Robinson R44

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R44
Role Light utility and trainer helicopter
Manufacturer Robinson Helicopter Company
Designer Frank D. Robinson
First flight 31 March 1990
Introduction 1993
Status in production
Produced 5610 (2012)[1][failed verification]
Developed from Robinson R22
Developed into Robinson R66

The Robinson R44 is a four-seat light helicopter produced by the Robinson Helicopter Company since 1992. Based on the company's two-seat Robinson R22, the R44 features hydraulically assisted flight controls. The R44 was first flown on 31 March 1990, and received FAA certification in December 1992, with the first delivery in February 1993.

Design and development

The R44 is a single-engined helicopter with a semi-rigid two-bladed main rotor and a two-bladed tail rotor and a skid landing gear. It has an enclosed cabin with two rows of side-by-side seating for a pilot and three passengers. Tail rotor direction of rotation on the R44 is reversed compared to the R22 for improved yaw control authority. On the R44 the advancing blade is on the bottom.

Designed during the 1980s by Frank Robinson and his staff of engineers, the R44 first flew on 31 March 1990. The R44 Astro was awarded an FAA Type Certificate in December 1992, with the first deliveries taking place in January 1993. In January 2000, Robinson introduced the Raven with hydraulically assisted controls[2] and adjustable pedals. In July 2002, Robinson introduced the Raven II featuring a more powerful, fuel-injected engine and wider blades, allowing a higher gross weight and improved altitude performance.

Robinson produced 186 R44s in 2014.[3]

During November 2015 Robinson announced the Cadet a Raven I with a cargo area instead of the two back seats with a slightly less powerful engine and a more efficient muffler.[4]

Operators

An Arena Aviation R44 Raven II with a Cineflex V14 high definition camera system
R44 Raven at RIAT 2008
View from an R44 Astro at Cotswold Airport, England, showing part of the instrument panel (2009)
An R44 parked in a clear cut area near Manitoba, Canada

Civilian Operators

The aircraft is operated by many private individuals, companies and flying clubs.

In 1997, a Robinson R44 was piloted by Jennifer Murray for the first helicopter circumnavigation of the world by a woman, covering a distance of 36,000 miles in 97 days.[5][6] As of 2014, an R44 holds the piston speed record of 227 km/h.[7]

 Russia

Police Operators

 Philippines
 South Africa
 United States

Military operators

 Dominican Republic
 Estonia
 Jordan
 Lebanon

Accidents and incidents

The R44 was found to be prone to post-accident fires due to the damage to aluminum auxiliary fuel tank, causing the fuel to leak out. In 2009, the company began installing bladder-type fuel tanks in all new R44 helicopters. It also issued Service Bulletin SB-78 on 20 December 2010, requiring R44 helicopters with all-aluminum fuel tanks to be retrofitted with bladder-type tanks to "improve the R44's fuel system's resistance to a post-accident fuel leak." The company recommended that the change should be done as soon as practical, but no later than 31 December 2013. The compliance date to 30 April 2014.[16]

An accident investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) in March 2013 found after analyzing historical data that a significantly higher proportion of R44 aircraft (12%) caught fire after crashing, compared to accidents involving other types of piston-engine helicopters (7%).[17] Preliminary analysis by the ATSB of the NTSB's accident database found a similar statistic, with 15% of accidents in the US involving R44 helicopters having post-crash fires.[17]

Heli Air Robinson R44 Raven II arrives for the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo, England

Although the data did not consider which type of fuel tanks were fitted, the report mentioned four fatal accidents to the R44 fitted with bladder-type tanks, but as far as they knew, did not involve a post-accident fire. The ATSB recommended that the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) take further action to urge R44 owners to fit bladder-type tanks.[18] The FAA, the governing body in the country of manufacture whose directives would normally be followed in other countries like Australia, had not mandated the retrofit; CASA therefore issued Australian-specific airworthiness directive AD/R44/23, grounding R44 aircraft on 30 April 2013 that had not yet been upgraded.[19]

