Ruthenium red

Ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride
Identifiers
CAS Number	11103-72-3 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL369149 ;
ChemSpider	7827798 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.228.922
PubChem CID	9548875;
UNII	KU6M163B0R ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80108179 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/6ClH.14H3N.2H2O.3Ru/h61H;141H3;21H2;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;+4;2+5/p-6 Key: CIBHIQPXTCXIRW-UHFFFAOYSA-H ; InChI=1/6ClH.14H3N.2H2O.3Ru/h61H;141H3;21H2;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;+4;2+5/p-6 Key: CIBHIQPXTCXIRW-CYFPFDDLAK;
	SMILES [Ru+5].[Ru+5].[Ru+4].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].O.O.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N.N;
Properties
Chemical formula	Cl6H42N14O2Ru3
Molar mass	786.34 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

The inorganic dye ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride, also known as ruthenium red, is used in histology to stain aldehyde fixed mucopolysaccharides.

Ruthenium red (RR) has also been used as a pharmacological tool to study specific cellular mechanisms. Selectivity is a significant issue in such studies as RR is known to interact with a large number of proteins.^[1] These include mammalian ion channels (CatSper1, TASK, RyR1, RyR2, RyR3, TRPM6, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPA1, mCa1, mCa2, CALHM1^[2]^[3]) TRPP3,^[4] a plant ion channel, Ca²⁺-ATPase, mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uniporter,^[5] tubulin, myosin light-chain phosphatase, and Ca²⁺ binding proteins such as calmodulin. Ruthenium red displays nanomolar potency against several of its binding partners (e.g. TRPV4, ryanodine receptors,...). For example, it is a potent inhibitor of intracellular calcium release by ryanodine receptors (Kd ~20 nM).^[6] As a TRPA1 blocker, it assists in reducing the airway inflammation caused by pepper spray.

RR has been used on plant material since 1890 for staining pectins, mucilages, and gums. RR is a stereoselective stain for pectic acid, insofar as the staining site occurs between each monomer unit and the next adjacent neighbor.^[7]

References

^ Vincent, F. and Duncton, M. A. J. "TRPV4 Agonists and Antagonists". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; PMID 21671873
^ Ma Z, Siebert AP, Cheung KH, Lee RJ, Johnson B, Cohen AS, Vingtdeux V, Marambaud P, Foskett JK. "Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is the pore-forming subunit of an ion channel that mediates extracellular Ca²⁺ regulation of neuronal excitability". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(28):E1963-71. PMID 22711817
^ Dreses-Werringloer U, Vingtdeux V, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Davies P, Marambaud P. "CALHM1 controls Ca²⁺-dependent MEK/ERK/RSK/MSK signaling in neurons". J Cell Sci 2013. PMID 23345406
^ Decaen, P. G.; Delling, M.; Vien, T. N.; Clapham, D. E. (2013). "Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia". Nature. 504 (7479): 315–318. doi:10.1038/nature12832. PMID 24336289.
^ Hajnóczky G, Csordás G, Das S, Garcia-Perez C, Saotome M, Sinha Roy S, Yi M. "Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca^²⁺ uptake in apoptosis". Cell Calcium 2006;40(5-6):553-60
^ Tripathy, Le Xu Ashutosh; Pasek, Daniel A.; Meissner, Gerhard. "Potential for Pharmacology of Ryanodine Receptor/Calcium Release Channels" Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 853: 130-148 Abstract
^ Mariani Colombo P, Rascio N. "Ruthenium red staining for electron microscopy of plant material". Journal of Ultrastructure Research Volume 60, Issue 2, August 1977, Pages 135–139

[1] Vincent, F. and Duncton, M. A. J. "TRPV4 Agonists and Antagonists". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2011; PMID 21671873

[2] Ma Z, Siebert AP, Cheung KH, Lee RJ, Johnson B, Cohen AS, Vingtdeux V, Marambaud P, Foskett JK. "Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is the pore-forming subunit of an ion channel that mediates extracellular Ca²⁺ regulation of neuronal excitability". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109(28):E1963-71. PMID 22711817

[3] Dreses-Werringloer U, Vingtdeux V, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Davies P, Marambaud P. "CALHM1 controls Ca²⁺-dependent MEK/ERK/RSK/MSK signaling in neurons". J Cell Sci 2013. PMID 23345406

[DeCaen_2013-4] Decaen, P. G.; Delling, M.; Vien, T. N.; Clapham, D. E. (2013). "Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia". Nature. 504 (7479): 315–318. doi:10.1038/nature12832. PMID 24336289.

[5] Hajnóczky G, Csordás G, Das S, Garcia-Perez C, Saotome M, Sinha Roy S, Yi M. "Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca^²⁺ uptake in apoptosis". Cell Calcium 2006;40(5-6):553-60

[6] Tripathy, Le Xu Ashutosh; Pasek, Daniel A.; Meissner, Gerhard. "Potential for Pharmacology of Ryanodine Receptor/Calcium Release Channels" Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 853: 130-148 Abstract

[7] Mariani Colombo P, Rascio N. "Ruthenium red staining for electron microscopy of plant material". Journal of Ultrastructure Research Volume 60, Issue 2, August 1977, Pages 135–139

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