Talk:Islamophobia in the United States

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dmazero.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 20 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): LaurenLevine731.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 September 2019 and 12 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Love sukhmani1.

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 11 January 2021 and 13 March 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): J.perales1121.

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Possible additions to Islamophobia in the United States

Potential Additions to this article

Hello, I'm currently in a class studying various inequalities and discrimination practices, and have been assigned the task of finding an article that I could add to or make potential suggestions. While I think you have some good topics already introduced, I definitely think some sections could be updated. For example, in the politics section I think it would be relevant to update Donald Trump's travel ban, as well as his proposal to make a Muslim registry for the united states. Likewise, in the section about traveling, I think the inclusion of more personal testimonies from various muslims in airports could give this section more depth and information as to what extent muslims face racial profiling in airports. And lastly, I think there could be more added to muslims in education section. You could possibly think about the statistics pertaining to where muslims apply to (southern universities, traditionally secular universities) and the potential reasons behind them. Lastly, the housing section could be expanded to include more about whether or not muslim communities are historically isolated from other communities (such as whites, Christians, law enforcement) and the discrepancies in socioeconomic resources (clean water, air etc.)

Dmazero (talk) 23:37, 14 September 2017 (UTC) Dmazero (talk)[reply]

Hi @Dmazero: thanks for your interest in this article. Realize that Wikipedia is edited and moderated by volunteer editors. The ideas above all seem fine, I'd recommend taking it in smaller pieces and remember that Wikipedia is built around consensus among the community. Things to keep in mind is the wikipedia policies on reliable sources. Also be bold, and if you are in doubt, refer to the guidelines in this page or take a look at some of the essays by experienced editors. Any other questions feel free to post on this page or you can post on my talk page. Good luck! Shaded0 (talk) 01:56, 15 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Hi again, so I have narrowed down my task to a few topics. Pending the approval of my professor, I was looking to focus on the sections dealing with discriminatory practices in travel and the institutionalization of anti-muslim sentiment in politics. Specifically, I'm looking to investigate the passing of the Patriot Act, Trump's Travel ban, and possibly the stereotyping that goes on airports.

Hello again, I have updated information as to the proposed sections I am prepared to revise for this article. I will be looking to contribute to the lead substantially. I want to add information about unpacking the concept of Islamophobia since experts are still not quite sure what it is exactly. So I believe the racial and religious implications deserve discussion to explain how they work together in this concept. I will also add to the education section, specifically focusing on how educational policies, behavior relating the muslim stigmatization has impacted muslim perceived youth's ability to obtain a quality educational experience. I will also edit the politics section, focusing pieces of legislation like the Patriot Act that have civil rights implications, and disproportionately target muslim perceived people. Lastly, I will edit the Airports section and discuss specific incidents and legislation related to the treatment of muslims while traveling. Please refer to my sandbox to the explanation of proposed edits.

Dmazero (talk) 01:28, 4 October 2017 (UTC)Dmazero(talk)[reply]

Dmazero (talk) 02:55, 20 September 2017 (UTC)Dmazero(talk)[reply]

The Lead

Hi, I am about to post substantial content to the lead section of this article. The content will be made available in my sandbox. Please take a look if you have the time and feel free to leave suggestions.

Dmazero (talk) 02:03, 12 October 2017 (UTC)Dmazero[reply]

More edits to come

Hi, I am commenting here to let the community know that I aim to continue expanding on various sections of this article, like I did last semester. I seek to further expand on the politics, media and organization sections. I realize that my work, specifically in the politics section, must be updated in light of Trump's administration in terms of the Muslim Travel Ban and immigration policies. I also would like to expand the education and employment sections as well.

Any and all suggestions are welcome.

Thank you Dmazero (talk) 01:59, 26 January 2018 (UTC) Dmazero[reply]

Bibliography of proposed sources for planned work on article

I plan on continuing to add content to the Islamophobia in the United States article. Specifically, I hope to contribute to the following sections: "In the Workplace and Hate Crimes". For the "In the Workplace section", I want to articulate the chronological evolution of discrimination, in the hopes of identifying causal mechanisms or conducive attitudes or environments and industries that make discrimination possible. In the "Hate Crimes section", I hope to build upon the existing statistics and case studies that describe existing hate crimes. Specifically, I would like to detail the sociological inducements that contribute to the activation of hate. This could include the racialization of Muslims, or the symbols of the Islamic faith that are worn by people. Lastly, I plan on adding a new section entitled "Muslim Women". This section would seek to describe western attitudes and generalizations about how the Islamic faith implicitly delegates women as a second class citizenry, depriving them of agency. The description of attitudes would also be accompanied by verses in the Qu'ran that may lead people to believe that this is the case.

