) is a rock formation created by the passing of a glacier. The passage of glacier ice over underlying bedrock often results in asymmetric erosional forms as a result of abrasion on the "stoss" (upstream) side of the rock and plucking on the "lee" (downstream) side. These erosional features are seen on scales of less than a metre to several hundred metres.[1]: 324–326 

Etymology

The 18th-century Alpine explorer Horace-Bénédict de Saussure coined the term rôches moutonnées in 1786. He saw in these rocks a resemblance to the wigs that were fashionable amongst French gentry in his era and which were smoothed over with mutton fat (hence moutonnée) so as to keep the hair in place.[1] The French term is often incorrectly interpreted as meaning "sheep rock".[2][3]

Description

An oblique view of a rôches moutonnées surface at Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, notice the contiguous, wavy rows of glaciated bedrock which resemble old-fashioned wigs as mentioned by Horace de Sassure

The contrasting appearance of the erosional stoss and lee aspects is very defined on rôches moutonnées; all the sides and edges have been smoothed and eroded in the direction that the glacier that once passed over it. It is often marked with glacial striations.

The rough and craggy down-ice (leeward) side is formed by plucking or quarrying, an erosional process initiated when ice melts slightly by pressure and seeps into cracks in the rock. When the water refreezes, the rock becomes attached to the glacier. But as the glacier continues its forward progress it subjects the stone to frost shattering, ripping pieces away from the rock formation. Studies show that the plucking of the lee side is a much more significant erosional process than the abrasion of the stoss side.[citation needed]

The side profile of a stoss and lee glaciated, bedrock knob (an erosional feature) is opposite to that of a drumlin (a depositional feature). In a drumlin, the steep side is facing the approaching glacier, rather than trailing it.

Even larger examples are known from Sweden where they are referred to as flyggbergs.[1]: 326–327  The Swedish flyggbergs have been interpreted by Sten Rudberg and others as reshaped inselbergs.[4] Ice-smoothed bedrock bumps which lack the steep, plucked lee side faces are referred to as whalebacks or rock drumlins.[1]: 326–327 

Prest (1983) specifies a distinction between a glaciated "rôches moutonnees surface" and a simple "stoss and lee" glacial feature. He says that the term "rôches moutonnees surface" has been abused in the literature in which the term became interchangeable with the term "stoss and lee". He points out that a "rôches moutonnees surface" is a continuous bedrock surface having a resemblance to the continuous, wavy or undulating rows of curls seen in French wigs at the time of Horace de Saussure while a simple stoss and lee feature refers only to a bedrock knob having a smooth stoss side and a plucked lee side appearance.[5]

Rôches moutonnées may not be entirely glacial landforms taking most of their shape before glaciation. Jointing that contribute to the shape typically predate glaciation and rôches moutonnee-like forms can be found in tropical areas such as East Africa and Australia. Further at Ivö Klack in Sweden weathered rock surfaces exposed by kaolin mining resemble rôches moutonnée.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Douglas Benn and David Evans, Glaciers & Glaciation, Arnold, London, 1st ed. 1998 ISBN 9780340584316
  2. ^ Lutgens, Fred and Ed Tarbuck, Essentials of Geology, Prentice Hall, 2011, 11th ed. ISBN 978-0321714725
  3. ^ Template:Cite article
  4. ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Olvmo, Mats (2015). Plains, steps, hilly relief and valleys in northern Sweden – review, interpretations and implications for conclusions on Phanerozoic tectonics (PDF) (Report). Geological Survey of Sweden. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Prest, V.K. (1983). Canada’s heritage of glacial features. Miscellaneous Report 28, Geological Survey of Canada, pp 26 - 27, fig. 24 a, b and c
  6. ^ Lindström, Erling (1988). "Are roches moutonnées mainly preglacial forms?". Geografiska Annaler. 70 A (4): 323–331. doi:10.2307/521265.
  • Tarbuck, E.J.; F.K. Lutgens (2002). Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geography, 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 342. ISBN 0-13-092025-8.
  • Trenhaile, Alan (2007). Geomorphology: A Canadian Perspective. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 180–1. ISBN 0-19-542474-3.

Media related to Roches moutonnées at Wikimedia Commons

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