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Ocean Guardian

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Shark Shield Pty Ltd
Founded1999
Headquarters
Joondalup, Western Australia
,
Australia
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Lindsay Lyon (CEO)
Websitesharkshield.com

Shark Shield is a personal electronic device that creates an electromagnetic field to deter shark attacks and is used by surfers, scuba divers, spearfishing, and ocean kayak fishing. The electrical wave-form used in the Shark Shield is based on a technology originally invented by the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board of South Africa in the 1990s developing an electrical shark deterrent, the SharkPOD (protective oceanic device or simply POD).[1] The Shark Shield device was developed by the Australian company SeaChange Technology Pty Ltd, and commercialized by its trading company Shark Shield Pty Ltd established in October 2006.[2][3]

History

The original wave-form used in the shark repelling technology was devised by three inventors, Graeme Charter, Sherman Ripley, and Norman Starkey, and released in 1995 by POD Holdings Ltd, a joint venture company partly owned by the Natal Sharks Board and the South African government.[1]

In 2001, the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board ceased distribution of the SharkPOD. All rights to the intellectual property were licensed to a South Australian-based company, SeaChange Technology Pty Ltd, with the inventor Mike Westcombe-Down developing various application patents which resulted in a commercial product line under the brand name Shark Shield in April 2002.[2]

In 2007, Shark Shield introduced the third generation of products to replace the original FREEDOM4, expanding the range of products offered to include the SCUBA7, which replaced the original DIVE01, and introducing two new designs: the FREEDOM7, a versatile option that can be used by a broad range of ocean-users, including scuba divers, spearfishers, boaters, and kayakers;[4] and the SURF7, designed to be fitted onto a surfboard or stand-up paddleboard to offer surfers protection from sharks.[5]

In 2016, following two years of research and product development, Shark Shield announced the FREEDOM+ Surf a product specifically designed for surfers. It removed the trailing antenna of the older SURF7 being replaced with a sticker-thin decal antenna on the underside of the surfboard, with the removable power generator located in the kicker of the tail pad.[6][7]

In addition to traditional ocean sports, Shark Shield products are in use with the US and Australian navies, and recently used by production members in the filming of both The Shallows and USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage.[8][9] Long-distance swimmer, Diana Nyad, in her record-breaking swim crossing from Cuba to Florida without a cage, was completed with help from Shark Shield.[10]

Functionality

All chondrichthyans have highly sensitive electrical receptors called the "ampullae of Lorenzini" located in their snouts. These tiny gel-filled sacs sense electric current from prey at very close distances, typically less than one meter. They use these short-range sensors when feeding or searching for food. They do not use electrical receptors to track animate objects over long distances; other senses such as audition and olfaction are the primary drivers.[11][12]

Shark Shield devices create an electrical wave that creates an unpleasant sensation impacting the shark’s ampullae of Lorenzini.[13] When the shark comes into the range of the wave, it experiences uncontrollable muscular spasms, causing it to flee the area.[14][15]

The field is projected from two electrodes, which create an elliptical field that surrounds the user. Both electrodes must be immersed in the water for the field to be created. Research conducted by the South African National Space Agency in 2012 estimated the Shark Shield electrical field to be about 4-5 m in diameter.[16]

While sharks are attracted to electromagnetic pulses produced by potential prey animals, the electronic field emitted by the Shark Shield does not attract sharks to the device, so would not increase the risk of attracting sharks to the vicinity of the user.[17] A shark's sensory organs are acutely sensitive to low-voltage gradients (> 5 nVcm), enabling them to detect very low-frequency electronic fields between 1 and 8 Hz at short range, after which the other senses (sight, chemoreception, and mechanoreception) aid the shark in capturing its prey.[11][12] The range at which an electronic shark deterrent emits a field that is the equivalent of a prey-like stimulus (about 1–100 nV/cm) is much further than their short-range detection facilitates. Should a shark approach the device, the strength of the electric field gets stronger the closer it gets, and soon causes the shark extreme discomfort, forcing it to turn away.[18] Scientific studies modelling this effect show that the output produced at a 3-m distance is far greater than that produced by prey, and drops off significantly beyond a 6-m radius, where it is beyond the short-range detection ability of a shark.[16]

Tests and research

The original "SharkPOD" was tested for eight years off Dyer Island with mainly great white sharks, and was the first electronic device that was proven successful in deterring sharks when tested by Ron Taylor and Valerie Taylor in 1997 against great white sharks, tiger sharks, hammerhead sharks, and other shark species in Australia and South Africa with positive results; they made a documentary about it called "Shark POD".[19]

In 2003, C F Smit, Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, South Africa and V Peddemors, Department of Zoology, University of Durban-Westville, South Africa (Peddemors was employed by the Natal Sharks Board at the time) researched "Estimating the Probability of a Shark Attack when using an Electric Repellent". In two series of tests of the SharkPOD, data were collected on the time needed to attack the bait, under power-off and power-on (active) conditions. Conclusions were separately drawn after completion of the first experiment (in which 8 attacks were successful in 98 five-minute active periods), and after completion of the second experiment (in which no successful attacks were recorded in 24 ten-minute active periods). In general, the probability of an attack in at most 5 minutes was reduced from about 0.70 in power-off mode to about 0.08 in power-on mode and in a period of at most 10 minutes from 0.90 to 0.16.[20]