Section: In the Workplace

i. Longo, Peter J. , and Joan M. Blauwkamp. "Workplace Religious Accommodation for Muslims and The Promise of State Constitutionalism ." Great Plains Research 21, no. 1 (2011): 3-15. Accessed February 5, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Muslim Discrimination .

This article examines whether or not the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 can protect religious minorities from harassment and accord more tolerance for religious customs than is currently practiced. It details several case studies in which religious accommodations may be sought via state government venues, in light of the failures of federal legislation.

ii. Kaushal, Neeraj, Robert Kaestner, and Cordelia Reimers. "Labor Market Effects of September 11th on Arab and Muslim Residents of the United States ." The Journal of Human Resources 42, no. 2 (2007): 275-308. Accessed February 06, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Religion in the Workplace.

This article seeks to study whether or not the 9/11 terrorist attacks had any tangible effects on employment, earnings, and residential mobility of first and second generation Arab and Muslim men in the U.S.

iii. Ghumman, Sonia, Ann Marie Ryan, Lizabeth A. Barclay, and Karen. S. Markel. "Religious Discrimination in the Workplace: A Review and Examination of Current and Future Trends ." Journal of Business and Psychology 28, no. 4 (2013): 439-54. Accessed February 06, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Religion in the Workplace.

This is a literature review that researches psychology and business studies on religious discrimination. Within this research, the authors find four trends that contribute to religious discrimination in the workplace: legal ambiguities, increased religious diversity in the American workforce, increasing expression of religious beliefs, and the unique nature of religion. It calls for better education among employers to recognize and combat religious discrimination.

iv. Estreicher, Samuel , and Michael T. Gray. "Religion and the U.S. Workplace." Human Rights 33, no. 3 (2006): 17-20. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Religion in the Workplace.

This article articulates and analyzes the challenges confronting employers who must both prevent religion- based discrimination and accommodate workers' religious beliefs. Additionally, the authors describe the dearth of assistance provided by Title VII in offering workable ground rules.

Section: Muslim Women

i. Choo, Kristin. "Walking the Tightrope: Muslim women who practice law are asserting themselves in efforts to reconcile traditional beliefs with modern secular society." ABA Journal 99, no. 2 (February 07, 2018): 38-45. Accessed February 7, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Women in Islam .

A legal commentary on how the western perspective assumes that various Islamic law, like Sharia, limit women's agency by restricting their opportunities in various middle eastern and other countries. However, from a different perspective, scholars, many of which are women, argue that Islam not only allows but demands that women be active participants in society.

ii. Ghazal Read, Jen'Nan, and John P. Bartkowski. "To Veil or Not to Veil? A Case Study of Identity Negotiation among Muslim Women in Austin, Texas." Gender and Society 14, no. 3 (2000): 395-417. Accessed February 6, 2018. Women in Islam

This article describes the different meanings and debate about the purpose of the veil in Islam. Some of the meanings differ with respect to Muslim religious elites and Islamic feminists. It also describes how disputes over veiling, antiveiling, and feminism restructure existing or reproduce new gender identities.

iii. McCloud, Aminah B. . "American Muslim Women and U.S. Society ." Journal of Law and Religion 12, no. 1 (February 07, 2018): 51-59. Accessed February 7, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Women in Islam .

This article talks about specific verses in the Qur'an that specify a strict dress code that enforces modesty and distinction. In contemporary United States, this type of forced modesty is viewed as a violation of individuality, agency, and subjugation. This article deconstructs the implicit issues of viewing Muslim women without agency just because they're dressed this way.

iv. Moore, Kathleen M. "Visible through the Veil: The Regulation of Islam in American Law." Sociology of Religion 68, no. 3 (2007): 237-51. Accessed February 7, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

This article examines the Muslim headscarf in light of religious discrimination debates in U.S. public institutions. It details how there are Christian undertones in many public institutions, implying that Christian dominance may encourage intolerance for Islam in public spaces with first amendment protection. It seeks to answer questions about separation of church and state and role of advocacy groups in promoting positions that have influence on how headscarfs are socially constructed.

