René Caillié

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René Caillié
Portrait by Amélie Legrand de Saint-Aubin
Born(1799-11-19)19 November 1799
Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon, Deux-Sèvres, France
Died17 May 1838(1838-05-17) (aged 38)
La Gripperie-Saint-Symphorien, Charente-Maritime, France
Cause of deathTuberculosis
NationalityFrench
Known forVisit to Timbuktu in 1828
SpouseCaroline Têtu (m. 1830)
Children4
Postcard by Edmond Fortier showing the house where Caillié stayed in Timbuktu as it appeared in 1905–06

René Caillié[a] ([ʁə.ne ka.je]; 19 November 1799 – 17 May 1838) was a French explorer and the first European to return alive from the town of Timbuktu.

Caillié was born in western France in a village near the port of Rochefort. His parents were poor and died while he was still young. At the age of 16 he left home and signed up as a member of the crew on a French naval vessel sailing to Saint-Louis in French West Africa. He stayed there for several months and then crossed the Atlantic to Guadeloupe on a merchantman. He made a second visit to Africa two years later when he accompanied a British expedition across the Ferlo Desert to Bakel on the Senegal River.

Caillié returned to Saint-Louis in 1824 with a strong desire to become an explorer and visit Timbuktu. In order to avoid some of the difficulties experienced by the earlier expeditions, he planned to travel alone disguised as a Muslim. He persuaded the French governor in Saint-Louis to help finance a stay of 8 months with the nomadic people in the Brakna region of southern Mauritania where he learned Arabic and the customs of Islam. He failed to obtain further funding from either the French or the British governments, but encouraged by the prize of 10,000 francs offered by the Société de Géographie in Paris for the first person to return with a description of Timbuktu, he decided to fund the journey himself. He worked for a few months in the British colony of Sierra Leone to save some money, then travelled by ship to Boké on the Rio Nuñez in modern Guinea. From there in April 1827 he set off across West Africa. He arrived in Timbuktu a year later and stayed there for two weeks before heading across the Sahara Desert to Tangier in Morocco.

On his return to France, he was awarded the prize of 10,000 francs by the Société de Géographie and helped by the scholar Edme-François Jomard, published an account of his journey. In 1830 he was awarded the Gold Medal by the Société de Géographie.[3]

Caillié married and settled near his birthplace. He suffered from poor health and died of tuberculosis aged 38.

Early life and first trip to Africa

René Caillié was born on 19 November 1799 in Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon, a village in the department of Deux-Sèvres in western France.[4][b] His father, François Caillé, had worked as a baker but four months before René was born he was accused of petty theft and sentenced to 12 years of hard labour in a penal colony at Rochefort. He died there in 1808 at the age of 46. René's mother, Élizabeth née Lépine,[c] died three years later in 1811 at the age of 38. After her death, René and his 18-year-old sister, Céleste, were cared for by their maternal grandmother.[8]

In the introduction to his Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo Caillié described how as a teenager he had been fascinated by books on travel and exploration:

... and as soon as I could read and write, I was put to learn a trade, to which I soon took a dislike, owing to the reading of voyages and travels, which occupied all my leisure moments. The History of Robinson Crusoe, in particular, inflamed my young imagination : I was impatient to encounter adventures like him; nay, I already felt an ambition to signalize myself by some important discovery springing up in my heart. [5]

Caillié left home at the age of 16 with 60 francs that he had inherited from his grandmother.[9][d] He made his way to the port of Rochefort, 50 km from Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon on the River Charente. There he signed up as a crew member on the Loire, a French naval storeship that was to accompany the frigate Méduse and two other vessels on a voyage to reclaim the French colony of Saint-Louis from the British under the terms of the 1814 and 1815 Paris Treaties.[11] The four ships left their anchorage near the Île d'Aix at the mouth of the Charente River in June 1816.[12] The Méduse went ahead of the Loire and was wrecked on the Bank of Arguin off the coast of present-day Mauritania.[13] A few survivors were picked up by the other vessels. The shipwreck received a large amount of publicity and was the subject of a famous oil painting, The Raft of the Medusa, by Théodore Géricault.[14] When the three remaining French ships arrived at Saint-Louis they found that the British governor was not ready to hand over the colony so the ships continued southwards and moored off the island of Gorée near Dakar. Caillié spent some months in Dakar, which was then only a village, before returning by ship to Saint-Louis.[13][15] There he learned that an English expedition led by Major William Gray was preparing to leave from the Gambia to explore the interior of the continent. Caillié wished to offer his services and set off along the coast with two companions. He intended to cover the 300 km on foot but found the oppressive heat and lack of water exhausting. He abandoned his plan at Dakar and instead obtained a free passage on a merchantman across the Atlantic to Guadeloupe.[16][17]

Caillié found employment for six months in Guadeloupe. While there he read Mungo Park's account of his exploration of the Middle Niger in present-day Mali.[18] Park had been the first European to reach the Niger River and visit the towns of Ségou, Sansanding and Bamako. An account of his first trip had been published in French in 1799.[19] Park made a second expedition beginning in 1805 but was drowned in descending the rapids on the Niger near Bussa in present-day Nigeria. An account of the second trip had been published in English in 1815.[20]