In 2010, SafeWork South Australia, the government agency responsible for administering occupational health, safety, and welfare laws in South Australia, commissioned the South Australian Research and Development Institute to conduct a study into the effectiveness of the Shark Shield FREEDOM7 product.[21] The research team conducted field experiments testing white shark response to both a static bait (natural prey) and a dynamically towed seal decoy at Neptune Islands, South Australia, and Seal Island, South Africa, respectively, documenting their findings in a research report titled: "Effects of the Shark Shield electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)".[14] A total of 116 trials using a static bait were undertaken at the Neptune Islands, South Australia, and 189 tows were conducted using a seal decoy near Seal Island, South Africa.[22] The proportion of baits taken during static bait trials was not affected by the deterrent. The deterrent increased the time it took to take a static bait, and the number of interactions per approach. The effect of the Shark ShieldTM was not uniform across all sharks. The number of interactions within 2 m of the deterrent decreased when it was activated. No breaches and only two surface interactions were observed during the dynamic seal decoy tows when the deterrent was activated, compared to 16 breaches and 27 surface interactions when the deterrent was not activated. Although the fine-scale positioning and presence/absence data collected to assess the potential of the device to attract white sharks was limited to one trip, our results did not suggest that sharks were attracted to the deterrent. The deterrent had an effect on the behaviour of white sharks, but did not deter or repel them in all situations.[14][15]

In July 2016, shark researchers from the Neuroecology Group at the University of Western Australia had published a study into the effectiveness of the Shark Shield shark deterrent on PLOS ONE "How Close is too Close? The Effect of a Non-Lethal Electric Shark Deterrent on White Shark Behaviour". The research team was funded by the Western Australian government and included UWA Oceans Institute Director Professor Shaun Collin, Associate Professor Nathan Hart and Dr Ryan Kempster. Using a modified stereo-camera system, the research quantified behavioral interactions between white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and a baited target in the presence of a commercially available, personal electric shark deterrent (Shark Shield Freedom7). The stereo-camera system enabled an assessment of the behavioral responses of C.carcharias when encountering a non-lethal electric field many times stronger than what they would naturally experience. Upon their first observed encounter, all C. carcharias were repelled at a mean (± std. error) proximity of 131 (± 10.3) cm, which corresponded to a mean voltage gradient of 9.7 (± 0.9) V/m. With each subsequent encounter, their proximity decreased by an average of 11.6 cm, which corresponded to an increase in tolerance to the electric field by an average of 2.6 (± 0.5) V/m per encounter. Despite the increase in tolerance, sharks continued to be deterred from interacting for the duration of each trial in the presence of an active Shark Shield. Furthermore, the findings provide no support to the theory that electric deterrents attract sharks. The results of this study provide quantitative evidence of the effectiveness of a non-lethal electric shark deterrent, its influence on the behaviour of C.carcharias, and an accurate method for testing other shark deterrent technologies.[23][24]

The most recent study published in July 2016 the Shark Shield and other shark deterrents were tested by the University of Western Australia[25] researchers. Their results showed nearly 90% effectiveness both within controlled environments and the wild.[26][27][28][29]

In 2016, in a study conducted by Choice magazine published by an Australian consumer advocacy group, found that Shark Shield was the only independently tested electrical repellent but other forms such as chemical repellents have evidence of being effective as well.[30]

