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Samson Option

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For the 1991 book, see The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.
Samson Option
Pushing
Pulling
According to the biblical narrative, Samson died when he grasped two pillars of the Temple of Dagon, and "bowed himself with all his might" (Judges 16:30, KJV). This has been variously interpreted as Samson pushing the pillars apart (top) or pulling them together (bottom).

The Samson Option is the name that some military analysts and authors have given to Israel's deterrence strategy of massive retaliation with nuclear weapons as a "last resort" against a country whose military has destroyed much of Israel. Commentators also have employed the term to refer to situations where non-nuclear, non-Israeli actors, have threatened conventional weapons retaliation, such as Yassir Arafat[1] and Hezbollah.[2]

The name is a reference to the biblical Israelite judge Samson who pushed apart the pillars of a Philistine temple, bringing down the roof and killing himself and thousands of Philistines who had captured him,[3] crying out "Let me die with the Philistines!" (Judges 16:30).[4]

Nuclear ambiguity

Israel refuses to confirm or deny it has nuclear weapons or to describe how it would use them, an official policy of nuclear ambiguity, also known as "nuclear opacity." This has made it difficult for anyone outside the Israeli government to describe the country's true nuclear policy definitively, while still allowing Israel to influence the perceptions, strategies and actions of other governments.[5][6] However, over the years, some Israeli leaders have publicly acknowledged their country's nuclear capability: Ephraim Katzir in 1974, Moshe Dayan in 1981, Shimon Peres in 1998, and Ehud Olmert in 2006.[7]

During his 2006 confirmation hearings before the United States Senate regarding his appointment as George W. Bush's Secretary of Defense, Robert Gates admitted that Israel had nuclear weapons.[7] In his 2008 book The Culture of War, Martin van Creveld, a professor of military history at Israel’s Hebrew University, wrote that since Gates admitted that Israel had nuclear weapons, any talk of Israel's nuclear weapons in Israel can lead to "arrest, trial, and imprisonment." Thus Israeli commentators talk about "doomsday weapons" and the Samson Option.[8]

Nevertheless, as early as 1976, the CIA believed that Israel possessed 10 to 20 nuclear weapons.[9] By 2002 it was estimated that the number had increased to between 75 and 200 thermonuclear weapons, each in the multiple-megaton range.[10] Kenneth S. Brower has estimated as many as 400 nuclear weapons.[11] These can be launched from land, sea and air.[12] This gives Israel a second strike option even if much of the country is destroyed.[13]

Deterrence doctrine

Main articles: Nuclear strategy, Deterrence theory, and Assured destruction

Although nuclear weapons were viewed as the ultimate guarantor of Israeli security, as early as the 1960s the country avoided building its military around them, instead pursuing absolute conventional superiority so as to forestall a last resort nuclear engagement.[14] The original conception of the Samson Option was only as deterrence. According to United States journalist Seymour Hersh and Israeli historian Avner Cohen, Israeli leaders like David Ben-Gurion, Shimon Peres, Levi Eshkol and Moshe Dayan coined the phrase in the mid-1960s. They named it after the biblical figure Samson, who pushed apart the pillars of a Philistine temple, bringing down the roof and killing himself and thousands of Philistines who had captured him, mutilated him, and gathered to see him further humiliated in chains. They contrasted it with ancient siege of Masada where 936 Jewish Sicarii committed mass suicide rather than be defeated and enslaved by the Romans.[15][16]

In the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Arab forces were overwhelming Israeli forces and Prime Minister Golda Meir authorized a nuclear alert and ordered 13 atomic bombs be readied for use by missiles and aircraft. The Israeli Ambassador warned President Nixon of "very serious conclusions" if the United States did not airlift supplies. Nixon complied. This is seen by some commentators on the subject as the first threat of the use of the Samson Option.[17][18][19][20][21]

