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Stephen Greenblatt

Stephen Jay Greenblatt, born November 7, 1943, is an award-winning literary critic, theorist and scholar. Regarded by many as the “father” of the critical practice new historicism, his works have been highly influential since the early 1980s when he introduced the set of practices, though he prefers the term “cultural poetics.” Greenblatt has written and edited numerous books and articles relevant to new historicism, the study of culture, Renaissance studies and Shakespeare studies and is considered to be an expert in these fields. He is also an editor and co-founder of the literary/cultural journal Representations, which often includes articles by new historicists. Educated at Yale University and Pembroke College, Greenblatt was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, for 28 years before taking his current position at Harvard University. He has guest lectured at universities around the world. Much can be learned of Greenblatt’s academic and non-academic experiences through the anecdotes he shares in interviews and in his writing.

Biographical information

Education

Greenblatt, born November 7, 1943, was raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Yale University (B.A. 1964, M.Phil 1968, Ph.D. 1969) and Pembroke College, Cambridge (A.B. 1966, M.A. 1968). Greenblatt has since taught at the University of California at Berkeley and Harvard University. He was Class of 1932 Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (he became a full professor in 1980) and taught there for 28 years before leaving for a position at Harvard University. The following statement was made by Greenblatt about the move: "I've always felt that Berkeley is the greatest public university and that Harvard is the greatest private university, and I have all the appropriate difficult feelings about leaving… but I'm also excited about the change" (Ruder). In 1997, Greenblatt began his career at Harvard as Harry Levin Professor of Literature in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and was named John Cogan University Professor of the Humanities in 2000. As a visiting professor and lecturer, Greenblatt has taught at such institutions as the universities of Berlin, Florence, Kyoto, Oxford and Peking. He is a fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been president of the Modern Language Association.

Family

Greenblatt has three children. He was married to Ellen Schmidt from 1969-96; they have two sons. In 1998 he married fellow literary critic Ramie Targoff; they have one son (Miller). One of his children has studied at Cornell University, another at Yale (Ruder).

General Interest

Greenblatt shares many personal anecdotes in interviews and in his writing. Greenblatt has stated that as counsellor at a summer camp, he spent some time playing guitar and singing “mournful folk songs” with co-counsellor Art Garfunkel, who talked about introducing him to Paul Simon to that they could sing together—Greenblatt declined in favour of college ("Greenblatt Named"). Greenblatt has also stated that while pursuing his PhD at Yale he "rushed out of a corner drugstore and knocked down an elderly man who turned out to be T.S. Eliot… he survived" ("Greenblatt Named"). Greenblatt also notes that he performed, "usually in grotesque situations and invariably drawing a somewhat mysterious laugh from the studio audience," with the group that would become Monty Python's Flying Circus troupe ("Greenblatt Named").

Works

File:6484553.gif

Marvelous Possessions

“I've been at this for 40 years. And, as an academic, I've been content with relatively small audiences, with the thought that the audience I long for will find its way eventually to what I have written, provided that what I have written is good enough.” ("Meet the Writers")

Greenblatt has written extensively on Shakespeare, the Renaissance, culture and new historicism (which he often refers to as "cultural poetics"). Much of his work has been “part of a collective project,” such as his work as co-editor of the Berkeley-based literary-cultural journal Representations (founded in 1983), as editor of collections such as the Norton Anthology and as co-author of books such as Practicing New Historicism (2000), which he wrote with Catherine Gallagher (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 1).Greenblatt has also written on such subjects as travelling in Laos and China, story-telling and miracles.

New historicism

File:9340113.gif

Practicing New Historicism

Greenblatt is noted in the Harvard Gazette as stating, “my deep, ongoing interest is in the relation between literature and history, the process through which certain remarkable works of art are at once embedded in a highly specific life-world and seem to pull free of that life-world. I am constantly struck by the strangeness of reading works that seem addressed, personally and intimately, to me, and yet were written by people who crumbled to dust long ago" (“Greenblatt Named”).

