Suanpan
The suanpan (simplified Chinese: 算盘; traditional Chinese: 算盤; pinyin: suànpán) is an abacus of Chinese origin first described in a 190 CE book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures written by Xu Yue. However, the exact design of this suanpan is not known.[1] Usually, a suanpan is about 20 cm tall and it comes in various widths depending on the application. It usually has more than seven rods. There are two beads on each rod in the upper deck and five beads on each rod in the bottom deck. This configuration is used for both decimal and hexadecimal computation. The beads are usually rounded and made of a hardwood. The beads are counted by moving them up or down towards the beam. The suanpan can be reset to the starting position instantly by a quick jerk along the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam at the center.
Suanpans can be used for functions other than counting. Unlike the simple counting board used in elementary schools, very efficient suanpan techniques have been developed to do multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cube root operations at high speed.
The modern suanpan has 4+1 beads, colored beads to indicate position and a clear-all button. When the clear-all button is pressed, two mechanical levers push the top row beads to the top position and the bottom row beads to the bottom position, thus clearing all numbers to zero. This replaces clearing the beads by hand, or quickly rotating the suanpan around its horizontal center line to clear the beads by centrifugal force.
History
The famous long scroll Along the River During Qing Ming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) might contain a suanpan beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary). However, the identification of the object as an abacus is a matter of some debate.[2]
5+1 suanpan appeared in Ming dynasty, an illustration in a 1573 book on suanpan showed a suanpan with one beads on top and five at bottom.
The similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one could have inspired the other, as there is some evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China. However, no direct connection can be demonstrated, and the similarity of the abaci may be coincidental, both ultimately arising from counting with five fingers per hand. Where the Roman model and Chinese model (like most modern Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the old version of the Chinese suanpan has 5 plus 2, allowing less challenging arithmetic algorithms, and also allowing use with a hexadecimal numeral system. Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.
Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a place value decimal system with empty spot as zero .
Beads
There are two types of beads on the suanpan, those in the lower deck, below the separator beam, and those in the upper deck above it. The ones in the lower deck are sometimes called earth beads or water beads, and carry a value of 1 in their column. The ones in the upper deck are sometimes called heaven beads and carry a value of 5 in their column. The columns are much like the places in Arabic numerals: one of the columns, usually the rightmost, represents the ones place; to the left of it are the tens, hundreds, thousands place, and so on, and if there are any columns to the right of it, they are the tenths place, hundredths place, and so on.
The suanpan is a 2:5 abacus: two heaven beads and five earth beads. If one compares the suanpan to the soroban which is a 1:4 abacus, one might think there are two "extra" beads in each column. In fact, to represent decimal numbers and add or subtract such numbers, one strictly needs only one upper bead and four lower beads on each column. So these extra beads might be used to represent hexadecimal numbers on the suanpan and add or subtract them. Also, some "old" methods to multiply or divide decimal numbers use those extra beads like the "Extra Bead technique" or "Suspended Bead technique".[3]
At the end of a decimal calculation on a suanpan, it is never the case that all five beads in the lower deck are moved up; in this case, the five beads are pushed back down and one carry bead in the top deck takes their place. Similarly, if two beads in the top deck are pushed down, they are pushed back up, and one carry bead in the lower deck of the next column to the left is moved up. In hexadecimal calculation, all seven beads on each column are used. The result of the computation is read off from the beads clustered near the separator beam between the upper and lower deck.
