Russula brevipes
| Russula brevipes | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | R. brevipes
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| Binomial name | |
| Russula brevipes Peck (1890)
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| Synonyms[2] | |
Russula brevipes | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is flat or infundibuliform |
 | Hymenium is decurrent |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible |
Russula brevipes is a species of mushroom commonly known as the short-stemmed russula or the stubby brittlegill. It is widespread in North America, and was reported from Pakistan in 2006. The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal association with trees from several genera, including fir, spruce, Douglas-fir, and hemlock. Fruit bodies are white and large, with convex to funnel-shaped caps up to 30 cm (12 in) wide. Forms that develop a bluish band at the top of the stipe are sometimes referred to as variety acrior.
Although edible, Russula brevipes mushrooms have a bland or bitter flavor. Their quality is improved once parasitised by the ascomycete fungus Hypomyces lactifluorum, which transforms them into lobster mushrooms.
Taxonomy
Russula brevipes was initially described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1890, from specimens collected in Quogue, New York.[3] It is classified in the subsection Lactaroideae, a grouping of similar Russula species characterized by having whitish to pale yellow fruit bodies, compact and hard flesh, abundant lamellulae (short gills), and the absence of clamp connections. Other related Russula species with a similar range of spore ornamentation heights include Russula delica, R. romagnesiana, and R. pseudodelica.[1]
There has been considerable confusion in the literature over the naming of Russula brevipes. Some early 20th-century American mycologists referred to it as Russula delica, although that fungus was described from Europe by Elias Magnus Fries with a description not accurately matching the North American counterparts. To add to the confusion, Rolf Singer and later Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi described other species they named Russula delica. Robert Shaffer summarized the taxonomic conundrum in 1964:
Russula delica is a species that everybody knows, so to speak, but the evidence indicates that R. delica sensu Fries (1838) is not R. delica sensu Singer (1938), which in turn is not R. delica sensu Kühner and Romagnesi (1953)… It is best to use R. brevipes for the North American collections which most authors but not Kühner and Romagnesi (1953), call R. delica. The name, R. brevipes, is attached to a type collection, has a reasonably explicit original description, and provides a stable point about which a species concept can be formed.[1]
Shaffer defined the varieties acrior and megaspora in 1964 from Californian specimens. The former is characterized by a greenish-blue band that forms at the top of the stipe, while the latter variety has large spores.[1] The nomenclatural database Index Fungorum does not consider these varieties to have independent taxonomical significance.[2] In a 2012 publication, mycologist Mike Davis and colleagues suggest that western North American Russula brevipes comprise a complex of at least four distinct species.[4]
The specific epithet brevipes is derived from the Latin words brevis "short" and pes "foot", hence "short-footed".[5] Common names used to refer to the mushroom include "short-stemmed russula"[6] and "stubby brittlegill".[7]
Description
Fully grown, the cap can range from 7 to 30 cm (3–12 in) in diameter, whitish to dull-yellow in color, and is funnel-shaped with a central depression. The gills are narrow and thin, decurrent in attachment, nearly white when young but becoming pale yellow to buff in age, and sometimes forked near the stipe. The stipe is 3–8 cm long, 2.5–4 cm thick, white in color but with yellowish-brownish discolorations in age.[8] The mushroom sometimes develops a pale green band at the top of the stipe.[9] The spore print is white to light cream in color.[8] Spores are egg-shaped to more or less spherical, and measure 7.5–10 by 6.5–8.5 µm;[7] they have a partially reticulate (network-like) surface dotted with warts measuring up to 1 µm high.[4]
The variant R. brevipes var. acrior Shaffer has a subtle green shading at the stipe apex and on the gills.[8] R. brevipes var. megaspora has spores measuring 9–14 by 8–12 µm.[1]
Similar species
The subalpine waxy cap (Hygrophorus subalpinus) is somewhat similar in appearance to R. brevipes but lacks its brittle flesh, and it has a sticky, glutinous cap.[10] The Pacific Northwest species Russula cascadensis also resembles R. brevipes, but has an acrid taste and smaller fruit bodies.[11] Another lookalike, R. vesicatoria, has gills that often fork near the stipe attachment.[12] R. angustispora is quite similar to R. brevipes, but has narrower spores measuring 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 µm, and it does not have the pale greenish band that sometimes develops in the latter species.[9] Another potential look like, the milk-cap mushroom Lactarius piperatus, can be distinguished from R. brevipes by the production of latex when the mushroom tissue is cut or injured.[13]
Distribution and habitat
It is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus associated with several hosts across temperate forest ecosystems. Typical hosts include trees in the genera Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga.[14] The fungus has been reported in Pakistan's Himalayan moist temperate forests associated with Pinus wallichiana.[15] Fruit bodies grow singly or in groups; fruiting season occurs from summer to autumn.[7] The mushrooms are often encountered as "shrumps"—low, partially-emerged mounds on the forest floor.[16]
Studies have demonstrated that geographically separated R. brevipes populations (globally and continentally) develop significant genetic differentiation, suggesting that gene flow between these populations is small.[17] In contrast, there was little genetic differentiation observed between populations sampled from a smaller area (less than approximately 1000 meters).[18] R. brevipes is one of several Russula species that associates with the myco-heterotrophic orchid Limodorum abortivum.[19]
Edibility
"Although attractive when clean and crisp, this harmless, prolific mushroom is constantly maligned because it mimics prized edibles such as the white matsutake and forms promising "shrumps" like those of the king bolete and chanterelle."
