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{{Voice type}} |
{{Voice type}} |
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'''Tenor''' is a type of [[classical music|classical]] male [[singing]] [[human voice|voice]] whose [[vocal range]] is one of the highest of the male [[voice type]]s. The tenor's vocal range (in choral music) lies between [[Scientific pitch notation|C<sub>3</sub>]], the C one [[octave]] below [[middle C]], and A<sub>4</sub>, the A above middle C. In solo work, this range extends up to C<sub>5</sub>, or "tenor high C". The low extreme for tenors is roughly A{{music|flat}}<sub>2</sub> (two A{{music|flat}}s below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to two Fs above middle C (F<sub>5</sub>).<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book |
'''Tenor''' is a type of [[classical music|classical]] male [[singing]] [[human voice|voice]] whose [[vocal range]] is one of the highest of the male [[voice type]]s. The tenor's vocal range (in choral music) lies between [[Scientific pitch notation|C<sub>3</sub>]], the C one [[octave]] below [[middle C]], and A<sub>4</sub>, the A above middle C. In solo work, this range extends up to C<sub>5</sub>, or "tenor high C". The low extreme for tenors is roughly A{{music|flat}}<sub>2</sub> (two A{{music|flat}}s below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to two Fs above middle C (F<sub>5</sub>).<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book |title= The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults |last= McKinney |first= James |year= 1994 | location = | publisher= Genovex Music Group |isbn= 9781565939400 | url = | access-date = }}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
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|title= The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults |
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|last= McKinney |first= James |
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|year= 1994 |publisher= Genovex Music Group |isbn= 978-1-56593-940-0}}</ref> |
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The tenor voice type is generally divided into the ''leggero'' tenor, lyric tenor, [[spinto]] tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor. |
The tenor voice type is generally divided into the ''leggero'' tenor, lyric tenor, [[spinto]] tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The name "tenor" derives from the [[Latin]] word ''[[wikt:teneo#Latin|tenere]]'', which means "to hold". In [[Middle Ages|medieval]] and [[Renaissance]] [[polyphony]] between about 1250 and 1500,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} the tenor was the structurally fundamental (or 'holding') voice, vocal or instrumental. All other voices were normally calculated in relation to the tenor, which often proceeded in longer note values and carried a borrowed [[Cantus firmus]] melody. Until the late 16th century introduction of the [[contratenor]] singers, the tenor was usually the highest voice, assuming the role of providing a foundation. It was also in the 18th century that "tenor" came to signify the male voice that sang such parts. Thus, for earlier repertoire, a line marked 'tenor' indicated the part's role, and not the required voice type. Indeed, even as late as the eighteenth century, partbooks labelled 'tenor' might contain parts for a range of voice types.<ref name=Stark>{{cite book |
The name "tenor" derives from the [[Latin]] word ''[[wikt:teneo#Latin|tenere]]'', which means "to hold". In [[Middle Ages|medieval]] and [[Renaissance]] [[polyphony]] between about 1250 and 1500,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} the tenor was the structurally fundamental (or 'holding') voice, vocal or instrumental. All other voices were normally calculated in relation to the tenor, which often proceeded in longer note values and carried a borrowed [[Cantus firmus]] melody. Until the late 16th century introduction of the [[contratenor]] singers, the tenor was usually the highest voice, assuming the role of providing a foundation. It was also in the 18th century that "tenor" came to signify the male voice that sang such parts. Thus, for earlier repertoire, a line marked 'tenor' indicated the part's role, and not the required voice type. Indeed, even as late as the eighteenth century, partbooks labelled 'tenor' might contain parts for a range of voice types.<ref name=Stark>{{cite book |title= Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy |last= Stark |first= James |year= 2003 | location = Toronto, CAN | |publisher= University of Toronto Press |isbn= 9780802086143 | url = | access-date = }}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
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|title= Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy |
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|last= Stark |
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|first= James |
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|year= 2003 |
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|publisher= University of Toronto Press |
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|isbn= 978-0-8020-8614-3}}</ref> |
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== Voice type == |
== Voice type == |
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{{Choral voice classification}} |
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[[File:Tenor voice range on keyboard.svg|thumb|400px|Tenor voice range (C3–C5) notated on the [[treble clef|treble]] [[staff (music)|staff]] (left) and on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C4). Note that the numeral eight below the treble clef indicates that the pitches sound an octave lower than written: see [[Clef#Octave clefs]]. This is the standard clef for tenor parts in scores.]] |
[[File:Tenor voice range on keyboard.svg|thumb|400px|Tenor voice range (C3–C5) notated on the [[treble clef|treble]] [[staff (music)|staff]] (left) and on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C4). Note that the numeral eight below the treble clef indicates that the pitches sound an octave lower than written: see [[Clef#Octave clefs]]. This is the standard clef for tenor parts in scores.]] |
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{| align=right |
{| align=right |
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|<score>{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef "treble_8" c4 c''4 }</score> |
|<score>{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef "treble_8" c4 c''4 }</score> |
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|} |
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The [[vocal range]] of the tenor is one of the highest of the male [[voice type]]s. Within [[opera]], the lowest note in the standard tenor repertoire is probably A{{music|flat}}<sub>2</sub> in Rossini's rarely performed ''[[La donna del lago]]'' in the role of Rodrigo di Dhu, written for [[Andrea Nozzari]]. Within more frequently performed repertoire, [[Der Ring des Nibelungen#List of characters|Mime]] and [[Salome (opera)|Herod]] both call for an A<sub>2</sub>. |