Seymour Hersh writes that the "surprising victory of Menachem Begin's Likud Party in the May 1977 national elections... brought to power a government that was even more committed than Labor to the Samson Option and the necessity of an Israeli nuclear arsenal."[22]

Louis René Beres, a professor of Political Science at Purdue University, chaired Project Daniel, a group advising Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. He argues in the Final Report of Project Daniel and elsewhere that the effective deterrence of the Samson Option would be increased by ending the policy of nuclear ambiguity.[23] In a 2004 article he recommends Israel use the Samson Option threat to “support conventional preemptions” against enemy nuclear and non-nuclear assets because “without such weapons, Israel, having to rely entirely upon non-nuclear forces, might not be able to deter enemy retaliations for the Israeli preemptive strike.”[24]

Authors' opinions

Ari Shavit writes of Israel's nuclear strategy: "Concerning anything and everything nuclear, Israel would be much, much more cautious than the United States and NATO. Concerning anything and everything nuclear, Israel would be the responsible adult of the international community. It would well understand the formidable nature of the demon and keep it locked in the basement".[25]

Some have written about the "Samson Option" as a retaliation strategy. In 2002, the Los Angeles Times published an opinion piece by Louisiana State University professor David Perlmutter which the American Jewish author Ron Rosenbaum writes "goes so far as to justify" a Samson Option approach:[26]

Israel has been building nuclear weapons for 30 years. The Jews understand what passive and powerless acceptance of doom has meant for them in the past, and they have ensured against it. Masada was not an example to follow—it hurt the Romans not a whit, but Samson in Gaza? What would serve the Jew-hating world better in repayment for thousands of years of massacres but a Nuclear Winter. Or invite all those tut-tutting European statesmen and peace activists to join us in the ovens? For the first time in history, a people facing extermination while the world either cackles or looks away—unlike the Armenians, Tibetans, World War II European Jews or Rwandans—have the power to destroy the world. The ultimate justice?[27]

Rosenbaum writes in his 2012 book How the End Begins: The Road to a Nuclear World War III that, in his opinion, in the "aftermath of a second Holocaust", Israel could "bring down the pillars of the world (attack Moscow and European capitals for instance)" as well as the "holy places of Islam." He writes that "abandonment of proportionality is the essence" of the Samson Option[dubious – discuss].[28]

In 2003, a military historian, Martin van Creveld, thought that the Al-Aqsa Intifada then in progress threatened Israel's existence.[29] Van Creveld was quoted in David Hirst's The Gun and the Olive Branch (2003) as saying:

We possess several hundred atomic warheads and rockets and can launch them at targets in all directions, perhaps even at Rome. Most European capitals are targets for our air force. Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: 'Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother.' I consider it all hopeless at this point. We shall have to try to prevent things from coming to that, if at all possible. Our armed forces, however, are not the thirtieth strongest in the world, but rather the second or third. We have the capability to take the world down with us. And I can assure you that that will happen before Israel goes under.[30]