On 19 February 2015, New Zealand's Civil Aviation Authority issued an Airworthiness Directive grounding 80 of the country's R44 helicopters after two people were killed in an accident traced to a particular type of main rotor blade, the P/N CO16-7 or Dash 7, which a preliminary investigation determined had failed in flight - the second failure or partial-failure in two months. This was the largest-scale grounding of any aircraft in New Zealand's history. The CAA determined through laboratory tests that the rotor blade had failed due to overload during the crash and was not the cause of the accident and the fleet was ungrounded on 24 February 2015. The CAA left the Airworthiness Directive requiring repetitive inspections in place, however. Director of Civil Aviation, Graeme Harris stated, "we don’t want to see any complacency amongst operators as there is still a concern with these blades and we are waiting on test results from the USA before we review the Airworthiness notice."[20] Following the grounding in New Zealand, Australia's Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) also grounded R44 Helicopters with the same rotor blades.[21][22][23]

Specifications (R44 Raven II)

Data from Robinson R44 Raven II Pilot's Operating Handbook and FAA approved rotorcraft flight manual, dated 13 June 2005.

General characteristics

  • Crew: one or two pilots
  • Capacity: four, including pilotFuel: 100 low lead (100LL) fuel or 100/130.
  • Main tank capacity: 31.6 US gallons (120 liters)
  • Main tank usable fuel: 30.6 US gallons (116 liters)
  • Auxiliary tank capacity: 18.5 US gallons (70 liters)
  • Auxiliary tank usable fuel: 18.3 US gallons (69 liters)

Performance

  • Altitude restrictions: 14,000 ft (4,300 m) density altitude or 9,000 ft (2,700 m) above ground level in order to be able to reach ground within 5 minutes in case of fire.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Footnotes

  1. ^ Robinson-Journal-2013.
  2. ^ a b Greenspun, Philip. "Robinson R44 Raven I – owner's review" July 2014. Accessed: 20 September 2014.
  3. ^ Head, Elan (2015). "Expanded options". Vertical Magazine, Heli-Expo news. pp. 64–66. Retrieved 11 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Robinson introduces the two-place R44 Cadet" (PDF). Robinson Helicopter. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  5. ^ "FAI Record ID #6703 – Speed around the world, eastbound females. Class E-1 (Helicopters), piston" Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 20 September 2014.
  6. ^ "Around the world in 99 days"
  7. ^ "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course – Class E-1 (Helicopters), piston". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Note search under E-1 Helicopters and "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course". Accessed: 26 April 2014.
  8. ^ http://www.wood.ru/ru/lonewsid-26039.html
  9. ^ GMA-News.
  10. ^ AirspaceTechnology.
  11. ^ "Down one search-and-rescue helicopter, Alaska State Troopers reorganize". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  12. ^ a b c Flightglobal Insight.
  13. ^ airliners.net.
  14. ^ "HeliHub Royal Jordanian Air Force buys eight R44s to replace MD500s". helihub.com. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  15. ^ RHC Media.
  16. ^ SB-78B.
  17. ^ a b ATSB-2013, p. 7.
  18. ^ ATSB-2013, p. 12.
  19. ^ CASA-2013.
  20. ^ Kenny, Katie; Mann, Brittany (21 February 2015). "Chopper ban after deaths unprecedented". Fairfax New Zealand. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  21. ^ Ward, Nicholas (21 February 2015). "EMERGENCY AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVE - AD/R44/24 Prohibition of Flight - C016-7 Main Rotor Blades" (PDF). Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  22. ^ Niles, Russ (21 February 2015). "Australia, New Zealand Ground Some R-44s". AVweb. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  23. ^ Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (24 February 2015). "CAA lifts flight ban on Helicopters" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  24. ^ Larson, George C. Robinson: Ready for the Rebound Aviation Week, 2 March 2011. Accessed: 6 March 2011.[dead link] Paywall Library

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robinson R44.
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