The [[vocal range]] of the tenor is one of the highest of the male [[voice type]]s. Within [[opera]], the lowest note in the standard tenor repertoire is probably{{weasel-inline}} A{{music|flat}}<sub>2</sub> in Rossini's rarely performed ''[[La donna del lago]]'' in the role of Rodrigo di Dhu, written for [[Andrea Nozzari]].{{OR}}{{cn}} Within more frequently performed repertoire, [[Der Ring des Nibelungen#List of characters|Mime]] and [[Salome (opera)|Herod]] both call for an A<sub>2</sub>.{{OR}}{{cn}} A few tenor roles in the standard repertoire call for a "tenor C" (C<sub>5</sub>, one octave above middle C).{{OR}}{{cn}} Some, if not all, of the few top Cs in the standard operatic repertoire are either optional—such as in "Che gelida manina" in Puccini's ''[[La bohème]]''{{cn}}—or interpolated (added) by tradition, such as in "Di quella pira" from Verdi's ''[[Il trovatore]]'');{{OR}}{{cn}} however, the highest demanded note in the standard tenor operatic repertoire is D<sub>5</sub>, found in "[[Mes amis, écoutez l'histoire]]"<ref>{{Allmusic|class=composition|id=mc0002375912|label=Adolphe Adam – ''Le postillon de lonjumeau''|first=Erik|last=Eriksson|accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref> from Adolph Adams' ''[[Le postillon de Lonjumeau]]'' and "{{lang|fr|Loin de son amie}}"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria-database.com/search.php?individualAria=1172|title=Aria Database - Results of Your Search|author=|date=|work=aria-database.com|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> from Fromental Halévy's ''[[La Juive]]'').{{OR}}{{primary source inline}} Some operatic roles for tenors require a darker timbre and fewer high notes.{{OR}}{{cn}} In the ''leggero'' repertoire, the highest note is F<sub>5</sub> (Arturo in "Credeasi, misera" from [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]'s ''[[I puritani]]''),<ref>{{cite web|author = IMSLP Staff [Guo, Edward W. et al.] | date = 2017 | title = Bellini - I puritani (vocal score) | format = PDF | location = Wilmington, DE | publisher = International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)/Petrucci Music Library (Project Petrucci LLC) | url=http://imslp.org/wiki/File:PMLP60620-Bellini_-_I_puritani_(vocal_score).pdf | work=IMSLP.org | access-date=16 April 2017}}{{primary source inline}} See p. 256, 254.{{OR}}</ref>{{primary source inline}}{{OR}}<!--THIS DOES NOT PROVIDE A SOURCE SAYING THAT THE HIGHEST NOTE IS F5, IT PRESENTS THE PLACE IN THE SCORE WHERE THE F5 APPEARS. IF IS THEREFORE WP:OR.--> therefore, very few tenors have this role in their repertoire without transposition (given the raising of [[concert pitch]] since its composition).<ref name=Boldrey>{{cite book |title= Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias |last= Boldrey |first= Richard |year= 1994 | location = | publisher= Caldwell Publishing Company |isbn= 9781877761645 | url = | access-date =}}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
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|title= Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias |
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|last= Boldrey |first= Richard |
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|year= 1994 |publisher= Caldwell Publishing Company |isbn= 978-1-877761-64-5}}</ref> |
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== Subcategories and roles in opera == |
== Subcategories and roles in opera == |
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{{refimprove section}} |
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Within the tenor voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: ''leggero'' tenor, lyric tenor, [[spinto]] tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, Mozart tenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor. There is considerable overlap between the various categories of role and of voice-type; some tenor singers have begun with lyric voices but have transformed with time into spinto or even dramatic tenors. |
Within the tenor voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: ''leggero'' tenor, lyric tenor, [[spinto]] tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, Mozart tenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor. There is considerable overlap between the various categories of role and of voice-type; some tenor singers have begun with lyric voices but have transformed with time into spinto or even dramatic tenors. |
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=== Leggero === |
=== Leggero === |
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Also known as the ''[[tenore di grazia]]'', the ''leggero'' tenor is essentially the male equivalent of a [[Coloratura soprano|lyric coloratura]]. This voice is light, agile, and capable of executing difficult passages of [[fioritura]]. The typical ''leggero'' tenor possesses a range spanning from approximately C<sub>3</sub> to E{{music|b}}<sub>5</sub>, with a few being able to sing up to F<sub>5</sub> or higher in [[Modal voice|full voice]]. In some cases, the chest register of the ''leggero'' tenor may extend below C<sub>3</sub>. Voices of this type are utilized frequently in the operas of [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]], [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]], [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]] and in music dating from the [[Baroque]] period. |
Also known as the ''[[tenore di grazia]]'', the ''leggero'' tenor is essentially the male equivalent of a [[Coloratura soprano|lyric coloratura]]. This voice is light, agile, and capable of executing difficult passages of [[fioritura]]. The typical ''leggero'' tenor possesses a range spanning from approximately C<sub>3</sub> to E{{music|b}}<sub>5</sub>, with a few being able to sing up to F<sub>5</sub> or higher in [[Modal voice|full voice]]. In some cases, the chest register of the ''leggero'' tenor may extend below C<sub>3</sub>. Voices of this type are utilized frequently in the operas of [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]], [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]], [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]] and in music dating from the [[Baroque]] period.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}. |
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''Leggero'' tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
''Leggero'' tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{column list|2| |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}} |
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* Arturo, ''[[I puritani]]'' ([[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]) |
* Arturo, ''[[I puritani]]'' ([[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]) |
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* Count Almaviva, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' (Rossini) |
* Count Almaviva, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' (Rossini) |
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* Don Ramiro, ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' (Rossini) |
* Don Ramiro, ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' (Rossini) |
