Sanmon

Tōfuku-ji's sanmon (Japan's National Treasure)

Main article: Mon (architecture)

A sanmon (三門 or 山門), also called sangedatsumon (三解脱門, gate of the three liberations), is the most important gate of a Japanese Zen Buddhist temple, and is part of the Zen shichidō garan, the group of buildings that forms the heart of a Zen Buddhist temple. It can be however often found in temples of other denominations too. Most sanmon are 2- or 3-bay nijūmon (a type of two-storied gate), but the name by itself does not imply any specific architecture.

Position, function and structure

A sanmon seen through its sōmon, (outer gate)

Its importance notwithstanding, the sanmon is not the first gate of the temple, and in fact it usually stands between the sōmon (outer gate) and the butsuden (lit. "Hall of Buddha", i.e. the main hall). It used to be connected to a portico-like structure called kairō (廻廊), which however gradually disappeared during the Muromachi period, being replaced by the sanrō (山廊), a small building present on both sides of the gate and containing a stairway to the gate's second story. (Both sanrō are clearly visible in Tōfuku-ji's photo above.)

The sanmon's size is an indicator of a Zen temple's status. Structurally, the sanmon of a first rank temple as Nanzen-ji in Kyoto is a two-storied, 5x2 bay, three entrance gate (see photo below). Its three gates are called kūmon (空門, gate of emptiness), musōmon (無相門, gate of formlessness) and muganmon (無願門, gate of inaction) and symbolize the three gates to enlightenment, or satori. Entering, pilgrims can symbolically free themselves from the three passions of ton (貪, greed), shin (瞋, hatred), and chi (癡, foolishness). The fact the gate has entrances but no doors, and cannot therefore be closed, emphasizes its purely symbolic function as a limit between the sacred and the profane.

A temple of the second rank will have a two-storied, 3x2-bay, single entrance gate (see photo below). The second story of a first or second rank temple usually contains statues of Shakyamuni or of goddess Kannon, and of the 16 Rakan, and hosts periodical religious ceremonies. The side bays of sanmon of the first two ranks may also house statues of the Niō, wardens who are in charge of repelling evil.

A third rank temple will have a single-storied, lx2-bay, single entrance gate.

The three ranks of a sanmon

• 
  A middle rank, three-bay sanmon at Myōtsū-ji, Fukui prefecture
• 
  A low rank sanmon at Sozen-ji in Osaka

The second story of a sanmon

Some images of the second story of Kōmyō-ji's sanmon in Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture. It is a high rank Jōdo sect sanmon, the largest of the Kantō region.

• 
  The stairs to the second story
• 
  The second story
• 
  The second story, exit to the balcony
• 
  Sacred images in the main room

Major sanmon

Chion-in's sanmon (Japan's National Treasure)

Case 1

• Chion-in's sanmon (Kyoto) - The most important sanmon in Japan.
• Nanzen-ji's sanmon (Kyoto)
• Kuonji's sanmon (Minobu)

Case 2

• Tōdai-ji's nandaimon (Nara)
• Hōryū-ji's nandaimon (Ikaruga)
• Tōshō-gū's yomeimon (Nikkō)

See also

• The Glossary of Japanese Buddhism for an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture.

References

• Fowler, Sherry (2007). "Review of "Daitokuji: The Visual Cultures of a Zen Monastery" by Gregory P. A. Levine" (PDF). Japanese Journal of Religious Studies (34/2).
• "Sanmon" from the Japanese Art Net User System (JAANUS) online dictionary accessed on May 2, 2009
• Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波日本史辞典), CD-Rom Version. Iwanami Shoten, 1999-2001.