Greenblatt first used the term “new historicism” in his 1982 introduction to The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance wherein he uses Queen Elizabeth’s “bitter reaction to the revival of Shakespeare’s Richard II on the eve of the Essex rebellion to illustrate the “mutual permeability of the literary and the historical” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 1-2). Some critics have charged that new historicism is “antithetical to literary and aesthetic value, that it reduces the historical to the literary or the literary to the historical, that it denies human agency and creativity, that it is somehow out to subvert the politics of cultural and critical theory [and] that it is anti-theoretical” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 1). Others praise new historicism as “a collection of practices” employed by critics to gain a more comprehensive understanding of literature by considering it in historical context while treating history itself as “historically contingent on the present in which [it is] constructed” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3) and as “[impacting] every traditional period of English literary history” (Cadzow).

Greenblatt has been influenced by such thinkers as Michel Foucault (The Order of Things) and Clifford Geertz (Interpretaion of Cultures) (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 4). Greenblatt’s Renaissance Self-Fashioning and his Introduction to The Norton Shakespeare are regarded as good illustrations of the practices of new historicism (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3). His works on new historicism and “cultural poetics” include Practicing New Historicism (2000) (written with Catherine Gallagher), in which Greenblatt discusses how “the anecdote… appears as the ‘touch of the real’” and "Towards a Poetics of Culture" (1987), in which Greenblatt addresses how the questions of “how art and society are interrelated,” posed by Jean-François Lyotard and Frederic Jameson, “cannot be answered by appealing to a single theoretical stance” (Cadzow).

Renaissance and Shakespeare studies

File:10088560.gif

Will in the World

Greenblatt’s new historicism opposes the ways in which new criticism “[consigns] texts to an autonomous aesthetic realm that [dissociates] Renaissance writing from other forms of cultural production” and the historicist notion that Renaissance texts “[mirror]… a coherent world-view that was held by a whole population,” asserting instead “that critics who wished to understand sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writing must delineate the ways the texts they studied were linked to the network of institutions, practices, and beliefs that constituted Renaissance culture in its entirety” (Cadzow). Greenblatt’s work in Renaissance studies include Renaissance Self-Fashioning, which is said to have “had a transformative impact on Renaissance studies” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3).

Norton Anthology of English Literature

File:Vol1.gif

Norton Anthology

For its eighth edition, Greenblatt replaced M.H. Abrams as general editor of the Norton Anthology (2005), “the world's most widely used anthology of English literature” (Gewertz). Abrams was general editor from the first edition (1962) to the seventh (2000). Greenblatt is also co-editor of the anthology's section devoted to Renaissance studies (Gewertz). The Harvard University Gazette quotes Greenblatt at stating, “as Abrams said in the introduction to the first edition, the literary tradition is always on the move, it's constantly changing. That doesn't mean that the old gets chucked out, but the canon has to be reshaped.” Greenblatt is also general editor of The Norton Shakespeare, “currently his most influential piece of public pedagogy” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader 3).

Honours

Fulbright scholarship (1964-66)
Guggenheim fellowship (1975)
University of Peking, visiting professorship (1982)
Distinguished Teaching Award (University of California at Berkeley) (1983)
James Russell Lowell Prize of the Modern Language Association (Shakespearean Negotiations) (1989)
Mellon Distinguished Humanist Award (2002)
Erasmus Institute Prize (2002)
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Major works

Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (1984)
Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (1989)
Redrawing the Boundaries: The Transformation of English and American Literary Studies (1992)
Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (1992)
Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture (1992)
Practicing New Historicism (with Catherine Gallagher)(2001)
Hamlet in Purgatory (2002)
Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare (2004)
The Greenblatt Reader (2005)

Quotations

Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University (1991-2001): “No one has done more than Stephen Greenblatt to shape the direction of scholarship and criticism in literature over the past quarter-century.” (“Greenblatt Named”)

Homi K. Bhabha, Harvard University: “As a founder of the New Historicism, Stephen Greenblatt has done more than establish a critical school; he has invented a habit of mind for literary criticism, which is indispensable to the temperament of our times, and crucial to the cultural of the past.” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader)

Stephen Orgel, Stanford University: “For three decades Stephen Greenblatt has been the most articulate, thoughtful, and daring voice in early modern studies. The breadth of his reading is vast, the connections he makes are unexpected and often revelatory, and his writing is, quite simply, brilliant. Most of all, his willingness to take chances has made him an exciting and uniquely provocative critic.” (Greenblatt, Greenblatt Reader)