There exist different methods to perform division on the suanpan. Some of them require the use of the so-called "Chinese division table".[4]
| Chinese Division Table | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 1 |
二 2 |
三 3 |
四 4 |
五 5 |
六 6 |
七 7 |
八 8 |
九 9 | |
| 一 1 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | |||||||
| 二 2 |
添作五 replace by 5 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | ||||||
| 三 3 |
三十一 31 |
六十二 62 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | |||||
| 四 4 |
二十二 22 |
添作五 replace by 5 |
七十二 72 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | ||||
| 五 5 |
添作二 replace by 2 |
添作四 replace by 4 |
添作六 replace by 6 |
添作八 replace by 8 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | |||
| 六 6 |
下加四 below add 4 |
三十二 32 |
添作五 replace by 5 |
六十四 64 |
八十二 82 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | ||
| 七 7 |
下加三 below add 3 |
下加六 below add 6 |
四十二 42 |
五十五 55 |
七十一 71 |
八十四 84 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats | |
| 八 8 |
下加二 below add 2 |
下加四 below add 4 |
下加六 below add 6 |
添作五 replace by 5 |
六十二 62 |
七十四 74 |
八十六 86 |
进一 advance 1 |
Cycle repeats |
| 九 9 |
下加一 below add 1 |
下加二 below add 2 |
下加三 below add 3 |
下加四 below add 4 |
下加五 below add 5 |
下加六 below add 6 |
下加七 below add 7 |
下加八 below add 8 |
进一 advance 1 |
The two most extreme beads, the bottommost earth bead and the topmost heaven bead, are usually not used in addition and subtraction. They are essential (compulsory) in some of the multiplication methods (two of three methods require them) and division method (special division table, Qiuchu 九歸 , one amongst three methods). When the intermediate result (in multiplication and division) is larger than 15 (fifteen), the lowest of the upper beads is moved halfway to represent ten (xuanchu, suspended). Thus the same rod can represent up to 19 (compulsory as intermediate steps in tradition suanpan multiplication and division).
The mnemonics/readings of the Chinese division method [Qiuchu] has its origin in the use of bamboo sticks [Chousuan], which is one of the reasons that many believe the evolution of suanpan is independent of the Roman abacus.
This Chinese division method (i.e. with division table) was not in use when the Japanese changed their abacus to one upper bead and four lower beads in about the 1920s.
The beads and rods are often lubricated to ensure quick, smooth motion.
Decimal system
This device works as a bi-quinary based number system in which carries and shifting are similar to the decimal number system. Since each rod represents a digit in a decimal number, the computation capacity of the suanpan is only limited by the number of rods on the suanpan. When a mathematician runs out of rods, another suanpan can be added to the left of the first. In theory, the suanpan can be expanded indefinitely in this way.
Hexadecimal system
Traditional Chinese weighing units was a hexadecimal system. One jin (斤) equals sixteen liang (兩). Suanpans were commonly used in market places to perform calculations with these hexadecimal units. When all the beads in the suanpan are used, each column can be used to represent numbers between 0 and 15 (0 and F in modern hexadecimal notation). Computation in decimal and hexadecimal is quite similar except one extra bead from both the upper and lower deck are used.[citation needed]
Decline in modern usage
Suanpan arithmetic was still being taught in school in Hong Kong as recently as the late 1960s, and in Republic of China into the 1990s. However, when hand held calculators became readily available, school children's willingness to learn the use of the suanpan decreased dramatically. In the early days of hand held calculators, news of suanpan operators beating electronic calculators in arithmetic competitions in both speed and accuracy often appeared in the media. Early electronic calculators could only handle 8 to 10 significant digits, whereas suanpans can be built to virtually limitless precision. But when the functionality of calculators improved beyond simple arithmetic operations, most people realized that the suanpan could never compute higher functions – such as those in trigonometry – faster than a calculator. Nowadays, as calculators have become more affordable, suanpans are not commonly used in Hong Kong or Taiwan, but many parents still send their children to private tutors or school- and government- sponsored after school activities to learn bead arithmetic as a learning aid and a stepping stone to faster and more accurate mental arithmetic, or as a matter of cultural preservation. Speed competitions are still held. Suanpans are still being used elsewhere in China and in Japan, as well as in some few places in Canada and the United States.
In mainland China, formerly accountants and financial personnel had to pass certain graded examinations in bead arithmetic before they were qualified. Starting from about 2002 or 2004, this requirement has been entirely replaced by computer accounting.
Miscellanea
- The suanpan is closely tied to the Chinese "huāmǎ" numbering system.
- Many Taoist temples in China and Taiwan hang large suanpans to remind followers against being scheming since the calculation of Man never beats that of Heaven. [citation needed]
Notes
- ^ Peng Yoke Ho, page 71
- ^ Martzloff, p. 216
- ^ http://webhome.idirect.com/~totton/suanpan/
- ^ http://webhome.idirect.com/~totton/suanpan/sh_div/
See also
References
- Peng Yoke Ho (2000). Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486414450.
- Martzloff (2006). A History of Chinese Mathematics. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3540337822.
External links
- Suanpan Tutor - See the steps in addition and subtraction
- A Traditional Suan Pan Technique for Multiplication