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Tragic Week (Argentina)

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Tragic Week
Part of Revolutions of 1917–1923
Disturbances during Tragic Week
DateJanuary 1919
LocationBuenos Aires, Argentina
Also known asSemana Trágica
ParticipantsArgentine Federal Police, the military, and the Argentine Patriotic League
Deaths141-700

Tragic Week (Spanish: Semana Trágica), also known as Bloody Week,[1][2] was a series of riots and massacres that took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from January 7 to 14, 1919. An uprising led by anarchists and communists was eventually crushed by the Argentine Federal Police, the military, and the Argentine Patriotic League. Estimates of the death toll vary but are usually in the hundreds, mostly of workers at the hands of the government forces.

Background

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From 1902 until 1909 the FORA (Federacion Obrera Regional Argentina, founded by Italian immigrant Pietro Gori, an Italian anarchist of international renown)[3] waged a long campaign of general strikes against both employers and anti-labour legislation. In May 1904, a clash between workers and police left two dead and fifteen injured. On 17 January 1908, bomb planted by an anarchist in a Buenos Aires train killed 35-year-old Salvador Stella and wounded several other passengers near Constitución Railway Station.[4] By the end of the decade, police crackdowns and worker militancy had incited each to greater heights. Ultimately on May Day, 1909, a giant gathering marched through Buenos Aires and was broken up by police, resulting in 12 killed and 100 wounded.[5] It was reported at the time that anarchists had provoked the violence.[6] Argentine President José Figueroa Alcorta narrowly himself escaped death when an anarchist bomb was thrown at him while he was driving in Buenos Aires on 28 February 1908.[7] Government officials were again thrown into panic by a 19-year-old anarchist, Ukrainian immigrant Simón Radowitzky. With a hand-held bomb, he killed the city's police chief, Ramón Falcón, and his aide, Alberto Lartigau, who were driving through Callao street in Buenos Aires on 15 November 1909. On 16 October 1909, bombs exploded at the Spanish consulate in the city of Rosario, injuring an anarchist and damaging the building.[8] A result of Falcón's assassination was the formation of the self-styled "Patriotic students" organisation (Juventud Autonomista) in late 1909.[9] On 25 May 1910, in an effort to disrupt the Argentine centennial celebrations in Buenos Aires, an anarchist gave a bomb to an unsuspecting boy to carry into a cathedral. The bomb exploded prematurely, killing the boy and costing another both arms.[10] On 28 June 1910, another bomb exploded in the Teatro Colón, injuring 20 theatre-goers. As a result, the Senate and Chamber of Deputies passed a bill providing for capital punishment for those anarchists responsible for causing death.[11] On 9 July 1916, an attempt to assassinate President Victorino de la Plaza was made by a gun-wielding self-confessed anarchist. The attempt was made while reviewing troops during an Argentine independence centennial celebration.[12] On 9 February 1918, violent strikes took place across Argentina and regular troops were rushed to the affected areas after anarchists wrecked trains, destroyed tracks, and burned carriages laden with wheat.[13]

Conflict

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The conflict began as a strike at the Vasena metal works, an English Argentine-owned plant in the suburbs of Buenos Aires. The strike at first attracted no attention, but on 3 January the picketing workers fired on and wounded three policemen who were escorting wagonloads of metal to the Vasena factory. On 4 January, a mortally Police NCO (Vicente Chávez) succumbs to his wounds. On 7 January an unrelated event took place: the maritime workers of the port of Buenos Aires voted a general strike for better hours and wages. That same day, at Vasena metal works, the police, who had surrounded the strikers, fought it out with the striking workers after they overturned and set fire to the car of the police chief Elpidio González, who had arrived to broker a deal with the union leaders, and the militant workers shot and killed Army Second Lieutenant Antonio Marotta, commander of the detachment protecting the police commander.[14] Five workers were killed and twenty wounded in the resulting clashes. A student, Pascual Arregui, of the Manifestación Patriótica (Patriotic Manifestation) vigilante movement is also killed in this action.[15]