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* Tonio, ''[[La fille du régiment]]'' (Donizetti) |
* Tonio, ''[[La fille du régiment]]'' (Donizetti) |
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}} |
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{{Div col end}} |
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=== {{anchor|Lyric tenor}} Lyric === |
=== {{anchor|Lyric tenor}} Lyric === |
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The lyric tenor is a warm graceful voice with a bright, full timbre that is strong but not heavy and can be heard over an orchestra. Lyric tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C<sub>3</sub>) to the D one octave above middle C (D<sub>5</sub>). Similarly, their lower range may extend a few notes below the C<sub>3</sub>. There are many vocal shades to the lyric tenor group, repertoire should be selected according to the weight, colors, and abilities of the voice. |
The lyric tenor is a warm graceful voice with a bright, full timbre that is strong but not heavy and can be heard over an orchestra. Lyric tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C<sub>3</sub>) to the D one octave above middle C (D<sub>5</sub>). Similarly, their lower range may extend a few notes below the C<sub>3</sub>. There are many vocal shades to the lyric tenor group, repertoire should be selected according to the weight, colors, and abilities of the voice. |
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Lyric tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
Lyric tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{column list|2| |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}} |
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* Alfredo, ''[[La traviata]]'' ([[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]) |
* Alfredo, ''[[La traviata]]'' ([[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]]) |
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* Chevalier, ''[[Dialogues of the Carmelites]]'' ([[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]]) |
* Chevalier, ''[[Dialogues of the Carmelites]]'' ([[Francis Poulenc|Poulenc]]) |
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* Hoffmann, ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann]]'' ([[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach]]) |
* Hoffmann, ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann]]'' ([[Jacques Offenbach|Offenbach]]) |
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* Lensky, ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]) |
* Lensky, ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]'' ([[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]) |
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* Martin, ''[[The Tender Land]]'' ([[Aaron Copland|Copland]])<ref>http://www.aria-database.com/ |
* Martin, ''[[The Tender Land]]'' ([[Aaron Copland|Copland]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria-database.com/search.php?sid=1a8242262fb7171ada3db8f148b84104&X=2&individualOpera=109|title=Aria Database - Results of Your Search|author=|date=|work=aria-database.com|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> |
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* Oronte, ''[[I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]'' (Verdi) |
* Oronte, ''[[I Lombardi alla prima crociata]]'' (Verdi) |
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* Paris, ''[[La belle Hélène]]'' (Offenbach) |
* Paris, ''[[La belle Hélène]]'' (Offenbach) |
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* Werther, ''[[Werther]]'' ([[Jules Massenet|Massenet]]) |
* Werther, ''[[Werther]]'' ([[Jules Massenet|Massenet]]) |
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* Wilhelm Meister, ''[[Mignon]]'' ([[Ambroise Thomas|Thomas]]) |
* Wilhelm Meister, ''[[Mignon]]'' ([[Ambroise Thomas|Thomas]]) |
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{{Div col end}} |
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{{anchor|Spinto}} |
{{anchor|Spinto}} |
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The spinto tenor has the brightness and height of a lyric tenor, but with a heavier vocal weight enabling the voice to be "pushed" to dramatic climaxes with less strain than the lighter-voice counterparts. Spinto tenors have a darker timbre than a lyric tenor, without having a vocal color as dark as many (not all) dramatic tenors. The German equivalent of the Spinto ''[[fach]]'' is the ''{{Lang|de|Jugendlicher Heldentenor}}'' and encompasses many of the Dramatic tenor roles as well as some Wagner roles such as Lohengrin and Stolzing. The difference is often the depth and metal in the voice where some lyric tenors age or push their way into singing as a Spinto giving them a lighter tone and a ''{{Lang|de|Jugendlicher Heldentenor}}'' tends to be either a young heldentenor or true lyric spinto. Spinto tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C<sub>3</sub>) to the C one octave above middle C (C<sub>5</sub>). |
The spinto tenor has the brightness and height of a lyric tenor, but with a heavier vocal weight enabling the voice to be "pushed" to dramatic climaxes with less strain than the lighter-voice counterparts. Spinto tenors have a darker timbre than a lyric tenor, without having a vocal color as dark as many (not all) dramatic tenors. The German equivalent of the Spinto ''[[fach]]'' is the ''{{Lang|de|Jugendlicher Heldentenor}}'' and encompasses many of the Dramatic tenor roles as well as some Wagner roles such as Lohengrin and Stolzing. The difference is often the depth and metal in the voice where some lyric tenors age or push their way into singing as a Spinto giving them a lighter tone and a ''{{Lang|de|Jugendlicher Heldentenor}}'' tends to be either a young heldentenor or true lyric spinto. Spinto tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C<sub>3</sub>) to the C one octave above middle C (C<sub>5</sub>). |
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Spinto tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
Spinto tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}} |
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* Andrea Chénier, ''[[Andrea Chénier]]'' ([[Umberto Giordano|Giordano]]) |
* Andrea Chénier, ''[[Andrea Chénier]]'' ([[Umberto Giordano|Giordano]]) |
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* Calaf, '' [[Turandot]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]) |
* Calaf, '' [[Turandot]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]) |
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* Gustavo, ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' (Verdi) |
* Gustavo, ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' (Verdi) |
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* Turiddu, ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]'' ([[Pietro Mascagni|Mascagni]]) |
* Turiddu, ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]'' ([[Pietro Mascagni|Mascagni]]) |
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=== {{anchor|Dramatic tenor}} Dramatic=== |
=== {{anchor|Dramatic tenor}} Dramatic=== |