Lisa Jardine, Queen Mary, University of London: "I was putting together some lectures in the early 80s and I suggested Greenblatt to the faculty. No one had heard of him. But when he and I arrived at the lecture room we were greeted by a grumpy porter who complained that the event was a fire hazard. The audience was hanging from the rafters. That was Stephen Greenblatt. The faculty hadn't heard of him, but the students were in there." (Miller)

Stephen Greenblatt’s account of his response to being told about several American job advertisements directed at experts in new historicism: "I said, 'You've got to be kidding. You know it was just something we made up!' I began to see there were institutional consequences to what seemed like a not particularly deeply thought-out term." (Miller)

References

Cadzow, Hunter, Alison Conway and Bryce Traister. “New Historicism.” John Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism 2005. Feb. 2006 <http://litguide.press.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/view.cgi?eid=194&query=greenblatt#top>.

Gewertz, Ken. “Greenblatt Edits Norton Anthology.” Harvard University Gazette 2 Feb. 2006. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/02.02/05-anth.html>.

“Greenblatt Named University Professor of the Humanities.” Harvard University Gazette 21 Sept. 2000. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/09.21/greenblatt.html>.

Greenblatt, Stephen. Interview. Barnes and Noble. “Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2004. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369#interview>.

Greenblatt, Stephen J.. The Greenblatt Reader. Ed. Michael Payne. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. ISBN 1-4051-1566-1

---. Hamlet in Purgatory. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2001. ISBN 0-691-05873-3

---. Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture. New York: Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0-415-09173-1

---. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991. ISBN 0-226-30651-8

---. Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England. Los Angeles: U of California P, 1988. ISBN 0-520-06160-8

Leitch, Vincent, ed. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97429-4

“Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2006. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writer.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369>.

Miller, Lucasta. “The Human Factor.” The Guardian 26 Feb. 2005. 8 Feb. 2006 <The Guardian http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1424576,00.html>.

Pieters, Jürgen, ed. Critical Self-Fashioning: Stephen Greenblatt and the New Historicism. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1999. ISBN 3-631-34116-4

Richter, David, ed. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. Boston: Bedford Books, 1988. ISBN 0-312-10106-6

Rivkin, Julie and Michael Ryan, eds. Literary Theory: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1-4051-0696-4

Ruder, Debra Bradley. “Renaissance Literature Scholar to Join FAS.” Harvard University Gazette 6 Feb. 1997. 8 Feb. 2006 < http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/02.06/RenaissanceLite.html>.

“Stephen_Greenblatt.” Photo. 2005. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.brattleboroliteraryfestival.org/authors.html>