Section: Hate Crimes

i. Ahmad, Muneer I. "A Rage Shared by Law: Post -September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion." California Law Review 92, no. 5 (2004): 1259-330. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

This section of the California Law Review denotes the legal framework that surrounds the increase in violence against Arabs, Muslims, and South Asians. These violent crimes range from murders, assaults, vandalism, verbal harassment etc. It also deals with the sweeping legislation passed in response to the perceived imminent danger post- 9/11 attacks.

ii. Disha , Ilir , James C. Cavendish, and Ryan D. King. "Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crimes against Arabs and Muslims in Post - 9/11 America." Social Problems 58, no. 1 (2011): 21-46. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

This article contains research that investigation variation in hate crime against Arabs and Muslims across U.S. counties. They try and answer several questions dealing with sentiments towards Arabs and Muslims prior to 9/11 attacks. Additionally, they want to understand the sociological factors that make Arabs and Muslims more at risk for attacks. Then, they seek to compare condition pre and post 9/11 attacks that made hate crimes likely among Arab and Muslim populations.

iii. Seecharran, Annetta. ""Just Don't Act Muslim": Reflections from a Queens- based Community Organizers ." Race/ Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 4, no. 3 (2011): 399-403. Accessed February 6, 2018. JSTOR. Keyword: Hate Crimes.

In this article, the author documents the way a Queens- based organization expanded its agenda and programs to provides mental counseling, legal services, and education among the South Asian community.

Dmazero (talk) 23:34, 13 February 2018 (UTC)Dmazero[reply]

Rationale for Future Edits

I believe it is imperative to details the sociological factors that promote an environment that is conducive to Islamophobia. In regards to Hate Crimes especially, there have been many theories arising about the raciaization of Arab men and women being implicitly associated with Islam. Diving further into this perceived correlation might explain why Arab individuals are more likely to be perceived as Muslim, and thus suffer further religious discrimination even if they're not Muslim. Likewise, it seems imperative to explore the rights in which individuals have in regards to religious freedom and its place in the workplace, and whether or not these rights are being abused by employers. Furthermore, it will be helpful to get a better understanding as to whether or not employers believe they have a responsibility to uphold an environment that allows for religious expression. Lastly, the addition of the Muslim Women section will better shed light on the implicit association that Muslim women are subjugated by their religion. The investigation of varying sects of Islam will allow a more expansive and nuanced picture as to what particular sect deems is appropriate treatment for women in society. Dmazero (talk) 22:58, 23 February 2018 (UTC)Dmazero[reply]

Comments from Peer Review

Hi Dmazero! Thanks for all your hard work on the Islamophobia in the United States page. You've added a lot of important and necessary information, especially in respect to the "Women in Islam" section. The care you take to make sure your work accurately and neutrally reflects the debate happening concerning women and their position in Islam is admirable. However, I do think there are some readability issues in that section-the vocabulary you use, while intelligent, makes the information hard to read and understand quickly. Best of luck as you continue editing! --Owlettes (talk) 23:51, 5 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Hate groups

@Dmazero: is there a reason for deletion of the content on hate groups? Was this duplicative of other info on the page, poor quality, or some other rationale? Shaded0 (talk) 13:26, 22 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]

@Shaded0: hey! so this section only had one sentence. And I was going to bring back the section later on. I'm going to reorganize some of the information from the contributors/ organizations section and move it to the Hate groups section. I just didn't think it would be appropriate to have such an undeveloped section. I will add it back very soon. Also there was only one citation in this section. So I didn't really see the harm. But I apologize for not providing better rationale for it in the first place. Dmazero (talk) 14:47, 22 March 2018 (UTC)Dmazero[reply]

Sure, no worries! Shaded0 (talk) 15:05, 22 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Edits

Hi. Thank you so much for all the work that has been done on this article. As I was reading through this article, I noticed that some sections need more news references. I have edited the "In sport" section, "In airports" section, and "Religious harassment" section. I have added a news article to each of those sections. Feel free to read over the changes that I've made. Any suggestions are welcome.

Love sukhmani1 (talk) 22:35, 10 November 2019 (UTC)Love sukhmani1[reply]

Should the sharia law billboard be on this page?

Sharia law is a completely different concept to Islam, they are closely linked, but are not the same. I do not think it is right to include such a thing on this page, as sharia law is merging of state and religion in islamic countries, not islamism itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.121.173.154 (talk) 22:07, 11 May 2022 (UTC)[reply]