That night, militant workers gathered in Pueyrredón Street, shot and killed Army Sergeant Ramón Díaz.[16] In nearby Corrientes Street, the commander of a rifle platoon, Second Lieutenant Agustín Ronzoni is shot and killed along with an innocent male civilian when surrounded and attacked by workers seeking revenge for their earlier losses. A rifle platoon from the Argentine Army is ambushed in Lavalle Street by hidden gunmen firing from inside houses.[17] A night patrol under the command of Army Sergeant Bonifacio Manzo is also ambushed near the Constitución-Mármol Farm Estate. In the meantime, a company of the 7th Infantry Regiment is forced to use their Vickers machine-guns in order to keep the demonstrators at bay in Buenos Aires.[18] A company of riflemen is also forced to come to the rescue of a police detachment holding out from rooftops that had been completely surrounded in the night fighting.[17] Paramedics and ambulance drivers, transporting the badly wounded and injured in the hours of darkness to nearby hospitals, are forced to carry pistols in order to defend themselves from the out of control mobs.[19] At the break of dawn, the 3rd Infantry Regiment is forced to deploy around the Vasena factory to prevent a huge crowd numbering in their thousands from burning down the building along with the 400 workers trapped inside that had refused to take part in the violent protests.[20]

Days later, reinforcements in the form of a rifle platoon from the 4th Infantry Regiment, including a Vickers machine-gun detachment, were sent to help defend the 28th Police Station that was on the verge of being overrun. In all 30,000 officers and men of the Argentine Army would take part in the fighting and subsequent mopping-up operations in Buenos Aires in January 1919.[21]

On Friday 10 January, Private Luis Demarchi from the 8th Cavalry Regiment is shot and killed defending the Once de Septiembre Railway Station.[22]

On the night of 10–11 January, two policemen, Corporal Teófilo Ramírez and Agent Ángel Giusti, were reported killed defending their police stations as thousands of strikers tried to storm 8 police stations and seize their armouries as well as the police headquarters building in downtown Buenos Aires.[23][24] In the meantime, 30 gunmen using the cover of darkness, attempt to ransack the armoury of the 8th Infantry Regiment in Campo de Mayo Army Barracks but the attackers are forced to retreat by the defenders in the form of a rifle platoon under Lieutenant Horacio Orstein.[17]

On 11 January, strikers in the suburb of Barracas tried to seize the local police station but were forced to retreat after a 4-hour gunbattle, leaving behind several dead when firemen armed with rifles and army reinforcements from the 4th Infantry Regiment arrived.[17]

Placing the city under martial law, President Hipólito Yrigoyen appointed General Luis Dellepiane as the commander of riot control forces,[25] after which disturbances subsided. The 5th and 12th Army Cavalry Regiments arrived on 12 January, and 300 marines and a mountain artillery regiment also entered Buenos Aires.[26] On the morning of 13 January 1919, a group of anarchists attempted to seize arms and ammunition from a local police station but were forced to retreat after coming under fire from a naval infantry detachment from the cruiser ARA San Martin.[27] Another 600 naval infantry reinforcements also arrive from the cruisers ARA Belgrano, ARA Garibaldi and ARA Buenos Aires that lay anchor in Dársena Norte.[17] The role of young army lieutenant Juan Domingo Perón, future president of Argentina, as commander of a Vicker's machine-gun detachment is disputed by historians.[28]

Casualties

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The leftist Vanguardia newspaper claimed that over 700 deaths were recorded on Tragic Week, as well as 2,000 injured.[29] The leftist La Protesta newspaper claimed that 45,000 were arrested.[30] According to the Argentine Federal Police Grouping (Agrupación de la Policía Federal or AGPFA) Report the real number of arrests were 3,579.[31]

Professor Patricia Marchak estimates the real number of workers killed at more than 100.[32] La Nación newspaper reported the number of workers killed in the uprising at around 100 and 400 injured. In his official report, Police chief Octavio A. Pinero from the 9th Police Station, claims there were 141 killed in the uprisings and 521 wounded.[33]

The United States embassy reported that 1,500 people were killed in total, "mostly Russians and generally Jews," and that many women were raped.[34]

Aftermath

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See also: Severino Di Giovanni