External Links

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Stephen Jay Greenblatt''' (born [[1943]]) is a noted [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] scholar and a [[literary critic]]/[[Literary theory|theorist]] often seen as the leader of the school known as [[New Historicism]] or as Greenblatt likes to put it, "cultural poetics". He believes that all works of [[Literature|literature]] are a products of their times and therefore should be understood and analysed as such. On the one hand, according to Greenblatt, literature needs to be reinserted into its historical contexts; on the other, all history needs to read as literature.
-==Biography==
 [[Image:Stephen Greenblatt.jpg|frame|right|Stephen Greenblatt]]
+'''Stephen Jay Greenblatt''', born November 7, [[1943]], is an award-winning [[literary critic]], [[literary theory|theorist]] and scholar. Regarded by many as the “father” of the critical practice [[new historicism]], his works have been highly influential since the early 1980s when he introduced the set of practices, though he prefers the term “cultural poetics.” Greenblatt has written and edited numerous books and articles relevant to new historicism, the study of [[culture]], [[Renaissance]] studies and [[Shakespeare]] studies and is considered to be an expert in these fields. He is also an editor and co-founder of the literary/cultural journal ''Representations'', which often includes articles by new historicists. Educated at [[Yale University]] and [[Pembroke College]], Greenblatt was a professor at the [[University of California]], Berkeley, for 28 years before taking his current position at [[Harvard University]]. He has guest lectured at universities around the world. Much can be learned of Greenblatt’s academic and non-academic experiences through the anecdotes he shares in interviews and in his writing.
-Greenblatt was born in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], in 1943.  He studied at [[Yale University]] (B.A. 1964, M.Phil 1968, Ph.D. 1969) and [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]] (A.B. 1966, M.A. 1968).
+==Biographical information==
+===Education===
+Greenblatt, born November 7, [[1943]], was raised in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. He studied at [[Yale University]] (B.A. 1964, M.Phil 1968, Ph.D. 1969) and [[Pembroke College, Cambridge]] (A.B. 1966, M.A. 1968). Greenblatt has since taught at the [[University of California at Berkeley]] and [[Harvard University]]. He was Class of 1932 Professor at the University of California, Berkeley (he became a full professor in 1980) and taught there for 28 years before leaving for a position at Harvard University. The following statement was made by Greenblatt about the move: "I've always felt that Berkeley is the greatest [[public university]] and that Harvard is the greatest [[private university]], and I have all the appropriate difficult feelings about leaving… but I'm also excited about the change" (Ruder). In 1997, Greenblatt began his career at Harvard as Harry Levin Professor of Literature in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and was named John Cogan University Professor of the Humanities in 2000. As a visiting professor and lecturer, Greenblatt has taught at such institutions as the universities of Berlin, Florence, Kyoto, Oxford and Peking. He is a fellow of [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and has been president of the [[Modern Language Association]].
+===Family===
+Greenblatt has three children. He was married to Ellen Schmidt from 1969-96; they have two sons. In 1998 he married fellow literary critic Ramie Targoff; they have one son (Miller). One of his children has studied at [[Cornell University]], another at Yale (Ruder).
+===General Interest===
+Greenblatt shares many personal anecdotes in interviews and in his writing. Greenblatt has stated that as counsellor at a summer camp, he spent some time playing guitar and singing “mournful folk songs” with co-counsellor [[Art Garfunkel]], who talked about introducing him to [[Paul Simon]] to that they could sing together—Greenblatt declined in favour of college ("Greenblatt Named"). Greenblatt has also stated that while pursuing his [[PhD]] at Yale he "rushed out of a corner drugstore and knocked down an elderly man who turned out to be [[T.S. Eliot]]… he survived" ("Greenblatt Named"). Greenblatt also notes that he performed, "usually in grotesque situations and invariably drawing a somewhat mysterious laugh from the studio audience," with the group that would become [[Monty Python's Flying Circus]] troupe ("Greenblatt Named").
+==Works==
+[[image: 6484553.gif|thumb|75px|''Marvelous Possessions'']]
+“I've been at this for 40 years. And, as an academic, I've been content with relatively small audiences, with the thought that the audience I long for will find its way eventually to what I have written, provided that what I have written is good enough.” ("Meet the Writers")
+Greenblatt has written extensively on [[Shakespeare]], the [[Renaissance]], [[culture]] and [[new historicism]] (which he often refers to as "cultural poetics"). Much of his work has been “part of a collective project,” such as his work as co-editor of the Berkeley-based literary-cultural journal ''Representations'' (founded in 1983), as editor of collections such as the ''Norton Anthology'' and as co-author of books such as ''Practicing New Historicism'' (2000), which he wrote with Catherine Gallagher (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 1).Greenblatt has also written on such subjects as travelling in [[Laos]] and [[China]], [[story-telling]] and [[miracles]].