Caillié returned to Bordeaux in France and then travelled to Senegal where he arrived at end of 1818.[18] He made a journey into the interior to the pre-colonial state of Bundu to carry supplies for a British expedition but he fell ill with fever and was obliged to return to France.[21]

In 1824 he returned to Senegal for the third time with the desire to visit the African interior.[22] The Paris-based Société de Géographie was offering a 10,000-franc reward to the first European to see and return alive from Timbuktu, believing it to be a rich and wondrous city. He spent eight months with the Brakna Moors living north of the Senegal River, learning Arabic and being taught, as a convert, the laws and customs of Islam. He laid his project of reaching Timbuktu before the governor of Senegal, but receiving no encouragement went to Sierra Leone where the British authorities made him superintendent of an indigo plantation. Having saved £80 he joined a Mandingo caravan going inland. He was dressed as a Muslim, and gave out that he was an Arab from Egypt who had been carried off by the French to Senegal and was desirous of regaining his own country.

Timbuktu

Dressed in Arab clothing

Starting from Kakondy near Boké on the Rio Nuñez on April 19, 1827,[23] Caillié travelled east along the hills of Fouta Djallon, passing the head streams of the Senegal and crossing the Upper Niger at Kurussa. Still going east he came to the Kong highlands, where at the village of Tiémé in present-day Ivory Coast, he was detained for five months (3 August 1827 to 9 January 1828) by illness.[24] Resuming his journey in January 1828 he went north-east and reached the city of Djenné where he stayed from 11 to the 23 March. From Djenné he continued his journey to Timbuktu by boat. After spending a fortnight (April 20 - May 4) in Timbuktu he joined a caravan crossing the Sahara to Morocco, reaching Fez on August 12. From Tangier he returned to France.

Caillié was preceded at Timbuktu by a British officer, Major Gordon Laing, but Laing had been murdered in September 1826 on leaving the city and Caillié was the first to return alive. He was awarded the prize of 10,000 francs offered by the Société de Géographie to the first traveller who should gain exact information of Timbuktu, to be compared with that given by Mungo Park. He also received the order of the Legion of Honour, a pension, and other distinctions, and it was at the public expense that his Journal d'un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné dans l'Afrique Centrale, etc. (edited by Edme-François Jomard) was published in three volumes in 1830.

Caillié died of tuberculosis on May 17, 1838, at La Gripperie-Saint-Symphorien, in the department of Charente-Maritime where he owned the manor L'Abadaire.[25]

Caillié is remarkable for his approach to exploration. In a period given to large-scale expeditions supported by soldiers and employing black porters, Caillié spent years learning Arabic, studying the customs and Islamic religion before setting off with a companion, and later on his own, traveling and living as the natives did. The observation he recorded was very different to Laing who recorded that Timbuktu was a wondrous city. Caillié stated it was a small, unimportant, and poor town with no hint of the fabled reputation that preceded it.[26]

Works

  • Caillié, Réné (1830a), "Description de la ville de Temboctou", Revue des deux mondes (in French), 1: 254–295.
  • Caillié, René (1830b), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824-1828 (2 Vols), London: Colburn & Bentley. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2.
  • Caillié, René (1830c), Journal d'un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l'Afrique centrale ... pendant les années 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 ... Avec une carte itinéraire, et des remarques géographiques, par M. Jomard. (3 Vols) (in French), Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Gallica: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Caillié spelled his family name as both Caillié and Caillé. His birth was registered as Caillié although his father used Caillé. René's siblings were registered as either Caillé or Caillet. His first name was sometimes written as Réné with two accents.[1] After his return from Timbuktu, Caillié would use the first name "Auguste" when signing his personal correspondence.[2]
  2. ^ Caillié, in his book Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo, incorrectly gives the year of his birth as 1800.[5]
  3. ^ The death certificate of Caillié's mother gives her first name as "Anne". This is also the name given by Jomard in 1839.[6] However, Élizabeth is used on her marriage certificate, on René's birth certificate and on René's own marriage certificate.[7]
  4. ^ Quella-Villéger (2012) suggests that this would have been equivalent to a month's salary of a well-paid workman.[10]

References

  1. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 23–24.
  2. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 24, Fig. 8.
  3. ^ "Grande médaille d'or des explorations et voyages de découverte" (in French). Société de géographie. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  4. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 17–18.
  5. ^ a b Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 2.
  6. ^ Jomard 1839, p. 8.
  7. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 22.
  8. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 19–23.
  9. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 28–29.
  10. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 29.
  11. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 31.
  12. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 33.
  13. ^ a b Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 34.
  14. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 42.
  15. ^ Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 3.
  16. ^ Caillié 1830b, Vol 1, pp. 4-5.
  17. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, pp. 36–37.
  18. ^ a b Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 5.
  19. ^ Park 1799.
  20. ^ Park 1815.
  21. ^ Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1 pp. 5–19.
  22. ^ Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1 pp. 19–20.
  23. ^ Caillié 1830b, Vol. 1, p. 169.
  24. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 79.
  25. ^ Quella-Villéger 2012, p. 244.
  26. ^ Masonen 2000, pp. 269–270.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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