On 24 December 1927, anarchists planted bombs at two U.S. bank branches in Buenos Aires resulting in the multiple injuries of twenty bank staff and customers.[35] The Italian Consulate in Buenos Aires was bombed on 23 May 1928, and seven were killed and nearly 50 wounded in the anarchist bombing.[36] On 24 December 1929, 44-year-old Italian-born anarchist Gualterio Marinelli was killed in his attempt to assassinate Argentine president Hipólito Yrigoyen (who had ordered the army to suppress the metalworkers' strike of 1919) but he manages to wound two policemen.[37] On September 6, 1930, Yrigoyen was deposed in a military coup led by General José Félix Uriburu. The Uriburu regime shut down Anarchist and Communist presses and made it difficult, if not impossible, for anarchists to spread their ideals.[38] Uriburu ordered the mass deportation of Spanish and Italian workers that had joined the anarchists and the changing political, economic and social conditions "led to the decline of this movement, particularly in its manifestation within the labor movement".[39] Nevertheless, on 20 January 1931, three anarchist bombs went off at three strategic places on the Buenos Aires railway network, killing three and wounding 17.[40] On 29 January 1931, Severino Di Giovanni, mastermind of the railway bombings, was ambushed in downtown Buenos Aires and captured in a gun-battle with police, killing two officers and a five-year-old girl, then turned the gun on himself.[41]

See also

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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Godio, Julio (1985). La Semana Trágica de enero de 1919 . Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hyspamérica. (in Spanish)
  • Pigna, Felipe (2006). Los mitos de la historia argentina: De la ley Sáenz Peña a los albores del peronismo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta. (in Spanish)
  • Schiller, Herman (2005). Momentos de luchas populares. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Instituto Movilizador de Fondos Cooperativos. (in Spanish)
  • Galasso, Norberto (2006). Perón: Formación, ascenso y caída (1893-1955) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. ISBN 950-581-399-6.
  • Hébert, John Raymond (1972). The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University.