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Also "tenore di forza" or "robusto", the dramatic tenor has an emotive, ringing and very powerful, clarion, heroic tenor sound. The dramatic tenor's approximate range is from the B one octave below middle C (B2) to the B one octave above middle C (B4) with some able to sing up to the C one octave above middle C (C5).<ref name=Boldrey /> Many successful dramatic tenors though have historically avoided the coveted high C in performance. Their lower range tends to extend into the baritone tessitura or, a few notes below the C3, even down to A♭2. Some dramatic tenors have a rich and dark tonal colour to their voice (such as the mature [[Enrico Caruso]]) while others (like [[Francesco Tamagno]]) possess a bright, steely timbre. |
Also "tenore di forza" or "robusto", the dramatic tenor has an emotive, ringing and very powerful, clarion, heroic tenor sound. The dramatic tenor's approximate range is from the B one octave below middle C (B2) to the B one octave above middle C (B4) with some able to sing up to the C one octave above middle C (C5).<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} Many successful dramatic tenors though have historically avoided the coveted high C in performance. Their lower range tends to extend into the baritone tessitura or, a few notes below the C3, even down to A♭2. Some dramatic tenors have a rich and dark tonal colour to their voice (such as the mature [[Enrico Caruso]]) while others (like [[Francesco Tamagno]]) possess a bright, steely timbre. |
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Dramatic tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
Dramatic tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{column list|2| |
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* Canio, ''[[Pagliacci]]'' ([[Ruggero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo]]) |
* Canio, ''[[Pagliacci]]'' ([[Ruggero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo]]) |
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* Dick Johnson, ''[[La fanciulla del West]]'' (Puccini) |
* Dick Johnson, ''[[La fanciulla del West]]'' (Puccini) |
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* Peter Grimes, ''[[Peter Grimes]]'' ([[Benjamin Britten|Britten]]) |
* Peter Grimes, ''[[Peter Grimes]]'' ([[Benjamin Britten|Britten]]) |
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* Samson, ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson et Dalila]]'' ([[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]]) |
* Samson, ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson et Dalila]]'' ([[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]]) |
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{{Div col end}} |
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=== Heldentenor === |
=== Heldentenor === |
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{{unreferenced section}} |
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The heldentenor (English: ''heroic tenor'') has a rich, dark, powerful and dramatic voice. As its name implies, the heldentenor vocal ''[[fach]]'' features in the German [[Romantische Oper|romantic operatic]] repertoire. The heldentenor is the German equivalent of the tenore drammatico, however with a more baritonal quality: the typical [[Richard Wagner|Wagnerian]] protagonist. The keystone of the heldentenor's repertoire is arguably Wagner's ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]'', an extremely demanding role requiring a wide vocal range and great power, plus tremendous stamina and acting ability. Often the heldentenor is a baritone who has transitioned to this ''fach'' or tenors who have been misidentified as baritones. Therefore, the heldentenor voice might or might not have facility up to high B or C. The repertoire, however, rarely calls for such high notes. |
The heldentenor (English: ''heroic tenor'') has a rich, dark, powerful and dramatic voice. As its name implies, the heldentenor vocal ''[[fach]]'' features in the German [[Romantische Oper|romantic operatic]] repertoire. The heldentenor is the German equivalent of the tenore drammatico, however with a more baritonal quality: the typical [[Richard Wagner|Wagnerian]] protagonist. The keystone of the heldentenor's repertoire is arguably Wagner's ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]'', an extremely demanding role requiring a wide vocal range and great power, plus tremendous stamina and acting ability. Often the heldentenor is a baritone who has transitioned to this ''fach'' or tenors who have been misidentified as baritones. Therefore, the heldentenor voice might or might not have facility up to high B or C. The repertoire, however, rarely calls for such high notes. |
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Heldentenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
Heldentenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{column list|2| |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}} |
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* Florestan, ''[[Fidelio]]'' ([[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]) |
* Florestan, ''[[Fidelio]]'' ([[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]) |
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* Tannhäuser, ''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]'' ([[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]) |
* Tannhäuser, ''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]'' ([[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]) |
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* The Stranger, ''[[Das Wunder der Heliane]]'' (Korngold) |
* The Stranger, ''[[Das Wunder der Heliane]]'' (Korngold) |
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* Mao Tse-Tung, ''[[Nixon in China]]'' (Adams) |
* Mao Tse-Tung, ''[[Nixon in China]]'' (Adams) |
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=== Mozart === |
=== Mozart === |
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The German Mozart tenor tradition goes back to end of the 1920s when Mozart tenors started making use of Caruso's technique (a tenor who rarely sang Mozart) to achieve and improve the required dynamics and dramatic expressiveness. |
The German Mozart tenor tradition goes back to end of the 1920s when Mozart tenors started making use of Caruso's technique (a tenor who rarely sang Mozart) to achieve and improve the required dynamics and dramatic expressiveness. |
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Mozart tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
Mozart tenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{column list|2| |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}} |
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* Spirit of Christianity, ''[[Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots]]'' |
* Spirit of Christianity, ''[[Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots]]'' |
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* Oebalus, ''[[Apollo et Hyacinthus]]'' |
* Oebalus, ''[[Apollo et Hyacinthus]]'' |
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* Tito, ''[[La clemenza di Tito]]'' |