+===New historicism===
+[[image:9340113.gif|thumb|75px|''Practicing New Historicism'']]
+Greenblatt is noted in the ''Harvard Gazette'' as stating, “my deep, ongoing interest is in the relation between literature and history, the process through which certain remarkable works of art are at once embedded in a highly specific life-world and seem to pull free of that life-world. I am constantly struck by the strangeness of reading works that seem addressed, personally and intimately, to me, and yet were written by people who crumbled to dust long ago" (“Greenblatt Named”).
+Greenblatt first used the term “new historicism” in his 1982 introduction to ''The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance'' wherein he uses [[Queen Elizabeth]]’s “bitter reaction to the revival of Shakespeare’s ''[[Richard II]]'' on the eve of the Essex rebellion to illustrate the “mutual permeability of the literary and the historical” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 1-2). Some critics have charged that new historicism is “antithetical to literary and [[aesthetic]] value, that it reduces the historical to the literary or the literary to the historical, that it denies human agency and creativity, that it is somehow out to subvert the politics of cultural and critical theory [and] that it is anti-theoretical” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 1). Others praise [[new historicism]] as “a collection of practices” employed by critics to gain a more comprehensive understanding of [[literature]] by considering it in historical context while treating [[history]] itself as “historically contingent on the present in which [it is] constructed” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 3) and as “[impacting] every traditional [[period]] of [[English]] literary history” (Cadzow).
+Greenblatt has been influenced by such thinkers as [[Michel Foucault]] (''The Order of Things'') and [[Clifford Geertz]] (''Interpretaion of Cultures'') (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 4). Greenblatt’s ''Renaissance Self-Fashioning'' and his Introduction to ''The [[Norton]] Shakespeare'' are regarded as good illustrations of the practices of new historicism (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 3). His works on new historicism and “cultural poetics” include ''Practicing New Historicism'' (2000) (written with Catherine Gallagher), in which Greenblatt discusses how “the anecdote… appears as the ‘touch of the real’” and "Towards a Poetics of Culture" (1987), in which Greenblatt addresses how the questions of “how art and society are interrelated,” posed by [[Jean-François Lyotard]] and [[Frederic Jameson]], “cannot be answered by appealing to a single theoretical stance” (Cadzow).
-Greenblatt has taught at the [[University of California at Berkeley]] and [[Harvard University]].  He became a full professor at Berkeley in 1980. He is a founding editor of the scholarly journal ''[[Representations]]'' and has served as president of the [[Modern Language Association]] (MLA).
+===Renaissance and Shakespeare studies===
-His area of specialty is the early modern period. He has written extensively on William Shakespeare and is the general editor of ''The Norton Shakespeare'', a widely used college textbook.
+[[Image:10088560.gif|thumb|75px|''Will in the World'']]
+Greenblatt’s new historicism opposes the ways in which [[new criticism]] “[consigns] texts to an autonomous aesthetic realm that [dissociates] Renaissance writing from other forms of cultural production” and the historicist notion that Renaissance [[texts]] “[mirror]… a coherent world-view that was held by a whole population,” asserting instead “that critics who wished to understand [[sixteenth-century|sixteenth-]] and [[seventeenth-century]] writing must delineate the ways the texts they studied were linked to the network of [[institutions]], practices, and beliefs that constituted Renaissance culture in its entirety” (Cadzow). Greenblatt’s work in Renaissance studies include ''Renaissance Self-Fashioning'', which is said to have “had a transformative impact on Renaissance studies” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 3).
+===Norton Anthology of English Literature===
+[[image: vol1.gif|thumb|75px|''Norton Anthology'']]
+For its eighth edition, Greenblatt replaced M.H. Abrams as general editor of the ''Norton Anthology'' (2005), “the world's most widely used anthology of English literature” (Gewertz). Abrams was general editor from the first edition (1962) to the seventh (2000). Greenblatt is also co-editor of the anthology's section devoted to Renaissance studies (Gewertz). ''The Harvard University Gazette'' quotes Greenblatt at stating, “as Abrams said in the [[introduction]] to the first edition, the literary tradition is always on the move, it's constantly changing. That doesn't mean that the old gets chucked out, but the [[canon]] has to be reshaped.” Greenblatt is also general editor of ''The Norton Shakespeare'', “currently his most influential piece of public pedagogy” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'' 3).
 ==Honours==
-*Fulbright scholarship (1964-66)
+*[[Fulbright scholarship]] (1964-66)
-*Guggenheim fellowship (1975)
