Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
Location | Japan |
Criteria | Cultural: (ii), (iv) |
Reference | 1484 |
Inscription | 2015 (39th Session) |
Area | 306.66 ha (757.8 acres) |
Buffer zone | 2,408.33 ha (5,951.1 acres) |
Coordinates | 34°25′50″N 131°24′44″E / 34.43056°N 131.41222°E |
Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining (明治日本の産業革命遺産 製鉄・鉄鋼、造船、石炭産業, Meiji nihon no sangyōkakumei isan: seitetsu, tekkō, zōsen, sekitan sangyō) are a group of historic sites that played an important part in the industrialization of Japan in the Bakumatsu and Meiji periods, and are part of the industrial heritage of Japan.[1] In 2009 the monuments were submitted jointly for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List under criteria ii, iii, and iv. The sites were accepted at the 39th UNESCO World Heritage session.
Eight areas are registered, with thirty component sites:[2][3]
(1) Yamaguchi: Hagi
Hagi proto-industrial sites and Tokugawa period cultural setting; Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Hagi reverberatory furnace (萩反射炉, Hagi hansharo)[4][5] | Historic Site | |
Ebisugahana shipyard (恵美須ヶ鼻造船所跡, Ebisugahana zōsensho ato)[6] | ||
Ōitayama-tatara iron smelting works (大板山たたら製鉄遺跡, Ōitayama tatara seitetsui ato)[6][7] | Prefectural Historic Site | |
Shōkasonjuku Academy (松下村塾, Shōkason juku)[8][9] | run by Yoshida Shōin; Historic Site | |
Hagi castle town (萩城下町, Hagi jōkamachi)[10][11] | Historic Site; Groups of Traditional Buildings |
(2) Kagoshima: Kagoshima
Shūseikan pioneering factory complex; Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Former Shūseikan (旧集成館, kyū Shūseikan)[12][13] | Historic Site | |
Shūseikan machine factory (旧集成館機械工場, Shūseikan kikai kōjō)[12][14] | erected in 1865; Important Cultural Property | |
Former Kagoshima spinning engineer's residence (旧鹿児島紡績所技師館, kyū Kagoshima hōsekijogishikan)[15][16] | erected in 1867; Important Cultural Property | |
Gionnosu Battery (祇園之洲砲台跡, Gionnosu hōdai ato)[17][18] |
(3) Saga: Saga
Mietsu shipyard; Saga, Saga Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Mietsu naval facility site (三重津海軍所跡, Mietsu kaigunsho ato)[19] |
(4) Iwate: Kamaishi
Hashino iron mining and smelting site; Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Hashino iron mining and smelting site (橋野鉄鉱山および関連施設, Hashino tetsu kōzan oyobi kanren shisetsu)[20][21] | influenced Yawata (see below); Historic Site |
(5) Nagasaki: Nagasaki
Nagasaki shipyard facilities, coal mining islands and associated sites; Nagasaki, Nagasaki Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Site of Kosuge ship repair dock (小菅修船場跡, Kosuge shūsenba ato)[22][23] | Historic Site | |
Hokkei well shaft, Takashima coal mine (北渓井坑跡, Hokkei seikō ato)[24][25] | Municipal Historic Site | |
Hashima coal mine (端島炭坑, Hashima tankō)[25][26] | ||
Former Glover House (旧グラバー住宅, kyū Gulabā jūtaku)[27][28] | erected in 1863; Important Cultural Property | |
Mitsubishi Nagasaki shipyard (長崎造船所関連施設, Nagasaki zōsenjo kanren shisetsu)[3] | includes Mokojima No.3 dry dock; Scottish-built hammerhead crane (1909);[29] pattern shop; Western-style guest house |
(6) Yamaguchi: Shimonoseki
Shimonoseki battle site and Treaty lighthouse; Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Maeda Battery (前田砲台跡, Maeda hōdai ato)[30] | ||
Mutsurejima Lighthouse (六連島灯台, Mutsurejima tōdai)[3] |
(7) Fukuoka: Ōmuta; Kumamoto: Arao, Uki
Miike coal mines, railway and ports; Ōmuta, Fukuoka Prefecture, Arao and Uki, Kumamoto Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Miyanohara Pit, Miike coal mine (三井石炭鉱業株式会社三池炭鉱宮原坑施設, Mitsui sekitan kōgyō kabushikigaisha, Miike tankō Miyahara ana shisetsu)[31][32] | completed in 1901; Important Cultural Property | |
Miike port and coal mine industrial railway (三池港・三池炭鉱専用鉄道, Miikekō ・Miike tankō senyō tetsudō)[33] | ||
Misumi West Port (三角西港, Misumi nishikō)[34][35] | constructed in 1887; Important Cultural Property |
(8) Fukuoka: Kitakyūshū
Yawata steel works; Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
The State-owned Yawata Steel Works (旧官営八幡製鐵所関連施設, kyū kanei Yahata seitetsusho kanren shisetsu)[36] | ||
Onga River pumping station (遠賀川ポンプ場, Ongagawa ponpujyō)[3] |
(9) Shizuoka: Izunokuni
Izu proto-industrial reverberatory furnace; Izunokuni, Shizuoka Prefecture:
Site | Comments | Image |
---|---|---|
Niirayama reverberatory furnace (韮山反射炉, Niirayama hansharo)[37] | Historic Site |
Controversy
The inclusion of some of these properties as UNESCO Heritage sites faced concerns and objections from Korea, due to the fact that conscripted Korean civilians and Chinese prisoners-of-war were forced to work under harsh conditions at seven of these sites during Japan's World War II mobilization policies. Recent academic research has questioned the Japanese government's compliance with UNESCO regulations and requirements with respect to the Hashima site.[38]
See also
References
- ^ "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining". UNESCO. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "To be World Heritage: Updated Situation". Kyuyama. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Emergence of Industrial Japan: Kyushu - Yamaguchi" (PDF). Kyuyama. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Hagi Reverberatory Furnace". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "萩反射炉". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Ebisugahana shipyard & Ohitayama-Tatara iron smelting works". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "大板山たたら製鉄遺跡". Yamaguchi Prefecture. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The Shokasonjuku Academy". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "松下村塾". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Hagi Castle Town". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "萩城城下町". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Former Shūseikan and machine factory". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "旧集成館". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "旧集成館機械工場". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Former Kagoshima Spinning Engineer's Residence". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "旧鹿児島紡績所技師館". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Gionnosu Battery". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "祇園之洲砲台跡". Kagoshima City. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Mietsu naval facility site". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Hashino Iron Mining and Smelting Site". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "橋野高炉跡". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Site of Kosuge ship repair dock". Kyuyama. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "小菅修船場跡". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Hokkei well shaft, Takashima coal mine". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "北渓井坑跡". Nagasaki City. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Hashima coal mine". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Former Glover House". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "旧グラバー住宅(長崎県長崎市南山手町)". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "三菱重工業長崎造船所ハンマーヘッド型起重機". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Maeda Battery". Kyuyama. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Miyanohara Pit, Miike coal mine". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "三井石炭鉱業株式会社三池炭鉱宮原坑施設". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Miike Port and Coal Mine Industrial Railway". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Misumi West Port". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "三角旧港(三角西港)施設". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "The State-owned Yawata Steel Works". Kyuyama. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining". UNESCO. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ https://apjjf.org/2018/01/Palmer.html