* Tito, ''[[La clemenza di Tito]]'' |
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* Tamino, ''[[The Magic Flute]]'' |
* Tamino, ''[[The Magic Flute]]'' |
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}} |
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{{Div col end}} |
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=== Tenor buffo or spieltenor === |
=== Tenor buffo or spieltenor === |
||
A Tenor buffo or spieltenor is a tenor with good acting ability, and the ability to create distinct voices for his characters. This voice specializes in smaller comic roles. The range of the tenor buffo is from the C one octave below middle C (C<sub>3</sub>) to the C one octave above middle C (C<sub>5</sub>).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tenor |
A Tenor buffo or spieltenor is a tenor with good acting ability, and the ability to create distinct voices for his characters. This voice specializes in smaller comic roles. The range of the tenor buffo is from the C one octave below middle C (C<sub>3</sub>) to the C one octave above middle C (C<sub>5</sub>).<ref>{{cite web | author = Suverkrop, Bard Suverkrop & Draayer, Suzanne | date = 2017 | title=IPA Source Tenor | work = IAPSource.com | url=http://www.ipasource.com/tenor | access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref> The tessitura of these parts ranges from lower than other tenor roles to very high and broad. These parts are often played by younger tenors who have not yet reached their full vocal potential or older tenors who are beyond their prime singing years. Only rarely will a singer specialize in these roles for an entire career.<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} In French [[opéra comique]], supporting roles requiring a thin voice but good acting are sometimes described as 'trial', after the singer [[Antoine Trial]] (1737–1795), examples being in the operas of [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]] and in ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author = Cotte, R.J.V. | date = 1997 | chapter = Trial, French Family of Musicians | title = The New Grove Dictionary of Opera | location = London, New York | publisher = Macmillan | url = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/ | access-date = 16 April 2017 | subscription = yes}}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
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Tenor buffo or spieltenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey /> |
Tenor buffo or spieltenor roles in operas:<ref name=Boldrey />{{page needed}} |
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{{column list|2| |
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{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}} |
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* Count Danilo Danilovitsch, ''[[The Merry Widow]]'' ([[Franz Lehár|Lehár]]) |
* Count Danilo Danilovitsch, ''[[The Merry Widow]]'' ([[Franz Lehár|Lehár]]) |
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* Don Basilio, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]) |
* Don Basilio, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]) |
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| Line 190: | Line 194: | ||
* The Holy Fool, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' ([[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]) |
* The Holy Fool, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' ([[Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky]]) |
||
* Pasquale, ''[[Orlando paladino]]'' ([[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]) |
* Pasquale, ''[[Orlando paladino]]'' ([[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]) |
||
* Platon Kuzmich Kovalev,''[[The Nose (opera)|The Nose]]'' ([[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]]) |
* Platon Kuzmich Kovalev, ''[[The Nose (opera)|The Nose]]'' ([[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]]) |
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}} |
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{{Div col end}} |
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=== Gilbert and Sullivan and operetta === |
=== Gilbert and Sullivan and operetta === |
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| Line 204: | Line 208: | ||
== In choral music == |
== In choral music == |
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{{Self-contradictory|section|about=the range of tenors in choral music, where the contradiction is between the lede text and this section's text|date=April 2017}} |
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{{Choral voice classification}} |
{{Choral voice classification}} |
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In [[SATB|SATB four-part mixed]] chorus, the tenor is the second lowest vocal range, above the [[bass (voice type)|bass]] and below the [[alto]] and [[soprano]]. [[Men's chorus]] usually denotes an ensemble of [[TTBB]] in which the first tenor is the highest voice. While certain choral music does require the first tenors to ascend the full tenor range, the majority of choral music places the tenors in the range from approximately B<sub>2</sub> up to A<sub>4</sub>. The requirements of the tenor voice in choral music are also tied to the style of music most often performed by a given choir. Orchestra choruses require tenors with fully resonant voices, but chamber or [[a cappella]] choral music (sung with no instrumental accompaniment) can sometimes rely on light [[baritone]]s singing in [[falsetto]].<ref name=Smith>{{cite book |
In [[SATB|SATB four-part mixed]] chorus, the tenor is the second lowest vocal range, above the [[bass (voice type)|bass]] and below the [[alto]] and [[soprano]]. [[Men's chorus]] usually denotes an ensemble of [[TTBB]] in which the first tenor is the highest voice. While certain choral music does require the first tenors to ascend the full tenor range, the majority of choral music places the tenors in the range from approximately B<sub>2</sub> up to A<sub>4</sub>. The requirements of the tenor voice in choral music are also tied to the style of music most often performed by a given choir. Orchestra choruses require tenors with fully resonant voices, but chamber or [[a cappella]] choral music (sung with no instrumental accompaniment) can sometimes rely on light [[baritone]]s singing in [[falsetto]].<ref name=Smith>{{cite book |title= Choral Pedagogy |last= Smith |first= Brenda |year= 2005 | location = | publisher= Plural Publishing, Inc |isbn= 9781597560436 | url = | access-date =}}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
||
|title= Choral Pedagogy |
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|last= Smith |
|||
|first= Brenda |
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|year= 2005 |
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|publisher= Plural Publishing, Inc |
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|isbn= 978-1-59756-043-6}}</ref> |
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Even so, one nearly ubiquitous facet of choral singing is the shortage of tenor voices.<ref>{{cite web|author |