Russula brevipes is a non-descript edible species that tends to assume the flavors of meats and sauces it is cooked with.[10] It is one of several Russula species harvested in the wild from Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park and sold in local markets in nearby Ozumba.[20] The mushroom is commonly parasitized by the parasitic ascomycete Hypomyces lactifluorum, transforming it into an edible known as a lobster mushroom.[8] In this form, the mushroom flesh, normally brittle and crumbly, becomes compacted and less breakable.[21]
Bioactive compounds
The sesquiterpene lactone named russulactarorufin along with lactarorufin-A and 24-ethyl-cholesta-7,22E-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol have been isolated and characterized from this species.[22]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f Shaffer RL. (1964). "The subsection Lactariodeae of Russula". Mycologia. 56 (2): 202–31.
- ^ a b "GSD Species Synonymy: Russula brevipes Peck". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- ^ Peck CH. (1890). "Report of the Botanist (1889)" (PDF). Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 43: 20.
- ^ a b Davis RM, Sommer R, Menge JA. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 105–6. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Simpson DP. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell. p. 883. ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
- ^ Ostry ME, O'Brien JG, Anderson NA. (2011). Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions. Government Printing Office. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-16-088611-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c McKnight KH. (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0.
- ^ a b c d Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp. 87–8. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ a b Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 217. ISBN 0-8131-9039-8.
- ^ a b Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE. (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 68, . ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Phillips R. "Russula brevipes". Rogers Mushrooms. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
- ^ Miller HR, Miller OK. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ^ Binion D, Stephenson SL, Roody WC, Burdsall HH Jr, Vasilyeva LN, Miller OK Jr. (2008). Macrofungi Associated with Oaks of Eastern North America. West Virginia: West Virginia University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-1933202365.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kernaghan G, Currah RS, Bayer S. (1997). "Russulaceous ectomycorrhizae of Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii". Canadian Journal of Botany. 75 (11): 1843–50. doi:10.1139/b97-896.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Niazi AR, Iqbal SH, Khalid AN. (2006). "Biodiversity of mushrooms and ectomycorrhizas. 1. Russula brevipes Peck., and its ectomycorrhiza – A new record from Himalayan moist temperate forests of Pakistan" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 38 (4): 1271–7.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Arora D. (1991). All the Rain Promises and More. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0898153880.
- ^ Bergemann SE, Miller SL. (2002). "Size, distribution, and persistence of genets in local populations of the late-stage ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete, Russula brevipes". New Phytologist. 156 (2): 313–30. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00507.x. JSTOR 1514022.
- ^ Bergemann SE, Douhan GW, Garbelotto M, Miller SL. (2006). "No evidence of population structure across three isolated subpopulations of Russula brevipes in an oak/pine woodland". New Phytologist. 170 (1): 177–84. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01654.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Girlanda M, Selosse MA, Cafasso D, Brilli F, Delfine S, Fabbian R, Ghignone S, Pinelli P, Segreto R, Loreto F, Cozzolino S, Perotto S. (2006). "Inefficient photosynthesis in the Mediterranean orchid Limodorum abortivum is mirrored by specific association to ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae". Molecular Ecology. 15 (2): 491–504. PMID 16448415.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dugan FM. (2011). "Conspectus of World Ethnomycology". St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 78. ISBN 978-0-89054-395-5.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Spahr DL. (2009). Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada. North Atlantic Books. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-55643-795-3.
- ^ Suri OP, Shah R, Satti NK, Suri KA. (1997). "Russulactarorufin, a lactarane skeleton sesquiterpene from Russula brevipes". Phytochemistry. 45 (7): 1453–5. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00121-0.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)