References

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  1. ^ The International Working-class Movement: Problems of History and Theory. Vol. 3. Progress Publishers. 1980. p. 405.
  2. ^ Crook, Wilfrid Harris (1931). The General Strike: A Study of Labor's Tragic Weapon in Theory and Practice. University of North Carolina Press. p. 565.
  3. ^ "Pietro Gori". www.katesharpleylibrary.net. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  4. ^ "El mortifero atentado anarquista en el Tren de los Obreros".
  5. ^ "Buenos Aires Treagedy. Two Police Officials Killed". Evening Post. Wellington NZ. 16 November 1909. p. 7.
  6. ^ "An Anarchists' Riot". Bush Advocate. 3 May 1909.
  7. ^ "New Anarchist Plot. Two Arrests and Raid on Bomb Factory in Buenos Ayres". The Evening News. Providence RI. 11 July 1911.
  8. ^ "Bombs Exploded in Spanish Consulate". Evening Post. 18 October 1909.
  9. ^ Rock, David (1993-01-05). Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91724-8.
  10. ^ "Bombs in Argentina. Boy Blown to Atoms". Evening Post. 3 June 1910.
  11. ^ "Find Bomb Factory. Argentine Capital Stirred by Uncovering Anarchists Lair". The Gazette Times. Pittsburgh. 10 July 1911.
  12. ^ "Effort Made to Kill President of Argentine". The Gazette Times. 10 July 1916.
  13. ^ "Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots". The Telegraph-Herald. Dubuque, Iowa. 10 February 1918.
  14. ^ Volvió nuevamente el Jefe de Policía Dr. González y fue desconocida su autoridad, un grupo de exaltados incendió el auto y le dio muerte a su custodio el subteniente Antonio Marotta. La ética por delante, Raúl José Balbin, p. 22, Editorial Dunken, 2015
  15. ^ "chrome profile selenium java". www.gramophone.in. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
  16. ^ La Semana Trágica de 1919: Precedida por un Estudio de los Antecedentes de la Inmigración y Rebelión Social, Tomo II, Enrique Díaz Araujo, p.111, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 1988.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Semana Trágica: crónica de una rebelión proletaria". La Izquierda Diario - Red internacional.
  18. ^ The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, p.137, Georgetown University, 1972.
  19. ^ The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath, John Raymond Hébert, p.146, Georgetown University, 1972
  20. ^ Los Talleres de Vasena, próximos al Riachuelo, en cuyo interior seguían desempeñándose 400 obreros, con custodia de de agentes y bomberos, fueron atacados por más de 10.000 personas que pretendían incendiarlos junto con sus ocupantes, y se hizo necesaria la intervención del Regimiento 3 de Infantería, para liberar a los sitiados. Historia de la Policía Federal Argentina: 1916-1944, Adolfo Enrique Rodríguez, p.37, Biblioteca Policial, 1978.
  21. ^ Aproximadamente 30 000 hombres había destinado el ejército para la operación: Regimientos 1, 2, 3 y 4 de Infantería, 2 de Artillería, 2 y 10 de Caballería, 1 de Ferroviarios, 2 de Obuses y las Escuelas de Tiro y Suboficiales. La Semana Trágica de Enero de 1919, Julio Godio, p. 51, Hyspamérica, 1986
  22. ^ de 2019, 9 de Enero (9 January 2019). "Recordando a una víctima olvidada de la Semana Trágica". infobae.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Los días 10 y 11 las comisarias 2a., 4a., 6a., 9a., 21a., 24a. y 29a. repelieron intentos de asaltos. En la Sección 24a. fue muerto el cabo Teófilo Ramírez y el agente Angel Giusti. Historia de la Policía Federal Argentina: 1916-1944, Adolfo Enrique Rodríguez, p.38, Biblioteca Policial, 1978
  24. ^ de 2019, PorAdrián Pignatelli9 de Enero (9 January 2019). "A 100 años de la Semana Trágica: huelga, represión y ¿Juan Domingo Perón al frente de un pelotón?". infobae.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Bolsheviki Invade Argentina". Los Angeles Times. 11 January 1919.
  26. ^ "Acts of Anarchy Continue". The News and Courier. 13 January 1919.
  27. ^ Hébert, John Raymond (1972). The Tragic Week of January, 1919, in Buenos Aires: Background, Events, Aftermath (PhD thesis). Georgetown University. p. 159.
  28. ^ Galasso, Norberto (2005). Perón: Formación, ascenso y caída (1893 - 1955) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Colihue. pp. 56–59. ISBN 950-581-399-6.
  29. ^ Ward, Dana. "Timeline of Anarchism in Argentina". Anarchy Archives. Pitzer College.
  30. ^ "FRAGMENTOS DE CENSURA Y REPRESIÓN - Todo arte es memoria, y la memoria nos preserva de la destrucción". sites.google.com.
  31. ^ El Judaísmo y la Semana Trágica: La Verdadera Historia de los Sucesos de Enero de 1919, Federico Rivanera Carlés, p. 204, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Cuestión Judía, 1986
  32. ^ Marchak, Patricia (1999). God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0773520134.
  33. ^ Octavio A. Pinero, oficial que participó en la Semana Trágica prestando servicios en la Comisaría 9a., sostiene que hubo 141 muertos y 521 heridos, 108 délos cuales eran graves. El Judaísmo y la Semana Trágica: La Verdadera Historia de los Sucesos de Enero de 1919, Federico Rivanera Carlés, p. 202, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre la Cuestión Judía, 1986
  34. ^ Brown, Jonathan C. (Jonathan Charles), 1942- (2010). A brief history of Argentina (2nd ed.). New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-7796-0. OCLC 251200757.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "U.S. Banks Bombed in Buenos Aires. Branches Of National City And Boston Concern Are Wrecked". The Sun. 25 December 1927.
  36. ^ "7 Killed by Bomb in Buenos Aires". The Sun. 24 May 1928.
  37. ^ "Argentine President Escapes Assassin. Three Shots Fired at Car of Yrigoyen in Capital Assailant, Killed by Guards, Said to Be an Italian Anarchist". Daily Boston Globe. 25 December 1929.
  38. ^ Horowitz, Joel (1990). Argentine unions, the state & the rise of Perón, 1930-1945. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. p. 13. ISBN 9780877251767.
  39. ^ Alba, Víctor (1968). Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America. Stanford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780804701938.
  40. ^ "Blasts Kill Three in Buenos Aires". New York Times. 21 January 1931.
  41. ^ de 2018, PorIgnacio Montes de Oca19 de Noviembre (19 November 2018). "Anarquistas y mandatarios del G20, el temor a que la historia se repita". infobae.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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