Even so, one nearly ubiquitous facet of choral singing is the shortage of tenor voices.<ref>{{cite web | author = Calleja, Joseph & Amon, Ruben [Maclean, Sergio (transl.)] | work = OperaActual.com | via = FriendsofJosephCalleja.com | url=http://friendsofjosephcalleja.com/files/Nobodys_heir-UK.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826055715/http://friendsofjosephcalleja.com:80/files/Nobodys_heir-UK.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2009-08-26 | title=Joseph Calleja: I Am Nobody's Heir | date=4 November 2004 | access-date=2 May 2013}} Interview mentions point made in sentence.</ref>{{better source}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pc5surLiwwC&pg=PA45|page=45|title=The Disciplines of Vocal Pedagogy|first=Karen|last=Sell| location = | publisher=[[Ashgate]]|year=2005|isbn=9780754651697|access-date=2 May 2013}}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} Most men tend to have baritone voices and for this reason the majority of men tend to prefer singing in the bass section of a choir (however, true basses are even rarer than tenors). Some men sing tenor even if they lack the full range, and sometimes low altos sing the tenor part.<ref name=Smith />{{page needed}} In men's choruses which comprise 4 male vocal parts TTBB (tenor 1, tenor 2, bass 1, bass 2), tenors will often sing both in chest tone and falsetto, extending the vocal range of the choir. |
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== Other uses == |
== Other uses == |
||
There are four parts in [[Barbershop music|Barbershop harmony]]: bass, baritone, lead, and tenor (lowest to highest), with "tenor" referring to the highest part. The tenor generally sings in falsetto voice, corresponding roughly to the [[countertenor]] in classical music, and harmonizes above the lead, who sings the melody. The barbershop tenor range is B{{music|flat}}-below-middle C (B{{music|flat}}<sub>3</sub>) to D-above-high C (D<sub>5</sub>), though it is written an octave lower. The "lead" in barbershop music is equivalent to the normal tenor range.<ref name=Averill>{{cite book |
There are four parts in [[Barbershop music|Barbershop harmony]]: bass, baritone, lead, and tenor (lowest to highest), with "tenor" referring to the highest part. The tenor generally sings in falsetto voice, corresponding roughly to the [[countertenor]] in classical music, and harmonizes above the lead, who sings the melody. The barbershop tenor range is B{{music|flat}}-below-middle C (B{{music|flat}}<sub>3</sub>) to D-above-high C (D<sub>5</sub>), though it is written an octave lower. The "lead" in barbershop music is equivalent to the normal tenor range.<ref name=Averill>{{cite book |title= Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony |last= Averill |first= Gage |year= 2003 | location = Oxford, ENG | publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780195116724}}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
||
|title= Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony |
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|last= Averill |
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|first= Gage |
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|year= 2003 |
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|publisher= Oxford University Press |
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|isbn= 978-0-19-511672-4}}</ref> |
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In [[bluegrass music]], the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called "high baritone."<ref name=Cantwell>{{cite book |
In [[bluegrass music]], the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called "high baritone."<ref name=Cantwell>{{cite book |title= Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound |last= Cantwell|first= Robert |year= 2002|location = Urbana, IL | publisher= University of Illinois Press|isbn= 9780252071171 | url = | access-date = }}{{page needed}}</ref>{{page needed}} |
||
|title= Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound |
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|last= Cantwell|first= Robert |
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|year= 2002|publisher= University of Illinois Press|isbn= 978-0-252-07117-1}}</ref> |
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Though strictly not musical, the Muslim call to prayer (''[[Adhan|azan]]'') is always chanted by tenors, possibly due to the highly placed resonance of the tenor voice which allows it to be heard from a longer distance than baritones or basses during pre-amplification times. Some such chanters (termed ''bilals'') may modulate up to E<sub>3</sub> in certain passages, while incorporating a distinctive Middle-Eastern coloratura run. |
Though strictly not musical, the Muslim call to prayer (''[[Adhan|azan]]'') is always chanted by tenors, possibly due to the highly placed resonance of the tenor voice which allows it to be heard from a longer distance than baritones or basses during pre-amplification times.{{Cn}} Some such chanters (termed ''bilals'') may modulate up to E<sub>3</sub> in certain passages, while incorporating a distinctive Middle-Eastern coloratura run.{{cn}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{colbegin|3}} |
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* [[:Category:Tenors|Category of tenors]] |
* [[:Category:Tenors|Category of tenors]] |
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* |
* [[Fach|Fach system for voice classification]] |
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* [[Voice classification in non-classical music]] |
* [[Voice classification in non-classical music]] |
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* [[List of tenors in non-classical music]] |
* [[List of tenors in non-classical music]] |
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{{colend}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{ |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* David Fallows, Owen Jander. "Tenor", ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', ed. L. Macy, grovemusic.com (subscription required) |
* David Fallows, Owen Jander. "Tenor", ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', ed. L. Macy, grovemusic.com (subscription required) |
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{{refend}} |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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Revision as of 23:54, 16 April 2017
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
| Voice type |
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| Female |
| Male |
Tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range is one of the highest of the male voice types. The tenor's vocal range (in choral music) lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, and A4, the A above middle C. In solo work, this range extends up to C5, or "tenor high C". The low extreme for tenors is roughly A♭2 (two A♭s below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to two Fs above middle C (F5).[1][page needed] The tenor voice type is generally divided into the leggero tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor.