+*[[Guggenheim fellowship]] (1975)
 *University of Peking, visiting professorship (1982)
+*Distinguished Teaching Award (University of California at Berkeley) (1983)
+*James Russell Lowell Prize of the [[Modern Language Association]] (''Shakespearean Negotiations'') (1989)
+*Mellon Distinguished Humanist Award (2002)
+*Erasmus Institute Prize (2002)
+*Fellow, [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
 ==Major works==
-[[Image:10088560.gif|frame|right|Greenblatt's Book ''Will in the World'']]
 *''Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare'' (1984)
 *''Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England'' (1989)
@@ Line 25: / Line 55: @@
 *''Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare'' (2004)
 *''The Greenblatt Reader'' (2005)
+==Quotations==
+[[Neil L. Rudenstine]], President of Harvard University (1991-2001):
+“No one has done more than Stephen Greenblatt to shape the direction of scholarship and criticism in literature over the past quarter-century.” (“Greenblatt Named”)
+[[Homi K. Bhabha]], Harvard University:
+“As a founder of the New Historicism, Stephen Greenblatt has done more than establish a critical school; he has invented a habit of mind for literary criticism, which is indispensable to the temperament of our times, and crucial to the cultural of the past.” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'')
+[[Stephen Orgel]], [[Stanford University]]:
+“For three decades Stephen Greenblatt has been the most articulate, thoughtful, and daring voice in early modern studies. The breadth of his reading is vast, the connections he makes are unexpected and often revelatory, and his writing is, quite simply, brilliant. Most of all, his willingness to take chances has made him an exciting and uniquely provocative critic.” (Greenblatt, ''Greenblatt Reader'')
+[[Lisa Jardine]], Queen Mary, [[University of London]]:
+"I was putting together some lectures in the early 80s and I suggested Greenblatt to the faculty. No one had heard of him. But when he and I arrived at the lecture room we were greeted by a grumpy porter who complained that the event was a fire hazard. The audience was hanging from the rafters. That was Stephen Greenblatt. The faculty hadn't heard of him, but the students were in there." (Miller)
+Stephen Greenblatt’s account of his response to being told about several American job advertisements directed at experts in new historicism:
+"I said, 'You've got to be kidding. You know it was just something we made up!' I began to see there were institutional consequences to what seemed like a not particularly deeply thought-out term." (Miller)
 ==See also==
@@ Line 31: / Line 78: @@
 ==References==
+Cadzow, Hunter, Alison Conway and Bryce Traister. “New Historicism.” ''John Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism'' 2005.  Feb. 2006 <http://litguide.press.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/view.cgi?eid=194&query=greenblatt#top>.
-Gewertz, Ken. “Greenblatt Edits 'Norton Anthology.'” ''Harvard University Gazette'' 2 Feb. 2006. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/02.02/05-anth.html>.
+Gewertz, Ken. “Greenblatt Edits ''Norton Anthology''.” ''Harvard University Gazette'' 2 Feb. 2006. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/02.02/05-anth.html>.
 “Greenblatt Named University Professor of the Humanities.” ''Harvard University Gazette'' 21 Sept. 2000. 2 Feb. 2006 <http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/09.21/greenblatt.html>.
-Greenblatt, Stephen. Interview. 2004. Barnes and Noble. “Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2004. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369#interview>.
+Greenblatt, Stephen. Interview. Barnes and Noble. “Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2004. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369#interview>.
 Greenblatt, Stephen J.. ''The Greenblatt Reader''. Ed. Michael Payne. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. ISBN 1-4051-1566-1
@@ Line 46: / Line 95: @@
 ---. ''Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England''. Los Angeles: U of California P, 1988. ISBN 0-520-06160-8
 Leitch, Vincent, ed. ''The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism''. New York: Norton, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97429-4
 “Meet the Writers: Stephen Greenblatt.” 2006. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writer.asp?userid=AG6YcY2DW0&cid=1305369>.
+Miller, Lucasta. “The Human Factor.” ''The Guardian'' 26 Feb. 2005. 8 Feb. 2006
+<The Guardian http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,1424576,00.html>.
 Pieters, Jürgen, ed. ''Critical Self-Fashioning: Stephen Greenblatt and the New Historicism''. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1999. ISBN 3-631-34116-4
@@ Line 56: / Line 109: @@
 Rivkin, Julie and Michael Ryan, eds. ''Literary Theory: An Anthology''. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1-4051-0696-4
+Ruder, Debra Bradley. “Renaissance Literature Scholar to Join FAS.” ''Harvard University Gazette'' 6 Feb. 1997. 8 Feb. 2006 < http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/02.06/RenaissanceLite.html>.
 “Stephen_Greenblatt.” Photo. 2005. 07 Feb. 2006 <http://www.brattleboroliteraryfestival.org/authors.html>
+==External Links==
+*http://litguide.press.jhu.edu/index.html
+*http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/
+*http://www.wwnorton.com/nael/