In 2012, in response to Günter Grass's poem "Was gesagt werden muss" ("What Must Be Said") which criticized Israel's nuclear weapons program, Israeli poet and Holocaust survivor Itamar Yaoz-Kest published a poem entitled "The Right to Exist: a Poem-Letter to the German Author" which addresses Grass by name. It contains the line: "If you force us yet again to descend from the face of the Earth to the depths of the Earth — let the Earth roll toward the Nothingness." Jerusalem Post journalist Gil Ronen saw this poem as referring to the Samson Option, which he described as the strategy of using Israel's nuclear weapons, "taking out Israel's enemies with it, possibly causing irreparable damage to the entire world."[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ Keinon, Herb (2002-01-31), "Selling the 'Samson option'", The Jerusalem post.
  2. ^ Young, Michael (August 7, 2006), "The Samson Option: Is Hezbollah on the verge of destroying Lebanon?", Slate Magazine.
  3. ^ Hersh 1991, pp. 137.
  4. ^ Comay, Joan; Brownrigg, Ronald (1993). Who's Who in the Bible: The Old Testament and the Apocrypha, The New Testament. New York: Wing Books. pp. Old Testament, 319. ISBN 0-517-32170-X.
  5. ^ Cohen 1998, pp. 1–3, 7, 341.
  6. ^ Cohen, Avner (2001), "Israel's Nuclear Opacity: a Political Genealogy", in Spiegel, Steven L; Kibbe, Jennifer D; Matthews, Elizabeth G (eds.), The Dynamics of Middle East Nuclear Proliferation, Symposium, vol. 66, The Edwin Mellen Press, pp. 187–212.
  7. ^ a b Yaakov Katz (December 15, 2006). "Mum's the N-word". Jerusalem Post. p. 14.
  8. ^ Van Creveld, Martin (2008), The Culture of War, Random House Digital, p. 284, ISBN 978-0-345-50540-8
  9. ^ In March 1976 the CIA accidentally publicly admitted that Israel had 10–20 nuclear weapons "ready to use." Arthur Kranish, "CIA: Israel Has 10–20 A-Weapons," The Washington Post, March 15, 1976, p. 2 and David Binder, "C.I.A. says Israel has 10–20 A-bombs," The New York Times, March 16, 1976, p. 1.
  10. ^ Norris, Robert S; Arkin, William; Kristensen, Hans M; Handler, Joshua (September–October 2002), "Israeli nuclear forces, 2002", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (excerpt), 58 (5): 73–5, doi:10.2968/058005020
  11. ^ Brower, Kenneth S (February 1997), "A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East", Jane's Intelligence Review (special report) (14): 14–5.
  12. ^ Frantz, Douglas (October 12, 2003), "Israel Adds Fuel to Nuclear Dispute, Officials confirm that the nation can now launch atomic weapons from land, sea and air", The Los Angeles Times, Common dreams.
  13. ^ Eberhart, David (October 16, 2001), Samson Option: Israel's Plan to Prevent Mass Destruction Attacks, NewsMax.
  14. ^ "Israel's Strategic Doctrine", Weapons of mass destruction, Global Security.
  15. ^ Hersh 1991, pp. 136–7.
  16. ^ Cohen 1998, p. 236-7.
  17. ^ Hersh 1991, pp. 225–7.
  18. ^ Cohen 1998, p. 236.
  19. ^ Gaffney, Mark (1989), Dimona, The Third Temple: The Story Behind the Vanunu Revelation, Amana Books, p. 147.
  20. ^ Farr, Warner D (September 1999), The Third Temple's Holy of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons, Counterproliferation Paper, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College.
  21. ^ Avner Cohen, The Last Nuclear Moment, The New York Times, October 6, 2003.
  22. ^ Hersh 1991, p. 259.
  23. ^ Daniel Project final report, IL: ACPR.
  24. ^ Israel and Samson. Biblical Insights on Israeli Strategy in the Nuclear Age, Jerusalem summit.
  25. ^ My Promised SJW Land, by Ari Shavit, (London 2014), page 191
  26. ^ Rosenbaum 2012, pp. 22–3.
  27. ^ Perlmutter, David (April 7, 2002), "Israel: Dark Thoughts and Quiet Desperation", The Los Angeles Times (opinion piece).
  28. ^ Rosenbaum 2012, pp. 21–2, 141–2.
  29. ^ "We have the capability to take the world down with us", The Guardian, UK, September 21, 2003.
  30. ^ The Observer, UK, 20 September 2003 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/sep/21/israelandthepalestinians.bookextracts {{citation}}: |contribution= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  31. ^ Ronen, Gil (April 8, 2012), "Israeli Letter-poem to Grass: If We Go, Everyone Goes", Israel National News.

Bibliography

  • Cohen, Avner (1998), Israel and the Bomb, Columbia University Press.
  • Hersh, Seymour (1991), The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, Random House.
  • Rosenbaum, Ron (2012), How the End Begins: The Road to a Nuclear World War III, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4165-9422-2.
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