History
The name "tenor" derives from the Latin word tenere, which means "to hold". In medieval and Renaissance polyphony between about 1250 and 1500,[citation needed] the tenor was the structurally fundamental (or 'holding') voice, vocal or instrumental. All other voices were normally calculated in relation to the tenor, which often proceeded in longer note values and carried a borrowed Cantus firmus melody. Until the late 16th century introduction of the contratenor singers, the tenor was usually the highest voice, assuming the role of providing a foundation. It was also in the 18th century that "tenor" came to signify the male voice that sang such parts. Thus, for earlier repertoire, a line marked 'tenor' indicated the part's role, and not the required voice type. Indeed, even as late as the eighteenth century, partbooks labelled 'tenor' might contain parts for a range of voice types.[2][page needed]
Voice type
| Voice classification in choral music |
|---|
| This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
 |
The vocal range of the tenor is one of the highest of the male voice types. Within opera, the lowest note in the standard tenor repertoire is probably[weasel words] A♭2 in Rossini's rarely performed La donna del lago in the role of Rodrigo di Dhu, written for Andrea Nozzari.[original research?][citation needed] Within more frequently performed repertoire, Mime and Herod both call for an A2.[original research?][citation needed] A few tenor roles in the standard repertoire call for a "tenor C" (C5, one octave above middle C).[original research?][citation needed] Some, if not all, of the few top Cs in the standard operatic repertoire are either optional—such as in "Che gelida manina" in Puccini's La bohème[citation needed]—or interpolated (added) by tradition, such as in "Di quella pira" from Verdi's Il trovatore);[original research?][citation needed] however, the highest demanded note in the standard tenor operatic repertoire is D5, found in "Mes amis, écoutez l'histoire"[3] from Adolph Adams' Le postillon de Lonjumeau and "Loin de son amie"[4] from Fromental Halévy's La Juive).[original research?][non-primary source needed] Some operatic roles for tenors require a darker timbre and fewer high notes.[original research?][citation needed] In the leggero repertoire, the highest note is F5 (Arturo in "Credeasi, misera" from Bellini's I puritani),[5][non-primary source needed][original research?] therefore, very few tenors have this role in their repertoire without transposition (given the raising of concert pitch since its composition).[6][page needed]
Subcategories and roles in opera
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. |
Within the tenor voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: leggero tenor, lyric tenor, spinto tenor, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, Mozart tenor, and tenor buffo or spieltenor. There is considerable overlap between the various categories of role and of voice-type; some tenor singers have begun with lyric voices but have transformed with time into spinto or even dramatic tenors.
Leggero
Also known as the tenore di grazia, the leggero tenor is essentially the male equivalent of a lyric coloratura. This voice is light, agile, and capable of executing difficult passages of fioritura. The typical leggero tenor possesses a range spanning from approximately C3 to E♭5, with a few being able to sing up to F5 or higher in full voice. In some cases, the chest register of the leggero tenor may extend below C3. Voices of this type are utilized frequently in the operas of Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini and in music dating from the Baroque period.[citation needed].
Leggero tenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Lyric
The lyric tenor is a warm graceful voice with a bright, full timbre that is strong but not heavy and can be heard over an orchestra. Lyric tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C3) to the D one octave above middle C (D5). Similarly, their lower range may extend a few notes below the C3. There are many vocal shades to the lyric tenor group, repertoire should be selected according to the weight, colors, and abilities of the voice.
Lyric tenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Spinto
The spinto tenor has the brightness and height of a lyric tenor, but with a heavier vocal weight enabling the voice to be "pushed" to dramatic climaxes with less strain than the lighter-voice counterparts. Spinto tenors have a darker timbre than a lyric tenor, without having a vocal color as dark as many (not all) dramatic tenors. The German equivalent of the Spinto fach is the Jugendlicher Heldentenor and encompasses many of the Dramatic tenor roles as well as some Wagner roles such as Lohengrin and Stolzing. The difference is often the depth and metal in the voice where some lyric tenors age or push their way into singing as a Spinto giving them a lighter tone and a Jugendlicher Heldentenor tends to be either a young heldentenor or true lyric spinto. Spinto tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C3) to the C one octave above middle C (C5).
Spinto tenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Dramatic
Also "tenore di forza" or "robusto", the dramatic tenor has an emotive, ringing and very powerful, clarion, heroic tenor sound. The dramatic tenor's approximate range is from the B one octave below middle C (B2) to the B one octave above middle C (B4) with some able to sing up to the C one octave above middle C (C5).[6][page needed] Many successful dramatic tenors though have historically avoided the coveted high C in performance. Their lower range tends to extend into the baritone tessitura or, a few notes below the C3, even down to A♭2. Some dramatic tenors have a rich and dark tonal colour to their voice (such as the mature Enrico Caruso) while others (like Francesco Tamagno) possess a bright, steely timbre.
Dramatic tenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Heldentenor
|
The heldentenor (English: heroic tenor) has a rich, dark, powerful and dramatic voice. As its name implies, the heldentenor vocal fach features in the German romantic operatic repertoire. The heldentenor is the German equivalent of the tenore drammatico, however with a more baritonal quality: the typical Wagnerian protagonist. The keystone of the heldentenor's repertoire is arguably Wagner's Siegfried, an extremely demanding role requiring a wide vocal range and great power, plus tremendous stamina and acting ability. Often the heldentenor is a baritone who has transitioned to this fach or tenors who have been misidentified as baritones. Therefore, the heldentenor voice might or might not have facility up to high B or C. The repertoire, however, rarely calls for such high notes.
Heldentenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Mozart
A Mozart tenor is yet another distinct tenor type. In Mozart singing, the most important element is the instrumental approach of the vocal sound which implies: flawless and slender emission of sound, perfect intonation, legato, diction and phrasing, capability to cope with the dynamic requirements of the score, beauty of timbre, secure line of singing through perfect support and absolute breath control, musical intelligence, body discipline, elegance, nobility, agility and, most importantly, ability for dramatic expressiveness within the narrow borders imposed by the strict Mozartian style.