Further reading

  • C F Smit; Victor Peddemors (2003). "Estimating the Probability of a Shark Attack when using an Electric Repellent". South African Statistical Journal.
  • Charlie Huveneers; Paul J. Rogers; Jayson M. Semmens; Crystal Beckmann; Alison A. Kock; Brad Page; Simon D. Goldsworthy (2012). "Effects of the Shark Shield electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)". South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI).
  • Ryan M. Kempster; Channing A. Egeberg; Nathan S. Hart; Laura Ryan; Lucille Chapuis; Caroline C. Kerr; Carl Schmidt; Charlie Huveneers; Enrico Gennari; Kara E. Yopak; Jessica J. Meeuwig; Shaun P. Collin (2016). "How Close is too Close? The Effect of a Non-Lethal Electric Shark Deterrent on White Shark Behaviour". The Oceans Institute and the School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia. {{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Control of Sharks. "Patent US5566643 A". Google Patents. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b Kwa-Zulu Natal Sharks Board. "Electrical Shark Repellent". Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Paul S. Auerbach (2011). Wilderness Medicine: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 23004. ISBN 1455733563.
  4. ^ Ingrid Loos Miller (2010). Fearless Swimming for Triathletes: Improve Your Open Water Skills. 79: Meyer & Meyer Verlag. p. 166. ISBN 1841261203.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ^ John Liang (20 November 2014). "Shark Shield To Introduce Re-Designed, Modular Product In 2015". Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Risque requin: La préfecture appelle à la prudence".
  7. ^ "Shark Shield : un nouveau modèle adapté au Surf".
  8. ^ Ceridwen Dovey (26 April 2016). "Sharing the Sea with Sharks". Newyorker.com.
  9. ^ "Navy approves Shark Shield after attack". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 May 2010.
  10. ^ Elizabeth Armstrong Moore (8 August 2011). "Historic 103-mile swim aided by electric shark shield". CNET.
  11. ^ a b Collin, SP (2010). "Electroreception in Vertebrates and Invertebrates". Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. 1: 611–620.
  12. ^ a b Kempster, RM; McCarthy ID; Collin SP. (2012). "Phylogenetic and ecological factors influencing the number and distribution of electroreceptors in elasmobranchs". Journal of Fish Biology. 80: 2055–2088. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03214.x.
  13. ^ "Dive deep into one of the world's most dangerous jobs on 'Abalone Wars'". Philippine Star. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  14. ^ a b c Huveneers, C., Rogers, P.J., Semmens, J., Beckmann, C., Kock, A.A., Page, B. and Goldsworthy, S.D. (2012). Effects of the Shark Shield™ electric deterrent on the behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). Final Report to SafeWork South Australia. Version 2 (PDF 927.6 KB). South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide. SARDI Publication No. F2012/000123-1. SARDI Research Report Series No. 632, page 9 at http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/173876/Risk_Assessment_of_the_Shark_Shield_Report_-_FINAL_19_06_2012.pdf, retrieved 25/06/2012.
  15. ^ a b Huveneers, C; Rogers PJ; Semmens JM; Beckmann C; Kock AA; et al. (2013). "Effects of an Electric Field on White Sharks: In Situ Testing of an Electric Deterrent". PLoS ONE. e62730. 8 (5): e62730. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062730. PMC 3642219. PMID 23658766.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ a b South African National Space Agency (2012). "Interim report on measurement and analysis of the electric fields produced by the SharkPOD and Shark Shield". Doc No: 6035-0006-722-A1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ JA Kimber (2008). "Elasmobranch electroreceptive foraging behaviour: male-female interactions, choice and cognitive ability". dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk.
  18. ^ Ryan M. Kempster; Nathan S. Hart; Shaun P. Collin (2013). "Survival of the Stillest: Predator Avoidance in Shark Embryos". PLOS ONE. 8: e52551. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052551. PMC 3541397. PMID 23326342.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ "SHARK SHIELD DEVELOPED TO PROTECT OCEANGOERS". Highbeam. 9 March 1997. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  20. ^ Smit, CF; Peddemors VM (2003). "Estimating the probability of a shark attack when using an electric repellent". South African Journal of Statistics. 37: 59–78.
  21. ^ Thomas P. Peschak (2014). Sharks and People: Exploring Our Relationship with the Most Feared Fish in the Sea. 83: University of Chicago Press. p. 256. ISBN 022604792X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  22. ^ C. Huveneers (2012). Effects of the Shark Shield Electric Deterrent on the Behaviour of White Sharks (Carcharodon Carcharias): Final Report to SafeWork South Australia. SARDI Aquatic Sciences. p. 61.
  23. ^ Ryan M. Kempster, Channing A. Egeberg, Nathan S. Hart, Laura Ryan, Lucille Chapuis, Caroline C. Kerr, Carl Schmidt, Charlie Huveneers, Enrico Gennari, Kara E. Yopak, Jessica J. Meeuwig, Shaun P. Collin (2016). "How Close is too Close? The Effect of a Non-Lethal Electric Shark Deterrent on White Shark Behaviour". PLOS One. 11: e0157717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157717. PMC 4930202. PMID 27368059.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ Kempster RM, Egeberg CA, Hart NS, Ryan L, Chapuis L, Kerr CC, Schmidt C, Huveneers C, Gennari E, Yopak KE, Meeuwig JJ, Collin SP. (2016). "How Close is too Close? The Effect of a Non-Lethal Electric Shark Deterrent on White Shark Behaviour". NCBI. 11: e0157717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157717. PMC 4930202. PMID 27368059.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ "Shark deterrent research reveals interesting results". The University of Western Australia. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  26. ^ Shark deterrents: do they really work?, Australian Geographic, 19 June 2015
  27. ^ Chris Doyle (6 January 2016). "Do shark repellents work?". Choice magazine. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  28. ^ Sonia Kohlbacher (18 June 2015). "Lightweight, mini shark shield delivers promising results". The Australian. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  29. ^ Trevor Paddenburg; Kara Vickery (16 June 2015). "Shark Shields found to be an effective shark deterrent, but bubble curtains had limited success". Perth Now. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  30. ^ Sydney Pead (27 January 2016). "Shark Shield deterrent gets Choice tick of approval". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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