The German Mozart tenor tradition goes back to end of the 1920s when Mozart tenors started making use of Caruso's technique (a tenor who rarely sang Mozart) to achieve and improve the required dynamics and dramatic expressiveness.
Mozart tenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Tenor buffo or spieltenor
A Tenor buffo or spieltenor is a tenor with good acting ability, and the ability to create distinct voices for his characters. This voice specializes in smaller comic roles. The range of the tenor buffo is from the C one octave below middle C (C3) to the C one octave above middle C (C5).[8] The tessitura of these parts ranges from lower than other tenor roles to very high and broad. These parts are often played by younger tenors who have not yet reached their full vocal potential or older tenors who are beyond their prime singing years. Only rarely will a singer specialize in these roles for an entire career.[6][page needed] In French opéra comique, supporting roles requiring a thin voice but good acting are sometimes described as 'trial', after the singer Antoine Trial (1737–1795), examples being in the operas of Ravel and in The Tales of Hoffmann.[9][page needed]
Tenor buffo or spieltenor roles in operas:[6][page needed]
Gilbert and Sullivan and operetta
All of Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas have at least one lead lyric tenor character. Notable operetta roles are:
- Candide, Candide (Bernstein)
- Eisenstein, Die Fledermaus (Johann Strauss II)
- Camille, Count de Rosillon, The Merry Widow (Lehár)
- Prince Karl, The Student Prince (Romberg)
- Captain Dick, Naughty Marietta (Herbert)
In choral music
 | This section appears to contradict itself on the range of tenors in choral music, where the contradiction is between the lede text and this section's text. (April 2017) |
| Voice classification in choral music |
|---|
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the tenor is the second lowest vocal range, above the bass and below the alto and soprano. Men's chorus usually denotes an ensemble of TTBB in which the first tenor is the highest voice. While certain choral music does require the first tenors to ascend the full tenor range, the majority of choral music places the tenors in the range from approximately B2 up to A4. The requirements of the tenor voice in choral music are also tied to the style of music most often performed by a given choir. Orchestra choruses require tenors with fully resonant voices, but chamber or a cappella choral music (sung with no instrumental accompaniment) can sometimes rely on light baritones singing in falsetto.[10][page needed]
Even so, one nearly ubiquitous facet of choral singing is the shortage of tenor voices.[11][better source needed][12][page needed] Most men tend to have baritone voices and for this reason the majority of men tend to prefer singing in the bass section of a choir (however, true basses are even rarer than tenors). Some men sing tenor even if they lack the full range, and sometimes low altos sing the tenor part.[10][page needed] In men's choruses which comprise 4 male vocal parts TTBB (tenor 1, tenor 2, bass 1, bass 2), tenors will often sing both in chest tone and falsetto, extending the vocal range of the choir.
Other uses
There are four parts in Barbershop harmony: bass, baritone, lead, and tenor (lowest to highest), with "tenor" referring to the highest part. The tenor generally sings in falsetto voice, corresponding roughly to the countertenor in classical music, and harmonizes above the lead, who sings the melody. The barbershop tenor range is B♭-below-middle C (B♭3) to D-above-high C (D5), though it is written an octave lower. The "lead" in barbershop music is equivalent to the normal tenor range.[13][page needed]
In bluegrass music, the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called "high baritone."[14][page needed]
Though strictly not musical, the Muslim call to prayer (azan) is always chanted by tenors, possibly due to the highly placed resonance of the tenor voice which allows it to be heard from a longer distance than baritones or basses during pre-amplification times.[citation needed] Some such chanters (termed bilals) may modulate up to E3 in certain passages, while incorporating a distinctive Middle-Eastern coloratura run.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ McKinney, James (1994). The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults. Genovex Music Group. ISBN 9781565939400.[page needed]
- ^ Stark, James (2003). Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy. Toronto, CAN: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802086143.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help)[page needed] - ^ Eriksson, Erik. Adolphe Adam – Le postillon de lonjumeau at AllMusic. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ "Aria Database - Results of Your Search". aria-database.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- ^ IMSLP Staff [Guo, Edward W. et al.] (2017). "Bellini - I puritani (vocal score)" (PDF). IMSLP.org. Wilmington, DE: International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)/Petrucci Music Library (Project Petrucci LLC). Retrieved 16 April 2017.[non-primary source needed] See p. 256, 254.[original research?]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Boldrey, Richard (1994). Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias. Caldwell Publishing Company. ISBN 9781877761645.[page needed]
- ^ "Aria Database - Results of Your Search". aria-database.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
- ^ Suverkrop, Bard Suverkrop & Draayer, Suzanne (2017). "IPA Source Tenor". IAPSource.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cotte, R.J.V. (1997). "Trial, French Family of Musicians". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. London, New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|subscription=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help)[page needed] - ^ a b Smith, Brenda (2005). Choral Pedagogy. Plural Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781597560436.[page needed]
- ^ Calleja, Joseph & Amon, Ruben [Maclean, Sergio (transl.)] (4 November 2004). "Joseph Calleja: I Am Nobody's Heir". OperaActual.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2013 – via FriendsofJosephCalleja.com.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Interview mentions point made in sentence. - ^ Sell, Karen (2005). The Disciplines of Vocal Pedagogy. Ashgate. p. 45. ISBN 9780754651697. Retrieved 2 May 2013.[page needed]
- ^ Averill, Gage (2003). Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony. Oxford, ENG: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195116724.[page needed]
- ^ Cantwell, Robert (2002). Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252071171.[page needed]
Further reading
- David Fallows, Owen Jander. "Tenor", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy, grovemusic.com (subscription required)
External links
Media related to Tenor vocalists at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Tenor at Wiktionary
